爱华网Of Homer‘s two epic poems, the Odyssey hasalways
been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps becauseit
includes more features of mythology that areaccessible
to readers. Its subject (to use MaynardMack‘s
5 categories) is “life-as-spectacle,” for readers,diverted
by its various incidents, observe its heroOdysseus
primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however,presents
“life-as- experience”:readers are asked to identify with
the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render hima
10 not particularly likable hero. In addition, the Iliad,more
than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of thegods’
involvement in human actions, and to the extentthat
modern readers find this complexity aneedless
complication, the Iliad is less satisfying thanthe
15 Odyssey, with its simpler ‘scheme’ of divinejustice.
Finally, since the Iliad presents a historicallyverifiable
action, Troy‘s siege, the poem raiseshistorical
questions that are absent from the Odyssey’sblithely
imaginative world.
12. It can be inferred from the passage that areader of
the Iliad is likely to have troubleidentifying with the
poem‘s hero for which of the followingreasons?
(A) The hero is eventually revealed to beunheroic.
(B) The hero can be observed by thereader
only from without.
(C) The hero‘s psychology is nothistorically
verifiable.
(D) The hero‘s emotions often do notseem
appealing to the reader.
(E) The hero‘s emotions are notsufficiently
various to engage the reader‘sattention.
Ex8.第12题p45
老师，这个题干说I的读者识别以下哪种诗中的英雄有困难；
我把答案定位在line 8- 9，但是文中只是说读者被要求去识别，没有提到是否困难啊？为什么选D
题干理解错误，从文中课推断出来Iliad 的读者可能会在与poem‘s hero（Iliad的主人公）identifying with时有困难是出于以下哪种原因？
identifying with：to feel that you are similar tosomeone in some way and that you can understand them or theirsituation because of this。在此处：理解或体谅、同情
全篇文章中，关于reader、poem‘s hero、identifyingwith只有8-9行：readers are asked to identify withthe mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a notparticularly likable hero.后半句表明hero不是likablehero，表negative态度，到选项中选择negative态度的选项，A说herounheroic，文中说hero 不招人喜欢，但没说unheroic，故错。B，说的是Odyssey，参看第7行，如此处没读懂，考试时only也过于绝对化，多数情况下也不懵这个答案。C，Not Given D. NotGiven.
整篇文章看的懂不，如不懂，再和我说吧，我再写，不然用几句话就说明白的东西，写出来好费事，你知道的，我懒！
Jean Wagner‘s most enduringcontribution to the
study of Afro-American poetry is hisinsistence that it be
analyzed in a religious, as well assecular, frame of
reference. The appropriateness ofsuch an approach may
5 seem self-evident for a traditioncommencing with
spirituals and owing its early forms,rhythms, vocabulary,
and evangelical fervor to Wesleyanhymnals. But before
Wagner a secular outlook thatanalyzed Black poetry
solely within the context ofpolitical and social protest
10 was dominant in the field.
It is Wagner who first demonstratedthe essential
fusion of racial and religiousfeeling in Afro-American
poetry. The two, he argued, form asymbiotic union in
which religious feelings are oftenapplied to racial issues
15 and racial problems are oftenprojected onto a
metaphysical plane. Wagner found thismost eloquently
illustrated in the Black spiritual,where the desire for
freedom in this world and the hopefor salvation in the
next are inextricablyintertwined.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that,before
Wagner, most students of Afro-American poetrydid
which of the following?
(A) Contributed appreciably to the transferof
political protest from Afro-American poetryto
direct political action.
(B) Ignored at least some of the historical rootsof
Afro-American poetry.
(C) Analyzed fully the aspects of socialprotest
to be found in such traditional forms ofAfro-
American poetry as the Black spiritual.
(D) Regarded as unimportant thedevelopment
of fervent emotionalism in a portion ofAfro-
American poetry.
(E) Concentrated on the complexrelations
between the technical elements in Afro-
American poetry and its politicalcontent.
这个题目我定位在line7-10；
文中说：But before Wagner a secular outlookthat analyzed Black poetry solely within the context of politicaland social protest was dominant in the field.
所以我默认选项的意思应该是之前的学生没有以政治和社会的抗争背景去分析Black poetry，但是答案选的是B。
定位准确，不过理解错误了，But before Wagner a secular outlook that analyzed Blackpoetry solely within the context of political and socialprotest was dominant in the field.但是在Wagner之前，a secularoutlook（定语从句修饰outlook）was dominant in thefield.也就是说在Wagner之前，就关注political andsocial而不关注别的，也就是B，至少忽略（不关注）historical
Islamic law is a particularlyinstructive example of "sacred law".
Islamic law is a phenomenon sodifferent from
all other forms oflaw—notwithstanding, of course,
a considerable and inevitable numberof coincidences
5 with one or the other of them asfar as subject matter
and positive enactment areconcerned—that its study
is indispensable in order toappreciate adequately
the full range of possible legalphenomena. Even the
two other representatives of sacredlaw that are historically and
10 geographically nearest to it,Jewish law and Roman
Catholic canon law, are perceptiblydifferent.
Both Jewish law andcanon law are more uniform
than Islamic law. Though historicallythere is
a discernible break between Jewishlaw of the sovereign
15 state of ancient Israel and of theDiaspora (the dispersion
of Jewish people after the conquestof Israel), the spirit
of the legal matter in later parts ofthe Old Testament
is very close to that of the Talmud,one of the primary
codifications of Jewish law in theDiaspora. Islam, on the
20 other hand, represented a radicalbreakaway from the
Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of
an examination, from a religiousangle, of legal subject matter
that was far from uniform, comprisingas it did the various
components of the laws of pre-IslamicArabia and
25 numerous legal elements taken overfrom the non-Arab
peoples of the conquered territories.All this was unified
by being subjected to the same kindof religious scrutiny,
the impact of which varied greatly,being almost
nonexistent in some fields, and inothers originating novel
30 institutions. This central dualityof legal subject matter
and religious norm is additional tothe variety of legal,
ethical, and ritual rules that istypical of sacred law.
In its relation to thesecular state, Islamic law differed
from both Jewish and canon law.Jewish law was
35 buttressed by the cohesion of thecommunity, reinforced
by pressure from outside; its rulesare the direct
expression of this feeling ofcohesion, tending toward
the accommodation of dissent. Canonand Islamic law,
on the contrary, were dominated bythe dualism of religion and
40 state, where the state was not, incontrast with Judaism,
an alien power but the politicalexpression of the same
religion. But the conflict betweenstate and religion took
different forms; in Christianity itappeared as the struggle
for political power on the part of atightly organized
45 ecclesiastical hierarchy, andcanon law was one of its
political weapons. Islamic law, onthe other hand, was
never supported by an organizedinstitution; consequently,
there never developed an overt trialof strength. There
merely existed discordance betweenapplication of the
50 sacred law and many of theregulations framed by Islamic
states; this antagonism variedaccording to place and time.
4. It can be inferred from the passage thatthe
application of Islamic law in Islamic stateshas
(A) systematically been opposed by groupswho
believe it is contrary to theirinterests
(B) suffered irreparably from the lack offirm
institutional backing
(C) frequently been at odds with thelegal
activity of government institutions
(D) remained unaffected by the politicalforces
operating alongside it
(E) benefited from the fact that itnever
experienced a direct confrontation with
the state
这个题目我定位在line 49 到文章结束；
文章的discordance,为什么与at odds对应？为什么选C
定位49-51：discordance between application ofthe sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamicstates.法的实施与国家条例有discordance不一致，C说法的实施经常与政府机构的合法活动at odds不一致。
3篇文章，定位都准确，问题都出在理解上，两道题是因为固定搭配的问题atodds，identifyingwith，一道题是句子长难句理解，好好积累下固定搭配，长难句还是多分析,还记得课上说的意群、顺句驱动不！多体会！
