爱华网独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（AbsoluteConstruction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an ableman to help you，you will surely succeed sooner orlater.有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an ableman和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）= Since such an able man willhelp you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seatinghimself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at thedesk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）= When he seatedhimself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key tothe bike lost, he had to walk toschool.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是thekey，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to thebike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
A．不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
1．动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparingthe dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother isto come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
——will you go to the comcerttonight你今晚去听音乐会吗？
——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,Irially can't afford anytime.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。（＝Because Ishall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't affordany time.）
The four of us agreed on a division oflabour,each to translate a quarter of thebook.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。（＝The four of usagreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarterof the book.）
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,ournewly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If manytrees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school willlook even more beautiful.)
B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（=As he was very ill, he went home.）
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read amagazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seatedhimself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
1．表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began hisclass.每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句Wheneveryone was ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone beingseated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句aftereveryone was seated）
2．表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no troublefinding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Becausethe boy led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As manyeyes were watching him）
必背：
含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。= As it is National Day today, the streetsare very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, weall went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。= As there was nofurther business to discuss, we all went home.
3．表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic nextweek.时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句Iftime permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into thenight.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句Ifmy health allows）
4．表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a cardin front of hischest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句andeach wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking atthesky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句andhis eyes were looking at the sky）
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, Englishbeginners were able to readit.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。= As the book waswritten in simple English，English beginners were able to readit.
The workers worked still harder, their livingconditions greatlyimproved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。= Astheir living conditions were greatly improved, the workers workedstill harder.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyesfixed on theblackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。= Hewas listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on theblackboard.
The task completed,he had two months'leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had beencompleted,he had two months' leave.）
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things tosettle. 经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式tosettle）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went tobed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）
二、动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（theyoungest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
注意：
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“Therebeing +名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices areclosed.因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（hiseyes和sleepy之间省去了being）= He turned to me,and his eyes were sleepy.
He stood there, his mouth wideopen.他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wideopen之间省去了being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wideopen.
C．逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all wenthome.放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）=School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoesoff.他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（hisshoes和off之间省去了being）= He sat at his desk and his shoes wereoff.
D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towardsus.他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。= He was standingin front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on herface.新老师面带微笑走了进来。=The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom，a rule inhis hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。= The teacher came in anda ruler was in his hand.
提示：
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at thedoor, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= Themusic teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）
三、with/without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with/without+宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A．with+名词代词+形容词
Hedoesn誸 like to sleep with the windowsopen.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He doesn誸 like tosleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clotheswet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。= He stood in therain, and his clothes were wet.
注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son sodisappointing，the old man feltunhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn誸 wantto study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B．with+名词代词+副词
Ourschool looks even more beautiful with all the lightson.所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。= Ourschool looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights areon.
The boy was walking, with his fatherahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。= The boy waswalking and his father was ahead.
C．with+名词代词+介词短语
Hestood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at thedoor, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。= He stood atthe door, and a computer was in his hand.
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in hismouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen inmouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。= Vincent sat at the desk,and he had a pen in his mouth.
D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out toplay.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。=When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the trainstarted.信号发出了，火车开始起动了。= After thesignal was given, the train started.
I wouldn't dare go home without the jobfinished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。= I wouldn't dare go homebecause the job was not finished.
E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting aroundhim.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。= The man felt veryhappy when he found so many children sitting around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowingwhere it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。= The girlhid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through thewindow. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。= When no one wasnoticing, he slipped through the window.
F．with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework todo.有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。= The little boylooks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places ofinterest tovisit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so manyplaces of interest to visit.
提示：
在withwithout的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meetingroom.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1．表示时间
Night comingon, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。（= When night came on, we putourselves up in a small hotel.）
All the guests seated, they began theirdinner.所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。（= Whenall the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）
With everything she needed bought, Grace took ataxihome.所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。=（Aftereverything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）
2．表示原因
With a lot ofdifficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is havinga hard time.有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。（= As he has a lot ofdifficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is havinga hard time.）
There being no means of transportation, he hadto walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。(= As there was no meansof transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)
3．表示条件
Weatherpermitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。（= If weatherpermits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）
All the work done, you can have arest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As long as all the work is done, you can havea rest.）
Everything taken into consideration, the planseems to be more practical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。（= If everything is takeninto consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）
提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students lefttheir classroom.
【正】Class (being) over, the students lefttheir classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continuedtheir way.
【正】The moon appearing, they continued theirway. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。
4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in hishand.
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。（= Thestrange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick inhis hand.）
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tiedbehind his back.杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。（=The murderer wasbrought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）
Two hundred people died in the accident, many ofthemchildren.有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。（Twohundred people died in the accident and many of them werechildren.）
B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to besettled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰thestudent)他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。= He is the person who hasa lot of questions to be settled.
You can use a large plastic bottle with its topcut off. (with的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。=You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
He was walking along the road without any streetlights on its bothsides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road )= He waswalking along the road that didn誸 have any street lights on itsboth sides.
提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain，thepark looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶上,公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）
If you check your test paper carefully, somemistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）
