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物理学家找到了宇宙大爆炸之前宇宙就存在的第一个证据 图集
Have we found the universe that existed before the BigBang?
The current cosmological consensus is that the universe began13.7 billion years ago with the Big Bang.
目前的共识是，宇宙137亿年前宇宙大爆炸开始。
But a legendary physicist sayshe's found the first evidence of an eternal, cycliccosmos.
但是，一个传奇的物理学家说，他发现了一个永恒的宇宙循环的第一个证据。
The BigBang model holds that everything that now comprises the universewas once concentrated in a single point of near-infinitedensity.
大爆炸模型认为，现在的一切，包括曾经在一个近乎无限密度的单点集中的宇宙。
Before this singularity explodedand the universe began, there was absolutely nothing - indeed, it'snot clear whether one can even use the term "before" in referenceto a pre-Big-Bang cosmos, as time itself may not have existedyet.
在此之前，爆炸和宇宙的奇点开始，但绝对没有 -事实上，现在还不清楚是否甚至可以用“前”的提法预先大爆炸宇宙随着时间的本身可能不会存在呢，。
In thecurrent model, the universe began with the Big Bang, underwentcosmic inflation for a fraction of a second, then settled into themuch more gradual expansion that is still going on, and likely willend with the universe as an infinitely expanded, featurelesscosmos.
在当前的模型中，宇宙大爆炸开始，经历了几分之一秒，然后将逐步扩展，更是仍在进行结算，宇宙膨胀，并可能会与宇宙的尽头是一个无限扩大，无特色宇宙。
Sir RogerPenrose, one of the most renowned physicists of the last fiftyyears, takes issue with this view.
罗杰彭罗斯爵士，在过去的五十多年中最知名的物理学家之一，承担这种观点的问题。
He points out that the universewas apparently born in a very low state of entropy, meaning a veryhigh degree of order initially existed, and this is what made thecomplex matter we see all around us (and are composed of) possiblein the first place.
他指出，宇宙显然是出生在一个非常低熵状态，这意味着一个非常高度的秩序最初存在，这是使复杂的问题，我们看到我们周围的一切（并且组成）在第一时间地方。
His objection is that the BigBang model can't explain why such a low entropy state existed, andhe believes he has a solution - that the universe is just one ofmany in a cyclical chain, with each Big Bang starting up a newuniverse in place of the one before.
他的反对意见是，大爆炸模型无法解释为什么这么低熵状态存在，他相信他有一个解决方案 -这只是宇宙中的许多人周期性链与各大启动一个新的宇宙爆炸，在之前的一个地方。这是如何帮助？
Well, Penroseposits the end of each universe will involve a return to lowentropy.
那么，彭罗斯假定每个宇宙的尽头会涉及到低熵的回报。
This isbecause black holes suck in all the matter, energy, and informationthey encounter, which works to remove entropy from ouruniverse.
这是因为黑洞的所有物质，能量吸，和他们所遇到的信息，其工作是清除我们的宇宙的熵。
(Where that entropy might go isanother question entirely.) The universe's continued expansion intoeventual nothingness causes the black holes themselves toevaporate, which ultimately leaves the universe in a highly orderedstate once again, ready to contract into another singularity andset off the next Big Bang.
（如该熵可能走的是另外一个问题完全。）宇宙的成最终虚无不断膨胀的原因及成另一种奇异的黑洞本身的蒸发，最终留在一种高度有序状态的宇宙再次，准备合同，衬托下一个大爆炸。
Asalternative theories go, it's not without its merits, but there'sno evidence to support it...until now.
作为替代理论去，这不是没有它的可取之处，但没有证据支持，直至现在...。
He says he's found evidence forhis ideas in the cosmic microwave background, the microwaveradiation that permeates the universe and was thought to haveformed 300,000 years after the Big Bang, providing a record of theuniverse at that far distant time.
他说他发现了宇宙微波背景辐射，微波辐射，渗透到宇宙，被认为已经形成了30万年后的宇宙大爆炸，在那遥远的提供时间是宇宙的证据记录他的想法。
Penrose andhis colleague Vahe Gurzadyan have discovered clear concentriccircles within the data, which suggests regions of the radiationhave much smaller temperature ranges thanelsewhere.彭罗斯和他的同事们已经发现VaheGurzadyan内的数据，这表明该地区有辐射比其他地方更小的温度范围内清晰的同心圆。
So whatdoes that mean?
那么是什么意思？
Penrose believes these circlesare windows into the previous universe, spherical ripples leftbehind by the gravitational effects of colliding black holes in theprevious universe.
彭罗斯认为，这些圆圈是将以前的宇宙窗，留下的碰撞在前面的宇宙黑洞的引力效应背后的球形涟漪。
He also says these circles don'twork well at all in the current inflationary model, which holds alltemperature variations in the CMB should be trulyrandom.
他还表示，这些圈子根本不工作都好于目前的通胀模式，它拥有在所有温度变化，中巴应该真正随机的。
Here'swhere the fun begins.
下面是其中的乐趣就开始了。
If the circles are really thereand are really doing what Penrose says they're doing, then he'smanaged to overthrow the standard inflationarymodel.
如果真的有界，而且真的做什么彭罗斯说，他们在做什么，那么他设法推翻通货膨胀的标准模型。
But there's a long way to gobetween where we are now and that point, assuming it everhappens.
但有一个很长的路要走，我们之间，现在这一点，假设它发生过。
Theinflationary model has become the consensus for a good reason -it's the best explanation we've got for the universe we have now -and so cosmologists will examine any results that appear todisprove it very critically.
膨胀宇宙模型已经成为一个很好的理由共识 - 这是最好的解释我们的宇宙有我们现在 -等宇宙学家将审查结果出现任何反驳很严重。
There arealso a couple key assumptions in Penrose's theory, particularlythat all particles will lose their mass towards the end of theuniverse.
也有在彭罗斯的理论情侣主要假设，特别是所有的粒子将失去他们对宇宙的最终质量。
Right now,we don't know whether that will actually happen - in particular,there's no proof that electrons ever decay.
现在，我们不知道这是否会成为现实 - 尤其是，没有永远的电子衰减证明。
[via arXiv]
Shutterstock image by Kim D. French
Send an email to Alasdair Wilkins, the author of this post, atalasdair@io9.com.
以上中文为机械翻译
名词解释：膨胀宇宙模型
名词解释：膨胀宇宙模型
以宇宙膨胀为前提的宇宙模型。哈勃定律的发现有力支持了比利时天文学家勒梅特（G eorges
Edouard Lemaitre ' 1884-19 66 ) 19 27年关于宇宙膨胀的预言。现代宇宙模型除爱囚斯坦和德西特
柳illem de sitter , 1872 -19 34 ）的静态模型外，都属膨胀宇宙模型。
1929年哈勃宣布：“宇宙正在膨胀着。星系之间的空间随时间线性增加，星系本身并没有改变；而
且星系越远，离去得越快”。而后，由列梅特、伽莫夫等人发展为大爆炸理论，基本要点是：在100-200
亿年之前，宇宙生之于一次大爆炸，物质、能量、时间和空间都由爆炸中创生，爆炸前那种原始的无限
稠密被称为“奇点”,由爆炸引起的膨胀，现在仍在继续着。从30年代开始，膨胀的宇宙模型已经为大多
数宇宙学家所接受，现在被称为现代宇宙学标准模型。现代宇宙学被定义为：“以广义相对论为理论基
础，以哈勃定律为观测依据，并在宇宙学原理的假设下,研究整体宇宙的结构、运动和演化规律的一门学
科”。
