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新东方考研英语范文：烟草生产和消费
the majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has caused serious problems. but the tobacco companies insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.
personally, i believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. firstly, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. according to the survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related diseases every year. the fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from 143.64 billion pounds in 1994 to 142 billion pounds in 1995
also suggests that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. secondly, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. as is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion us dollars is lost due to smoking each year. obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds the gain in the industry.
新东方考研英语范文：Topaz
Topaz is a hard, transparent mineral. It is a compound of aluminum, silica, and fluorine. Gem topaz is valuable. Jewelers call this variety of the stone “precious topaz”. The best-known precious topaz gems range in color from rich yellow to light brown or pinkish red. Topaz is one of the hardest gem minerals. In the mineral table of hardness, it has a rating of 8, which means that a knife cannot cut it, and that topaz will scratch quartz.
The golden variety of precious topaz is quite uncommon. Most of the world’s topaz is white or blue. The white and blue crystals of topaz are large, often weighing thousands of carats. For this reason, the value of topaz does not depend so much on its size as it does with diamonds and many other precious stones, where the value increases about four times with each doubling of weight. The value of a topaz is largely determined by its quality. But color is also important: blue topaz, for instance, is often irradiated to deepen and improve its color.
Blue topaz is often sold as aquamarine and a variety of brown quartz is widely sold as topaz. The quartz is much less brilliant and more plentiful than true topaz. Most of it is variety of amethyst: that heat has turned brown.
新东方考研英语范文：icebergs
icebergs are among nature’s most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never seen one. a vague air of mystery envelops them. they come into being ----- somewhere ------in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases no one hears or sees. they exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.
objects of sheerest beauty they have been called. appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly of in darker hues. they are graceful, stately, inspiring ----- in calm, sunlight seas.
but they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are ---- in the night, in the fog, and in storms. even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them. most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them.
icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. they embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago. the snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries.
as each year’s snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. when new snow fell on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. so blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones. with time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.
新东方考研英语范文：oil refining
an important new industry, oil refining, grew after the civil war. crude oil, or petroleum - a dark, thick ooze from the earth - had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. in the 1850’s samuel m. kier, a manufacturer in western pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene. refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.
kerosene was used to light lamps. it was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. soon there was a large demand for kerosene. people began to search for new supplies of petroleum.
the first oil well was drilled by e.l. drake, a retired railroad conductor. in 1859 he began drilling in titusville, pennsylvania. the whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “drake’s folly”. but when he had drilled down about 70 feet (21 meters), drake struck oil. his well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
news of drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene. by the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “black gold” all over western pennsylvania. the boom rivaled the california gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and wild west atmosphere. and it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.
crude oil could be refined into many products. for some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. it was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door. in the 1880’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils. petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.
新东方考研英语范文：Cohesion-tension Theory
Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher; the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps. But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.
If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: how does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.
新东方考研英语范文： obtaining fresh water from icebergs
the concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. but now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.
glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. three-quarters of the earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from antarctica.
huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. as they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the atlantic ocean. to corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.
the difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. but even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.
新东方考研英语范文：能源资源
A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun; in fact, at the Sun’s very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is librated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of year.
The nuclear energy is released at the Sun’s center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn is absorbed and reemitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun’s light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.
新东方考研英语范文：raising oysters
in the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes- by transplanting them. first, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about. next, they ”planted” fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. the larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. there they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat. the spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.
until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs. but today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance. the problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.
fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. so they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work. but they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs. they did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. and they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions. they failed, but they doggedly kept at it. finally, in the 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.
the marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures. in addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!
新东方考研英语范文：Telecommuting
telecommuting-- substituting the computer for the trip to the job ---- has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.
for workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. for management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. in some areas, such as southern california and seattle, washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.
but these benefits do not come easily. making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.
many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. a computer programmer from new york city moves to the tranquil adirondack mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. a manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two. an accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.
these are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done
management too must separate the myth from the reality. although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.
that is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.
新东方考研英语范文： international business and in foreign investment
the increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.
negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. it involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.
in many international business negotiations abroad, americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. it often appears to the foreign negotiator that the american represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. the american negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.
in studies of american negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position. two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the american negotiator. furthermore, american negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long- term benefits. in order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.
