初中英语语法大全3重庆初中英语家教 上海初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全3

八、动词

1、动词的分类:

实义动词

含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。

She has some bananas.些香蕉。

They eat a lot of potatoes.他们常土豆。

I’m reading an English book now.

我现在正一本英文书。

连系动词

本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。

His father is a teacher.他父亲教师。

Twins usually look the same.

双胞胎通常看起来一样。

The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。

助动词

本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。

He doesn’t speak English. 他不说英语。

We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。

Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗?

情态动词

本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。

You can keep the books for two weeks.

这些书你可以借两个星期。

May I smoke here?可以在这儿抽烟吗?

We must go now.我们现在走了。

重要注解:

(1) 关于实义动词:

①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词不及物动词两大类:

后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。

②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。

有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study, sing等。

④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如:know, wash等。

⑤有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如:listen,reply,wait,look.

(2) 关于连系动词:

①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。

②常见的连系动词有:bebecomelookfeelsoundsmelltasteseemturngrowgetgofallsitstandlie等。

③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。

[注释]

becomegetgobegrowturn的用法区别become表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词badblindhungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如:Iwas caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ Hehas got rich.(他变富了)/ He will be a scientist inthe future.(将来他将成为科学家)/ My little brother has grownmuch taller in the past year.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)/ Thesandwich has gone bad.(那块三明治已经变坏)/ Her faceturned red after her mother criticized(批评)her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了)

(3) 关于助动词

①常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been,being ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的shall(should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的do(does,did) .

助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall,will, should, would.

(4) 关于情态动词:

①常见的情态动词有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall(should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,havetohad better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。

can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中,在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“couldnot”,通常缩写成“couldn’t”。如:Can I helpyou?(要帮忙吗?)/ He can swim.(他会游泳)/ Thatcan’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)

may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用CertainlyYes,youmay.;否定回答一般用can’tmustn’t. 如:MayI ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以问你一个问题吗?当然可以)/ Youmay go now.(现在你可以走了)/ It may be in yourpocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)

must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t;表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t”如:We must be very careful when we cross theroad.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那准是杰克)/I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t behere.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里)

[注意]must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t;用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如:Mustwe clean the room before we leave? –Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t.(我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗?是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must shebe in the romm? –Yes,she must.No,shecan’t.(她一定在房间里吗?是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)

⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’ll have to leave nowfor it is very late at night.

have to的疑问形式是:助动词+…+haveto,否定形式是:助动词+not+haveto或者用needn’t.如:Do you have tostay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8点钟吗?)/ You don’t have todo so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用这么做)

shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用;在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如:Shallwe go to the zoo this weekend?(我们这个周末去动物园好吗?)/ Heshall bring his own book next time.(他下次必须带自己的书来)

should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak toold people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)

will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如:Willyou please close the door for me?(请你替我把门关上好吗?)/ Iwill teach you a lesson.(我要教训你一顿)

would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near thefire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)

would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“Iwould like to”或“I should(I’d) liketo”来表示。如:Would you like to have a rest at themoment?(你现在想要休息一下吗?)

would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如:Every year parents wouldtell their children about the boy who would save hispeople.(每一年父母们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)

need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如:Heneedn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ Heneeds some help.(他需要一些帮助)/ He doesn’t need tobring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)

dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。Howdare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜?)/ He didn’tdare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)

‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是:’dbetter not (do).You’d better sit here andsay nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ You’d better not speakbecause he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)

2、动词词形变化一览表:

(1)规则动词变化表:

则变

原形动词结尾情况

现在时单三人称

过去式和过去分词

一般情况

+s

+ing

+ed

s,x,ch,sh,o结尾

+es

+ing

+ed

辅音字母+y结尾

y→i,+es

+ing

y→i,+ed

重读闭音节一元一辅结尾

+s

双写辅音字母,+ing

双写辅音字母,+ed

不发音的e结尾

+s

去掉e,+ing

+d

ie结尾

+s

ie→y,+ing

+d

不规则变

have→hasbe→is

(无)

(见不规则动词变化表)

注意:①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。

s/es的读音规则:在清辅音后读[s];在浊辅音后和元音后读[z];在[s ]、[F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].

ed的读音规则:在清辅音后读[t];在浊辅音后和元音后读[d];在[t]、[d]后读[id].

(2)不规则动词变化表:( 原形 过去式 过去分词)

be(am,is)

was

been

lose

lost

lost

be(are)

were

been

make

made

made

beat

beat

beaten

may

might

 

become

became

become

mean

meant

meant

begin

began

begun

meet

met

met

blow

blew

blown

mistake

mistook

mistaken

break

broke

broken

must

must

 

bring

brought

brought

pay

paid

paid

build

built

built

put

put

put

buy

bought

bought

read

read

Read

can

could

 

ride

rode

ridden

catch

caught

caught

ring

rang

rung

choose

chose

chosen

rise

rose

risen

come

came

come

run

ran

run

cost

cost

cost

say

said

said

cut

cut

cut

see

saw

seen

dig

dug

dug

sell

sold

sold

do

did

done

send

sent

sent

draw

drew

drawn

set

set

set

drink

drank

drunk

shall

should

 

drive

drove

driven

shine

shone

shone

eat

ate

eaten

show

showed

shown

fall

fell

fallen

shut

shut

shut

feel

felt

felt

sing

sang

sung

find

found

found

sink

sank/sunk

sunk/sunken

fly

flew

flown

sit

set

set

forget

forgot

forgot/forgotten

sleep

slept

slept

freeze

froze

frozen

smell

smelt

smelt

get

got

got

speak

spoke

spoken

give

gave

given

spend

spent

spent

go

went

gone

spill

spilt

spilt

grow

grew

grown

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

hang

hung/hanged

hung/hanged

stand

stood

stood

have(has)

had

had

sweep

swept

swept

hear

heard

heard

swim

swam

swum

hide

hid

hidden

take

took

taken

hit

hit

hit

teach

taught

taught

hold

held

held

tell

told

told

hurt

hurt

hurt

think

thought

thought

keep

kept

kept

throw

threw

thrown

know

knew

known

understand

understood

understood

lay

laid

laid

wake

woke/waked

woken/waked

learn

learnt/learned

learnt/learned

wear

wore

worn

leave

left

left

will

would

 

lend

lent

lent

win

won

won

let

let

let

write

wrote

witten

lie

lay

lain

 

 

 

3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化:

I am….

You are.…

He/She/It is….

We/You/They are….

(I等各人称) will be….

Iam

He/She/Itisgoing to be…

We/You/They are

I have been….

You have been….

She/he/It has been….

We/You/They have been….

I was….

You were.…

He/She/It was….

We/You/They were….

(I等各人称) would be….

Iwas

He/She/Itwasgoing to be…

We/You/They were

I had been….

You had been….

She/he/It had been….

We/You/They had been….

注意:句型变化时,

否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写);

疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would提前到句首。

4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表:

现在 时态

谓语动词构成

动词用原形(单三加s / es)

(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)

am

is+动词-ing

are

will + 动词原形

am

is+going to+动词原形

are

have +过去分词

has

过去 时态

谓语动词构成

动词用过去式

(问句和否定句借用助词did)

was

+动词-ing

were

would + 动词原形

was

+going to+动词原形

were

had +过去分词

5、八种时态的具体用法:

(1)一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。

① 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语:often,usually,sometimes,always,every(day等),once/twice,a (week等), on(Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如:They goto the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ Theyoften discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)

 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如:The earthturns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster thansound.(光传播比声音快)

表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如:The trainfor Haikou leaves at 800 in themorning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车)

在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soonas等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如:Pleasering me up as soon as you arrive inGermany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,wewill have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)

一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如:Herecomes the bus. (车来了) / There goes thebell.(铃响了)

一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield playercatches the ball and he keeps it.

人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有:like, love,hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand,remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如:Ithink it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I reallyhope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)

(2)一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常

发生。

① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(tenminutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如:I got up at 600this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke thewindow at half past nine thismorning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into theroom,he saw a stranger talking with hisfather.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)

② 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday, last(year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our cityin the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)

③ 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr Jacksonusually went to evening schools when he was young. /Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books fromhim.

④ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如:Ihappened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

(3)一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。

①一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),oneday,now,soon,

someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。

② 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will

用于所有人称。如:I will graduate from this schoolsoon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after Ileave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)

③ “am/is/are goingto+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to+动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如:A man told them that the woman was togive birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

④ 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如:I will go to thelab to get some

chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until Ireturn.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头)

⑤ 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)

⑥ shallwill在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:Shallwe go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗?)/Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗?)

be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如:An angel came totell her that she was to have this specialboy. 

(4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。

① 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are )+现在分词”构成。

② 现在进行时的时间状语有: now, this …,these…等,但经常不用。如:What are you doing up in thetree?(你在树上干什么?)/ I am writing a long novel thesedays.(我最近在写一本长篇小说)

③ 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有:come, go,stay, leave, spend, do等。如:I’m comingnow.(我就来)/ What are you doingtomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/ He is leavingsoon.(他就要走了)

④表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:Heis always borrowing money from me and forgetting all aboutit some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)

(5)过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。

①过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。

② 过去进行时的时间状语有:then, at that time, this timeyesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago,以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如:He was cooking supper this timeyesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playingwith her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)

③用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如:She was ithappen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ Theysang a lot of songs while they were walking in the darkforest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)

④也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:Hewas always borrowing money from me when he livedhere.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)

(6)现在完成时现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。

①在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。

②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有:already, yet, just, once,twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如:I have never seensuch fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/ He hasjust gone to England.(他刚去英国)

③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有:for (two years),since1990, since (two weeks ago)since引导的状语从句。如:I havebeen away from my hometown for thirtyyears.(我离开家乡有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factorysince it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)

④口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They havegot thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书)

have been tohave gone to的区别:have goneto(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。如:--Whereis Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英国。)/--Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been toBeijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗?是的,我去过那里三次。)

⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表:

瞬间性动词的完成时

延续性动词或状态动词的完成时

have

(already)

gone to…

have

been in / at …

for (two years)

has

 

come to…

has

been here

since (1990)

(had)

 

left…

(had)

been away from…

 

 

 

arrived…

 

been in…

 

 

 

died

 

been dead

 

 

 

begun

 

been on

 

 

 

ended

 

been over

 

 

 

bought...

 

had…

 

 

 

borrowed…

 

kept…

 

 

 

joined…

 

been in …

 

或者使用下面这个句型:

It is / has been +(多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语

[注意]在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是:瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如How long may Ikeep thebook?(这本书我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow)

(7) 过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。

①过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。

②过去完成时时间状语有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of(last…)或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just,once, ever, never等词语,也会有for…since…构成的时间状语。如:They had already finishedcleaning the classroom when their teachercame.(当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室)/ The woman had left beforehe realized she was a cheat.(在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了)

③过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如:AfterI had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into thedarkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had neverseen a kangaroo before.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)

(8) 过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

①过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would+动词原形”。

②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有:later, soon, the next (day).

③在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如:He promised that hewould pay me a lot if I helped him with theproject.(他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目)/ Every time when he wasfree,he would sit down and read somebooks.(每次只要他有空他就会坐下来看看书)

④表示纯粹的将来时用wouldshould,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/weregoing to (+动词原形)。如:She told me she would be 18 thenext month.(她告诉我她下个月就18岁了)/ She told me that she wasgoing to have a walk with her petdog.(她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步)

⑤过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如:When it rained in the day, he wouldbring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞)

(9)现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是:“have/has+ been +动词的现在分词”。如:I have been swimming in the coldwater for about two hours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/ How longhave you been waiting here?(你在这里一直等了多久?)

6、被动语态:

(1)被动语态定义:被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。

(2)英语中被动语态由助动词be+动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表:

现在时态

一般现在时

现在进行时

现在完成时

谓语动词构

am

is+p.p.

are

am

is+being+p.p.

are

will + be+p.p.

am

is+going to+ be + p.p.

are

have(has) +been+p.p.

过去时态

一般过去时

过去完成时

谓语动词构

was+p.p.

were

was

+being+p.p.

were

would +be+p.p.

was+going to+be+p.p.

were

had +been+p.p.

[] p.p.表示过去分词。

(1) 被动语态的用法:

不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如:A man waskilled in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window wasbroken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Rice is alsogrown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will bebuilt here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)

强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如:It was written by LuXun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed byits owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)

(2) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态:

主动句:主语(人/物) +谓语(及物动词) +宾语(人/物) +其他 + 状语

(动作的执行者)(各种时态形式)(动作的承受者)

被动句: 主语(人/物) +谓语(及物动词) +by + / +其他 + 状语

(动作的承受者) (be+过去分词)(动作的执行者)

(3) 注意点:

“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如:

His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given adictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)

也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如:His teachergave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to himby his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father madehim a kite.→A kite was made for him by hisfather.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)

“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如:The boss madethe poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made towork 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)

“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如:The girl takes goodcare of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother istaken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)

“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如:

He is pleased / worried / tired/…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)

He was hit / knocked down / told /shot / …….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)

7、动词的非谓语形式:动词不做谓语时的固定形式。

(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式;其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。

(2)动词不定式:

①形式:动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式:“tobe +过去分词”。*它的完成形式:“to have +过去分词”。

②动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。

③动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用forsb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如:To help animals is helpingpeople.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us)to learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ Ittook me half an hour to work out thisproblem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)

④ 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。

[A] 及物动词+不定式一般形式:

谓语动词(vt.)

+不定式

(作宾语)

[]

want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / wouldlike(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会)/ afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) /mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望)

+ to (do)

(无)

help(帮助)

to可以省略

begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨)

也可跟动名词,意义变化不大

forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱)

也可跟动名词,意义变化较大

如:Iwould like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/They began to search the room for thethief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in thepool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learnto speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的?)/ Don’t forget toclose the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门

[比较] He forgot to turn off thelight.(他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ He forgot turning off thelight.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / Please remember to ring meup.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) / I remember calling youyesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话)

[B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式:

谓语动词(vt.)

+wh-疑问词+不定式(作宾语)

[说明]

tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) /ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) /wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) /remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) /discuss(商讨)

what

where

+how+ to (do)

who

which

……

不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。

如:He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)/Tell me how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ Sheasked me what to do for today’s homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/Can you teach me how to search theinternet?(你能教我怎样上网吗?)

[C]不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。如: I found it notvery easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)

⑤ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。

[A] 记住下面的一些结构:

被修饰部分+ 不定式(作后置定语)

a key

to lock the door

锁门的钥匙

a box

to hold these things

装这些东西的箱子

give her a book

to read

给她一本书读

Is there any (+名词/代词)

to(do)?

有…要(做的)吗?

It’s time

to go.

是走的时间了。/ 该走了。

Do you have any work

to do?

你有工作要做吗?

I’d like something

to eat.

我要点儿吃的。

I have nothing

to say.

我没有话要说。

Would you like something

to drink?

你要点儿喝的吗?

[B] 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如:

They could not find a place to livein.(他们找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to siton.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to writewith.((他找到了写字的毛笔)

⑥ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:

[A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish,wait等词)的后面。如:He came to see heryesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/ I stopped to have arest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)

[B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。如:We cleaned theroom to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)/ Iopened the window to see moreclearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)

[C] 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如:To arrive there ontime,I got up one hour earlier thanusual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)

[注意] stop to dostopdoing的不同。如:They stopped to have alook.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)/ They stopped lookingout of the window and began to listen to theteahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)

⑦ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如:My job is to keep thegoal.(我的工作就是守住球门)

⑧ 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。

(vt.)

+ 宾语 ( /)

+不定式(作宾语补足语)

ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教)/ want(想要) / would like(想要) /get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) /like(喜欢) / warn(警告) /

+sb. / sth.

+to (do)

make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看)/ feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) /help(帮助)

+sb. / sth.

+ (do)

如:Mum asked me to help her with thecooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/ I would like you to see myparents.(我想要你见见我的父母)/ The boss often made the workerswork 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)/ Now let mehear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴)

[注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略;hear /see / feel /watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较:

I heard her crying when I walkedpast.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)

I sat near her and heard her sing the newsong.(我坐在她附近听她新歌)(指整个过程)

(3)动名词

动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。

动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如:LearningEnglish all by yourself is not soeasy.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English allby yourself.)

动名词可以作宾语

[A] want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如:Your car needsreparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needscutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)

[B] remember / forge / stop /finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如:I forgot to write a letter tohim.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) / I forgot writing a letter tohim.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) / They stopped to lookback.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped lookingback.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)

[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如:Do youmind my closing the door?(把门关上你介意吗?)/ She hatestravelling by air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ They wentswimming every afternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoywalking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)

[D] like / love / start / begin /learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如:We began to study Englishwhen we were at primary school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了) / We beganstudying English when we were at primary school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了)

动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如:My job is puttingthese parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) /I am putting these partstogether.(我正在把这些部件拼起来)

动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如:Eating toomuch is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) /Seeing isbelieving.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / He ran after amoving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His fathersaw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)

(4)分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)

主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。

分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。

[A]作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。如:I havegot a running nose.(我鼻涕) / The womanrunning after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop thethief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!) / Yesterday I met a mancalled Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)/ He only gave mea broken glass,so I was very angry withhim.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)

[B] 现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)

谓语动词(vt.)

宾语

宾语补足语

keep(保持) / see(看到) /

hear(听到) / watch(注意到) /feel(感觉到)

sb./sth.

(do)ing

如:Mumkept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)/ When Ientered the room,I saw Jack eating a bigpear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt somethingvery cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)

[C] 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如:She came into theclassroom,holding a pile of papers in herhand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these daysgetting ready for the coming oraltest.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)

[D]过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有:beworried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) /get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught(遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in(对…感兴趣)等等。例略。

[E] 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如:I had my haircut this morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意:havesth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have donesth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)

8、动词用法辨析:

(1)“Why not+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是简略句,完全形式是:Why don’tyou +动词原形+…?如:Why not go and have alook?(干嘛不去看看?)/ Why not try it onceagain?(为什么不再试试?)

(2) seem(好象)的用法:记住几个结构:①sb./sth. + seem + (tobe+)形容词+…;②sb./sth. + seem + like +…;③sb/sth + seem +to (do);④It seems that + 从句。如:He seemed (tobe) very happy when he was called by the headmaster.(被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心) / It seems that nobody else could dosuch a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来)

(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法:记住几个结构:①be afraid of sth; beafraid of (doing);be afraid to (do);be afraidthat+从句。如:She is a little afraid ofsnakes.(她有点怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay athome alone at night.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)/ I’m afraid thatsomebody will take his place because of his seriousmistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误)

(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法:记住几个结构:①be sorry for (sth);②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④besorry that+从句。如:I am very sorry for keepingyou waiting so long.(不好意思让你久等了)I am sorry to troubleyou.(对不起,麻烦你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here atthe moment.(恐怕他现在不在)

(5) be sure (确信)的用法:记住几个结构: ①be sure of (sth);②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+从句。如:She told memany times that she was sure to come.(她给我讲过多次她一定会来的)/ Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’swrong.(你对你的答案有把握吗?也许是错的。)/ I am sure that Dad willhelp me with the job.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的)

(6) makedo的用法:一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do,表示创造建构某事物用make.如:I don’t know what to do.(我不知道该干什么)/ I’m notgoing to do any work.(我不准备做什么)/ My father and I oncemade a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)

此外还要记住一些固定说法:do good / harm / business / one’s best / afavour……

make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phonecall / money / war / the bed / sure,...

(7)putonwearhave…onbeintry ondress的用法:puton强调“穿、戴”这个动作过程,wear则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态,have+衣物+on主要表示状态,bein(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dress(+人)表示“给…人穿衣”。如:Please puton your new shoes.(请穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins arewearing the same clothes.(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服)/ Today shehas an overcoat on.(今天她穿着一件大衣) / Do you knowthe woman who is in black?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的女人吗?)/ Dad isdressing Tom now.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣)

[注意]dresswearputon的区别:wearputon常用衣物作宾语,而dress常用人作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“getdressed”或“dress oneself”表达。be dressedinwear基本同义。dress up意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。如:Could youdress the baby for me?(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗?)/ He is eight butcan’t dress himself.(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服)/ She was dressedin a red coat.(她穿着一件红上衣)/ Do I have to dress upto go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗?)

(8)likeloveenjoy的用法:三个词都含有“喜欢”的意思,但是,likeenjoy后面跟动名词,love后面一般跟动词不定式。like后面有时跟动词不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好(往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。enjoy后面还可以加名词、反身代词,表示“享受…乐趣;玩得开心”。如:Doyou like shopping?(你喜欢购物吗?)/ He likes to havea swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放学后他总爱游个泳)/They love to sing foreign songs.(他们喜爱唱外国歌曲)/ Did youenjoy yourself at the party?(在聚会上你玩得开心吗?)/ Heenjoys living in China.(他喜欢在中国生活)

(9)studylearn的用法:study主要表示“学习、研究”,指过程;而learn主要表示“学会”,指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。如:Howmany subjects do you study?(你学多少门课程?) / Have youlearned it yet?(这个你学过了吗?)/ How long have youstudied/learned English?(你学英语多久了?)

learn还可以表示“听说”,如:He learned the musician himself was intown.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)

(10)thinkwantwouldlike的用法:三个词都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考虑”,want指“想要、愿望、企图”,wouldlike指“想要”,think后面一般跟介词短语或从句,wantwouldlike后面跟名词或动词不定式。如:Do you think that China will becomea developed country in 40 years? (你认为中国会在40年后成为发达国家吗?)/ I amthinking of the money I once lent to LiMin.((我正在想着以前借给黎敏的钱)/ What do you really want tosay?(你到底想干什么?)/ Which of these cakes would youlike (to have)?(这些饼子中你想吃哪些?)

(11)lookforsearch…forfindfindout的用法:前面两个词语表示动作过程,后面两个表示结果,lookfor指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西,但还没有找到;search…for…指“为找…而搜寻…”;find指“找到”了东西;findout主要指“查明一个事实真相”。如:Hey, Monkey, what are you lookingfor in the cupboard?(嘿,猴儿!你在厨子里面找什么呢?)/ Have youfound the lost key to your car?(你找着丢失的车钥匙了吗?)/ Thesoldiers were searching the room for the spy whenthey heard a loud noise.(士兵们正在房间里面搜寻间谍突然间他们听到了衣声巨响)/ Let’stry to find out who broke the window.(让我们查查谁把窗子打破了)

[注解] find的几个结构:find sb.sth“为某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“发觉某人是…”,find it+adj. + to do…(或+宾语从句)“发现(做……)如何”。如: His motherfound her daughter a very clevergirl.(他的母亲发现她的女儿是个聪明的女孩)(名词作补语补足语) / You can easilyfind it not good for your health to eatcold food.(你很容易就会发现吃冷食对你的身体是不利的)

(12)listen tohear的用法:两个词与听觉有关,listento指“听”这一过程,hear指“听到”这一结果。如:Are you listeningto me,Jim? Yes,I have heard yourwords.(吉姆,你在听我说吗?是的,你的话我全听见了)

(13)lookseewatchread的用法:四个词均与眼睛有关,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的过程;see指“看见”这一结果,有时see还引申为“明白”,表示“看”时后面加“电影”等词;watch指专注的看,含有“注视、监视”之义,后面常跟“电视、比赛”等词;read限制为看书面材料,译为“看、阅读”,后面跟“书、报纸、杂志”等词。如:Whatare you looking at?(你在看什么?)/ Please look atthe blackboard. (请看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film,mum, will you? (妈妈,让我去看电影吧,好吗?)/ He won’t feel well until hefinishes watching the football match.(要看完了足球赛他才会感觉好些)/ Reading gives usknowledge.(阅读给我们知识)

(14)hearhear ofhearfromlearn的用法:hear“听说”,后面可以跟名词、代词、从句表示听见的内容,hearof“听说”,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面;hearfrom“收到……的来信”,后面加人;learn“听说、得知”,后面跟从句,含义与hear相似。如:Ihear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight.(我听说格林先生今晚要来看望我们)/ Have you ever heard of the man whoonce went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否听说过那个去过喜马拉雅山的人?)/How often do you hear from your father?(隔多久你收到你父亲的信?)/ He learned the musician himselfwas in town.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)

(15)speaktalksaytell的用法:四个词与“说”有关。speak“讲话、发言、演说”,是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词to,speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称;talk“谈话、闲谈”,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词withto等,涉及事情时后面跟介词about等;say是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容;tell是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如:Doyou speak English? (你讲英语吗?)/ Who spoke at themeeting? (谁在会上发了言?)/ Our teacher is talking to LinTao’s parent. (我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话)/ Can you say it inEnglish? (你能用英语说出它吗?)/ Please tell me something aboutthe strange flying object. (请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情吧)

(16)be ableto(do)can的用法:can是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“可能、可以、会”等意思,只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式;beableto表示能力上“会”,有多种时态形式,to后面跟动词原形,有时可以与can/could互换。如:Canyou speak English? (你会说英语吗?)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to)swim when he was 12. (他十二岁时不会游泳)

(17)therebehave的用法:两个词都可以译为“有”,但是,have表示的是“拥有”,主语必须是人或者物;therebe表示“存在”的概念,主语在there be之后。如:How many brothers andsisters do you have? I have onlyone brother. (你有多少兄弟?我只有一个兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desksare there in their classroom? There is none.(他们教室里有多少张桌椅?一张也没有。)

[注解]there be sb./sth doingthere be sb./sthto do 有所不同:用doing表示一个正在发生的事情,而用to do则表示一个滞后或迟于there be的动作。如: Look! There is a doglying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothingfor you to do tonight.

(18)borrowlendkeep的用法:表示“借”的三个词,borrow“借进”、lend“出借”都是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用;keep“保存”用来表示借一段时间。如:I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What canI do? (我丢掉了从老师那里借来的书)/ How long have youkept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months!(呃,我的字典你借了多久了?两个多月了!)

(19)bringtakecarrysendlift的用法:bring指从远处“拿来”;take指从面前“拿走”;carry指一般的搬运,不涉及方向;send主要指“送、派遣、寄”;lift指把东西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。

(20)hopewish的用法:两个词都表示“希望”,但是,hope表达有把握或信心实现的事情,后面直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾语补足语的不定式;wish表达实现的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名词、宾语从句(用过去时)或者作宾语补足语的不定式。如:Weall hope to see him very soon. (我们全都希望尽快见到他)/ Ihope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out.(我希望明天天好,这样我们就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was notraining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨!)(事实上天正在下雨)

(21)takespendpaycost的用法:

spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型:sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth /(in) doing sth.

take的主语通常是事情,句型:sth./It + (take)+sb.+时间+todo… 。(如果是动作则常用it作形式主语将动词不定式后移);

cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型:sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气.;

pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型:sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物.

如:She spent the whole night reading the novel.(她花了一个晚上看那本小说)/ This job will take me two days.=It willtake me two days to do the job. (做这件事情要花我两天的时间)/ Howmuch does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱?)/ Ipaid him twenty dollars for the book..(我花了20元从他那儿买了书)

(22)beginstart的用法:begin在大多数情况下可以替代start,(反义词是end),后面接不定式或动名词时区别不大,但是start还可以表示“开始、出发、启动”,反义词是stop;某事停止后再重新开始一般用start.如:Whendid you begin/start to learn English? (你什么时候开始学英语的?)/They started getting in the crops after the rainstopped. (雨停后他们开始收割庄稼) / This time he could not starthis car. (这次他没法启动他的汽车)

(23)arrivein/atreachgetto的用法:arrive是不及物动词,到达具体地点时后面加介词at,到达一个大的地方(国家、城市)时后面加介词in,arrive后面可以直接跟地点副词here/there/home等;get表示“到达”时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地点副词here等;reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如:Hearrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上个星期天他抵达旧金山)/How did you get there in the night? (你是怎样在夜间到达那里的?)/We hurried all the way and reached the station just fiveminutes before the train left. (我们一路狂奔在火车启动前5分钟到达车站)

(24)be madeofbe made frombe madeintobe made inbe madebybe made for的区别:be madeof指从制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be madefrom则指从制成品中看不出原材料,口语中都可以换成be made out ofbe madeinto表示“被制成……”,be made in表达被制造的地点,be madeby表达制造的人,be made for表达被制造的目的。如:This kind of paperis made from bamboo. (这种纸是由竹子生产的)/ The desk ismade of wood and metal. (桌子是铁和木头打的)/ A lot of paperhas been made into paper birds. (许多纸被折叠成了小鸟)/Computers are made in these cities. (计算机是在这几个城市制造的)/This kite was made by Uncle Wang. (这个风筝是王叔叔做的)/ A bigbag was made for me to hold my wastethings.(一只大包做好了让我装废物)

(25)be usedforbe used tousedtoget used to的区别:be used for +名词/代词或动名词, be used to +动词原形,表示两个短语意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to +动词原形,表示“过去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’tto”;get/be used to + 动名词,表示“习惯于….”。如:A knifecan be used for cutting things.(刀可以用来割东西)/ Aknife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用来割东西)/ Heused to borrow novels from the library when he was atschool. (他上学时常常在图书馆借书)/ He is used to gettingup early in the morning. (他习惯早起)

(26)beat,winlosebeat(打败),后面跟“人”,而win(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛”等。如:Who won atlast? (最后谁赢了?)/ Class Three beat us 5-0.(三班以5∶0打败了我们)/ I am sure to win the match.(我一定能赢得比赛)

lose则表示“输了”,常用句型:lose sth. tosb. 如:Unluckily we lost the match to ClassThree. (不幸的是我们比赛输给了三班)

(27)growplantkeep的区别:plant着重讲“栽、种植”这个动作,grow则指种植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep则主要指“喂养”、“赡养”一个人或者动物。如:Hegrew vegetables in his garden. (他在园子里种菜)/ Iplanted ten trees last year,but four of them died.(去年我栽了10棵树,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogsto kill the time. (老年的妇女喜欢养猫养狗打发时间)

(28)falldrop的区别:fall指东西由高处向下坠落,不及物动词;也可以作连系动词,意思是“变得,进入某种状态”。drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,不及物动词;或让物体落向低处,及物动词。如:Theman fell off the tractor and hurt himself.(那个人从拖拉机上摔下来跌伤了)/ Soon after they touched the pillowsthey fell (系动词) fast asleep.(他们头挨枕头不久就睡着了)/ He felt as if he had to dropmaths.(他觉得似乎要放弃数学)/ He dropped a letter into themail-box.(他向邮箱里丢了一封信)

(29)joinjoin intake partin的区别:join多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示和某人一起参加某项活动;joinin指参加某项游戏或活动;take part in多指参加群众性的活动、运动、会议等。如:Hejoined the army in 2001.(他2001年参军)/ Theyjoined me in congratulating you.(他们和我一起向你祝贺)/Do join us in the game.(千万参加我们的比赛) / Hetook an active part in the students’ movementin the 1940s.(在二十世纪40年代他积极参加学生运动)

(30)beathitstrike的用法区别:beat指“连续不断地打击;(心脏的)跳动”;hit指“一次性地撞击、命中”;strikehit基本同义,还可以理解为“划(火柴)、给……深刻的印象”。如:Theman looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly.(那个人看上去死了可心脏还在微弱地跳动) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew overtheir heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的劲太大球飞过他们的头顶落入水中) /He went into the room and struck a match(火柴).(他走进房间划着了一根火柴)

(31)carry oncarry out的区别:carryon表示“进行、继续”;carry out表示“进行、贯彻、实现”。如:I will carryon the work. (我会继续工作)/ I have some difficulties incarrying out his orders. (对于执行他的命令我有问题)

(32)be amazedbe surprised的区别:beamazed“感到惊讶”,指人对某个不可能发生却实际发生了的事情感到极其的讶异;besurprised“感到吃惊”指人对突发的事件感到惊讶。如:When he dived deep into thesea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coralreefs. (他深潜到海中时被所有美丽的珊瑚礁惊呆了) / He was verysurprised when he heard a loud noise from inside theroom. (听到房间里传出一个很大的声音他非常地吃惊)

(33)warn的用法:“warn sb. of/aboutsth”意思是“针对…而警告某人”;“warn sb (not) to dosth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warn sb. +that从句”意思是“警告某人说……”。如:They warned the passengersof thieves. (他警告路人小心窃贼) / I warn youthat you will fail in the coming exams if you are still solazy. (我警告你:如果你还这么懒在即将来到的考试中你会不及格的。) / He was warnednot to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)

(34)think ofthink about等短语的区别:thinkof表示“考虑、思念、认为、想起、建议”等;“think about”表示“看待、认为”;“thinkmuch /highly /a lot of”表示“高度评价…”;“thinkover”表示“仔细考虑”;“think out”表示“想出”。如:The headmasterthought highly of this boy. (校长高度地评价了这个男孩) / We’rethinking of going to France for our holiday.(我们在考虑去法国度假的事情) / Think it over and you will havea way. (仔细考虑就有办法) / I cannot think of his name. Iforgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / What do you thinkabout his composition? Very good!(他的作文你觉得怎么样? 很好。)

(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等词语用法:“agreeto+动词”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./观点”表示“赞同…的观点”/agree about表示“对…话题有相同看法”/“agree to+建议”表示“同意”某人的建议,“agree on + 决定”表示“赞成某人的决定”。例略。

(36)deserve(应该,应得)的用法:deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名词。如:Theyhad tried their best and they deserved to win.(他们尽力了该赢。) / The little boy always made troubles around anddeserved beating. (小男孩总是处处惹麻烦活该被打) / The girl did agood deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事应该受到表扬)

九、连接词

1、连词的含义:连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。

2、连词的分类:连词分为并列连接词从属连接词两种。

1、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不),so(所以),however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),as wellas(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...butalso...(不但而且), either…or…(或),neither…nor…(既不也不)等。

2、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有:

when(当…时候), while(正当…时候), after(在…之后),before(在…之前), since(自从), until(直到),although/though(虽然), if(假如), as(如…一样;由于),as …as…(和…一样), as far as(就…而言), as longas(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使),because(因为), unless (除非), than(比…),whether (是否…), in order that…(为了),so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), nowthat…(现在既然), by the time…(到…时候), every time…(每当),as if…(仿佛),no matterwhen(或whenever)(无论何时),no matterwhere(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。

[辨析]

(1)becauseassincefor的用法:because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的问句只能用because.as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如:Heis not at school today because he is seriouslyill.(他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害)/ As all of you have got here,now, let’s go to the zoo.(既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧)/ I will ask LinTao to go with me since you are verybusy.(既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧)/ We must be off now for thematch starts at 700.(我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始)

(2)ifwhether的区别:表示“是否”时,ifwhether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句;而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如:Idon’t know if/whether he will arrive ontime.(我不知道他是不是会按时到达)/ I will ring you up if hearrives on time.(如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的)

[注意]下列情况只能用whether不能用if:①引导主语从句,②引导表语从句,③引导从句作介词宾语,④引导不定式短语,⑤引导让步状语从句,⑥在动词discuss之后,⑦在wonder/ notsure之后,⑧在ifwhether含义易混时。如:Whetherit is a fine day next Sunday is still aquestion.(下个星期天是不是个好天还是个问题)(引导主语从句) / Please ask himwhether to go there with a raincoat ornot.(请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿)(作动词的宾语) / Hainan is the place to be,whether it’s summer orwinter.(海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏)(引导让步状语从句)/ Please let me knowwhether you need myhelp.(请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助)(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)

(3)whilewhenas的用法区别:while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的;when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生;as与上两词同义,可替换whilewhen,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边……一边……”。如:Please do not trouble mewhile I am writing my homework.(我写作业时请不要打扰我)/ I’ll gohome when I have finished my job.(我干完了活儿就回去)/ Theywere running quickly across the road when they heard thesound of a truck coming.(他们正快速地穿过马路忽然听到了卡车开来的声音)/ Aswe walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talkedloudly.(当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话)

(4)till/untilnot…till/until的区别:前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如:Iwill stay here and watch the baby until youreturn.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作一直进行到你return) / Theywon’t go on working until they get what they think isreasonable.(他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的)

另外tilluntil基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till.如:Until the last minute of the match we keptplaying.(我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟)/ Not until he had finishedhis work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)

(5)thoughalthough的区别:两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加stillyet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为thoughthough“虽然、尽管、即使”,还可以与even连用(=evenif),表示“即使、纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。如:He passed the examsalthough illness prevented him from going toclasses.(尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试)/ she won’t leave the TVset,even though her husband is waiting for her for thesupper.(她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭)/ It was a quiet party. I had agood time, though.(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心)

(6)prefer to…rather than…prefer…to…的区别:preferto…rather than…后面都是用动词原形,prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。如:Iprefer English to Japanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢英语)/ Iprefer to learn English rather than learnJapanese. (与日语相比我更喜欢学英语)

十、简单句

1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。

2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句祈使句四种。

3、陈述句:

用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。

陈述句的肯定式: He is a middle schoolstudent.(他是个中学生)/ I have a hammer in myhand.(我手上有把锤子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我们地理)/The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyedit.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢)

陈述句的否定式:

1)谓语动词如果是to be助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother is nota teacher.(我的弟弟不是教师)/ He does not have acousin.(他没有堂兄弟)/ I will not go theretomorrow.(明天我不去那儿)/ My mother is not cooking a mealin the kitchen.(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭)/ You must not make suchmistakes again.(你不该再犯类似错误了) / We haven’t discussedthe question yet(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢).

2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don’t).如: Idon’t know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Mingdoes not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在农村养猪)/ Wedidn’t expect to meet her right here.(我们没指望着在这里见到她)/We didn’t have a meeting yesterdayafternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)

3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与havegot的否定式相同。 如:I haven’t (got) any brothers orsisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹)

[注意]

①句子中如果有allbothverymuch/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用noneneithernot…atall等;All of them went there.→None ofthem went there.(他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里)

②句子中含有littlefewtoo(太)、hardlyneverneithernorseldom等词时,则视为否定句。如:Few people live there because life thereis very hard.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了)

③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如:That’s yourboss?(那就是你的老板?!)

④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即:主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。

⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如:The old man told methat he would live here for ten moreyears before he returns home. (老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/Could you tell me who you saw at theparty last night?(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗?)

4、疑问句:

一般疑问句:用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。

1)一般疑问句构成:句中谓语动词是tobe助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如:Ishe an engineer?(他是工程师吗?)/ Haveyou got today’s newspaper? (你有今天的报纸吗?)/ Shall we goto see a film this evening? (我们今晚去看电影好吗?)/ Can youexplain it ?(你能解释它吗?)/ Is there any fish forsupper?(晚饭有鱼吗?)/ Would you like to go out for awalk?(你想出去散步吗?)

谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did,原来的谓语动词改为原形。如:Do you get up at six everymorning?(你天天早晨六点起身吗?)/ Does she studyhard?(她学习努力吗?)/ Did you go thereyesterday?(昨天你去那儿了吗?)

2)一般疑问句的回答

一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如:

Will you join us in playingbasketball?(你加入我们打篮球好吗?)Yes, wewill.(是的我们会。)/ —No, we won’t.(不我们不会。)

Have you got today’s newspaper?(你有今天的报纸吗?)Yes, Ihave .(是的有。)/ —No, I haven’t.(不没有。)

回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。

[注意] 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。

3)一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将“not”置于主语之后或者将“not”放到主语之前与be,have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如:

Will he not come?(他难道不来吗?)/Isn’t your sister a Party member?(你的姐姐不是党员吗?)/Haven’t you any brothers?(你没有哥哥吗?)/ Don’t youlike the play?(你难道不喜欢这个话剧吗?)/ Can’t we walk a littlefarther?(我们不能走远些吗?)/ Won’t you sitdown?(你不想坐下吗?)/ Hasn’t she heard of thematter?(她没听说过这事儿?)

这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如:

Can’t he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗?)

—Yes,hecan.(不,他能回答这个问题。)—No,he can’t. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)

特殊疑问句:要求具体回答的问句。

1)特殊疑问句结构是:

疑问代词

+一般疑问句+

who以外的疑问代词短语

疑问副词

如:What do you want?(你要什么?)/Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在找谁?)/ Whosemagazine is this?(这是谁的杂志?)/Which class are youin?(你在哪班?)/ When did you get up thismorning?(你今早什么时候起身的?)/ Where have youbeen?(你到哪儿去了?)/ Why did he go to bed soearly?(他为什么这么早睡觉?)/ How did you gothere?(你是怎么去的那儿?)

但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同:如:Whois dancing over there?(谁在那边跳舞?)

有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如:Whatis on the wall?(什么东西在墙上?/墙上有什么?)/ Which isyours?(哪个是你的?)/ Whose book is in yourbag?(谁的书在你的书包里?)

[注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用!如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。

2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词:

疑问代词: who, whom, whose, which, what,

疑问副词: when, where, why, how,

how构成的短语:how many (多少个) (独立用;或跟可数名词), howmuch (多少) (独立用;或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far(多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), howsoon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。

3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如:Why don’t you ask Jiminstead?(常缩略为Why not…?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢?)

4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如:When and where wereyou born? (你是何时何地出生的?)

5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如:What do youwant a computer for? = For what do you want acomputer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢?)

反意疑问句:反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。

1) 构成:由两部分组成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have,助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构;反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致;反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。

陈述句部分

附加问句部分

肯定陈述句

否定的简短一般问句

当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词;否则就使用do/does//did.

否定陈述句

肯定的简短一般问句

如:He is old, isn’t he? (他老了不是吗?) / The man wentaway, didn’t he? (那个男人走开了不是吗?) / He isn’t old, ishe? (他不老是吗?) / He never went there, did he?(他从没有去过那里是吗?)

2) 反意问句的回答:

无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”

如:Theman went away, didn’t he?(那人走开了,不是吗?)

——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/No, he didn’t.(,他没有走。)

The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗?)

——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/No, he didn’t.(是呀,他不去。)

选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。

1) 构成:(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项?

(2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项?

2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:

Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl.(----你的朋友是男孩还是女孩?----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?–Tea, please. (---你要哪一样咖啡还是茶?----请来茶吧。) / Which doyou like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, ofcourse. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样?----当然是跳舞啦!)

5、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。

祈使句的肯定式: 动词(原形) + 其他如:Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shutup! (住嘴!)

祈使句的否定式Don’t +动词原形 +其他 如:Please don’t talk in lowvoices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Don’t look back!(不要掉头看。)

[注意]以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面。如:Let’snot trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)

肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如:Please do help me!(请千万帮帮我。)

6、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“

对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是:

What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语),用来强调句子中的名词,如:What a good, kind girl (she is)!(她是多么善良的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)!(天气真糟糕!)

仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是:How + 形容词/副词 +陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully theold man walks! (这老人走路真小心!) / How delicious the foodis! (这食品真好吃!) / How beautiful! (真美呀!)

▲有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。Heis sitting on a tiger’s back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) / A niceshot! (漂亮一击!) / Good goal! (好球!)

  

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