爱华网Four Great Inventions of Ancient China is the world's four greatinventions impact. Namely, papermaking, the compass, gunpowder,movable type.
四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明。即造纸术、指南针、火药、活字印刷术。
Compass
Compass is used to determine position of a simple instrument.Formerly known as Sinan. The main components are mounted on a shaftcan freely rotate the needle (commonly known as magnet). Needle onthe ground magnetic field can be maintained at the tangent magneticradial direction. Needle points to the geographical North PoleSouth Pole, take advantage of this performance can be a sense ofdirection. Commonly used in navigation, geodesy, travel andmilitary and so on.
指南针
指南针是用以判别方位的一种简单仪器。前身是司南。主要组成部分是一根装在轴上可以自由转动的磁针(俗称吸铁石)。磁针在地磁场作用下能保持在磁子午线的切线方向上。磁针的北极指向地理的南极，利用这一性能可以辨别方向。常用于航海、大地测量、旅行及军事等方面。
Compassinvented the ancient Chinese practice of long-term understanding ofthe results of magnetic objects. Ancient Chinese people intocontact with magnetite, as he began to understand the nature ofmagnetism. It cited the first to discover the magnetic propertiesof iron. Then they discovered that the directivity of the magnet.After many experiments and studies, and finally invented thecompass can be useful.
指南针的发明是中国古人在长期的实践中对物体磁性认识的结果。古代中国人接触了磁铁矿，开始了对磁性质的了解。人们首先发现了磁石引铁的性质。后来又发现了磁石的指向性。经过多方的实验和研究，终于发明了可以实用的指南针。
TheEarth is also a big magnet, and its two very near the geographicSouth Pole, respectively, and the geographical North Pole areas.Therefore, the Earth's surface magnets, free to rotate, they willrepel the same sex due to magnet, opposites attract nature of thenorth-south direction. This principle is not enough to understandthe ancients, but such phenomena they are very clear.
地球也是一个大磁体，它的两个极分别在接近地理南极和地理北极的地方。因此地球表面的磁体，可以自由转动时，就会因磁体同性相斥，异性相吸的性质指示南北。这个道理古人不够明白，但这类现象他们很清楚。
Thedevice on the needle method, Shen Kuo describes four methods:
1. Waterfloat - will be on a magnetic needle floating on the water surfacewear Jigen rush, they can indicate direction.
2. Bowl lipand spin titration - will be sized needle resting on the edge ofthe needle can rotate to indicate the direction.
3.Fingernail spin titration - the needle resting on the topfingernails nail face as smooth, magnetic needle can rotate freely,indicating the direction.
4. Aquaticumhanging method - some painted in the central needle wax, a stickysilk, hung in places where there is no wind, you can direct thedirection.
关于磁针的装置方法，沈括介绍了四种方法：
1.水浮法——将磁针上穿几根灯心草浮在水面，就可以指示方向。
2.碗唇旋定法——将磁针搁在碗口边缘，磁针可以旋转，指示方向。
3.指甲旋定法——把磁针搁在手指甲上面由于指甲面光滑，磁针可以旋转自如，指示方向。
4.缕悬法——在磁针中部涂一些蜡，粘一根蚕丝，挂在没有风的地方，就可以指示方向了。
Gunpowder
With saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal made from these three kinds ofmaterial mixed, but when people have these three kinds of things asthe treatment of drug, so the name "gunpowder", meaning "firemedicine."
火药
用硝石、硫黄和木碳这三种物质混和制成的，而当时人们都把这三种东西作为治病的药物，所以取名“火药”，意思是“着火的药”。
Since the Qin and Han dynasties, alchemy homesulfur, saltpeter and other items make pills of immortality, fromthe accidental explosion of the phenomenon of inspiration, and thenafter repeated practice, and found the powder formula. Wei duringthe Three Kingdoms state-owned smart technician Ma Jun, the methodof gunpowder wrapped in paper made the entertainment of "explosivebattle", created a powder application of precedent.
自秦汉以后，炼丹家用硫黄、硝石等物炼丹，从偶然发生爆炸的现象中得到启示，再经过多次实践，找到了火药的配方。三国时魏国有个聪明的技师马钧，用纸包火药的方法做出了娱乐用的“爆仗”，开创了火药应用的先河。
Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be applied to the military. Peopleuse riprap stone projectile machines, fire kits lit after theprojectile out, burn the enemy, this is the most primitiveartillery. Later, people will head spherical powder dressing in theshaft near the point of the lead after the shot with bows andarrows to gunpowder to burn the enemy. There is also the gunpowder,poison, coupled with some bitumen, tung oil and so on, stirtogether with poisoning caused the ball, lit after injection withbows and arrows, anti-enemy was a "million people in the enemy." Bythe Song dynasty, people will be in the bamboo tube filled withgunpowder, the gunpowder behind the bar there is a small"directional stick", lit on fire tube Huoxiao,
Caused by the rapid combustion of gunpowder inside the barrel,resulting in forward thrust, so that flying bombing enemypositions, it is the world's first gunpowder rockets. And later theinvention of firearms and guns, which are made of raw bamboo-tubetubular firearm which was the ancestor of modern guns.
唐朝末年，火药开始应用到军事上。人们利用抛射石头的抛石机，把火药包点着以后，抛射出去，烧伤敌人，这是最原始的火炮。后来人们将球状火药包扎在箭杆头附近，点着引线以后，用弓箭将火药射出去烧伤敌人。还有把火药、毒药，再加上一些沥清、桐油等，捣在一起做成毒球，点着以后，用弓箭射出，杀伤敌人是后来的“万人敌”。到了宋朝，人们将火药装填在竹筒里，火药背后扎有细小的“定向棒”，点燃火管上的火硝，引起筒里的火药迅速燃烧，产生向前的推力，使之飞向敌阵爆炸，这是世界上第一种火药火箭。以后又发明了火枪和枪，这些都是用竹管制成的原始管形火器，是近代枪炮的老祖宗。
Papermaking
Paper-making technology, the invention of the Chinese nation toworld civilization, one of the outstanding contributions.
About 3,500 years ago in the Shang Dynasty, China will have acarved turtle shell and animal bones in the text, called theOracle. To the Spring and Autumn, when, with bamboo and wood turtleshell and animal bones alternative, known as bamboo and wood slips.Oracle Bones and Jane Du is very heavy, Warring States thinkersHuishi out lecture, with the Letters on the installed five cars, sothere are learning-rich story of five cars. The Western Han Dynastyat the court aristocracy, he also used fine silk, or a tissue-paperwriting. Thick waterproof silk is fine silk, silk is the generalterm for minor official party silk writing on fine silk, the easeof writing, not only write more than simple slips, but also in theabove painting, but it is expensive, can only be used for a smallnumber of aristocratic palace.
2nd century BC, the early Western Han Dynasty have been made ofpaper. Is the Eastern Han period, the rumor was invented by CaiLun. However, archaeologists have found the earlier paper.
造纸术
造纸技术的发明，是中华民族对世界文明的杰出贡献之一。
大约在3500多年前的商朝，我国就有了刻在龟甲和兽骨上的文字，称为甲骨文。到了春秋时，用竹片和木片替代龟甲和兽骨，称为竹简和木牍。甲骨和简牍都很笨重，战国时思想家惠施外出讲学，带的书简就装了五车，所以有学富五车的典故。西汉时在宫廷贵族中又用缣帛或绵纸写字。缣是细绢、帛是丝织品的总称吏一方缣帛上写字时，便于书写，不但比简牍写得多，而且还可以在上面作画，但是价格昂贵，只能供少数王宫贵族使用。公元前2世纪西汉初期已经有了纸。是东汉时期，传言是蔡伦发明。但是考古专家已找到更早的纸。
Inventor
Yuan-Xing Han Teijin first year (AD 105), Cai Lun in themanufacture of silk crystal summing up the experience of theirpredecessors, based on the invention of using bark, broken fishingnets, rag, hemp as a first-class raw materials, manufacturing hasbecome suitable for writing The plant fiber paper, only to makepaper become widely used writing material. Known as the "Caihoupaper." On paper the concept of a common understanding. What kindof articles called "paper." In ancient times, Egypt has a papertoilet paper, parchment Europe, China's history of silk with cottonwadding paper and fine silk used for writing paper and Caihoupaper,
Only plant fiber manufacturing Caihou paper on the world paperindustry development and the spread of human culture hasfar-reaching implications, the basic process still in use.According to historical records and future generations to study thebasic points of papermaking Cai Lun sum up is to use plant fiber asraw material, through the cut, macerate cooking, rinsing, Chungpound, curtain copy, drying and other steps made of fabriclaminates. Without going through the basic steps to deal with thefiber paper sheet, do not have the basic properties of paper, youcan not call it the concept of China's ancient tradition ofpaper.
发明人
东汉和帝元兴元年(公元105年)，蔡伦在总结前人制造丝织晶的经验的基础上，发明了用树皮、破渔网、破布、麻头等作为原料，制造成了适合书写的植物纤维纸，才使纸成为人们普遍使用的书写材料。被称为“蔡侯纸”。对纸的概念有个统一认识。什么样的物品叫“纸”。在古代，埃及有纸草纸，欧洲有羊皮纸，我国历史上有丝絮纸和作书写用的缣帛纸和蔡侯纸，其中只有植物纤维制造的蔡侯纸对世界造纸业的发展及人类文化的传播具有深远影响，其基本工艺一直沿用至今。根据史书记载和后人研究，蔡伦造纸术的基本点，归纳起来就是用植物纤维为原料，经过切断，沤煮、漂洗、舂捣、帘抄、干燥等步骤制成的纤维薄片。没有经过造纸基本步骤处理的纤维薄片，不具备纸的基本性能，就不能称之为我国古代传统概念上的纸。
Inventionof papermaking is improving, rather than the inventor of paper. Ifthis is the statement in the article is contradictory. The world'sfirst paper is an Egyptian papyrus, and the European Middle Agesare commonly used in parchment, these two papers because thematerials a single, limited room for improvement was the use of theplural types of materials, replaced by Chinese paper.
蔡伦只是改进造纸术，而不是纸的发明人。如果是这样的说法，在文章中是矛盾的。世界上最早的纸是埃及的纸莎草纸，而欧洲中世纪则普遍使用羊皮纸，这两种纸因为原料单一，改进余地有限，被使用复数种类材料的中国纸所取代。
Movable-type printing technique
It began in the Sui Dynasty of block printing by Bi Sheng SongRenzong when the development of improved, resulting in movable typeprinting by the Mongols spread to Europe, so called after thecompletion of the printing press was promoted to the ancestor.China's printing is a precursor of modern civilization of mankind,for the wide dissemination of knowledge exchange and create theconditions.
活字印刷术
它开始于隋朝的雕版印刷，经宋仁宗时的毕升发展、完善，产生了活字印刷，并由蒙古人传至了欧洲，所以后人称毕升为印刷术的始祖。中国的印刷术是人类近代文明的先导，为知识的广泛传播、交流创造了条件。
Woodblock printing is a knife in a wooden block carved into thebulge to the anti-write, and then the ink, printed on paper. Everykind of book printing, wood carving had to scratch, the speed isvery slow. If the engraved version of things go wrong, but alsore-engraved, the labors of hard work, is understandable.
雕版印刷是用刀在一块块木板上雕刻成凸出来的反写字，然后再上墨，印到纸上。每印一种新书，木板就得从头雕起，速度很慢。如果刻版出了差错，又要重新刻起，劳作之辛苦，可想而知。
Song lettering workers Bi Sheng in the year between 1004 to 1048,with fine quality and with a sticky clay, made a four-square longcylinder, inscribed in the above anti-written words on a wordIndia, on the kiln where hard with the fire to form a movable type.Then the article content, the characters line up in accordance withthe order placed in a box made of an iron plate, and then pressedflat on the fire heat, they can printed. Removed after the end ofthe movable type printing, the next can be reused. This improvementis called after the printing plate printing live.
北宋刻字工人毕升在公元1004年至1048年间，用细质且带有粘性的胶泥，做成一个个四方形的长柱体，在上面刻上反写的单字，一个字一个印，放在土窑里用火烧硬，形成活字。然后按文章内容，将字依顺序排好，放在一个个铁框上做成印版，再在火上加热压平，就可以印刷了。印刷结束后把活字取下，下次还可再用。这种改进之后的印刷术叫做活板印刷术。
Such printing methods may look primitive simple, yet with moderntypeface typography the same way, so that the printing press into anew era.
这种印刷方法虽然原始简单，却与现代铅字排印原理相同，使印刷术进入了一个新时代。
Four great inventions in human history, science and culture left abrilliant page. These great inventions which have affected, and thebenefit of the whole world to promote the progress of humanhistory
四大发明，在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页。这些伟大的发明曾经影响并造福于全世界，推动了人类历史的前进
