Swern Oxidation
The Swern Oxidation of alcohols avoids the use oftoxic metals such as chromium, and can be carried out under verymild conditions. This reaction allows the preparation of aldehydesand ketones from primary and secondary alcohols, resp. . Aldehydesdo not react further to give carboxylic acids. A drawback is theproduction of the malodorous side product dimethyl sulphide.
Mechanism
Dimethylchlorosulphonium ion is generated in situfrom DMSO and oxalyl chloride.
The reaction with an alcohol at -78°C leads to analkoxysulphonium ion:
Deprotonation of this intermediate gives a sulphurylide, which undergoes intramolecular deprotonation via afive-membered ring transition state and fragmentation to yield theproduct and DMS
If the temperature is not kept near -78°C, mixedthioacetals may result:
Recent Literature
New odorless method for the Corey–Kim and Swern oxidationsutilizing dodecyl methyl sulfide (Dod-S-Me)
S.-I. Ohsugia, K. Nishidea, K. Oonob, K. Okuyamab, M. Fudesakaa, S.Kodamaa, M. Node, Tetrahedron, 2003, 59,8393-8398.
The fluorous Swern and Corey-Kim reaction: scope andmechanism
D. Crich, S. Neelamkavil, Tetrahedron, 2002,58, 3865-3870.
实验注意事项:
(1)物料配比(一般):底物:草酰氯:DMSO:Et3N=1.00:1.35:2.70:4.00
(2)搅拌一定要好,反应体系比较粘稠。
(3)反应温度控制在-60度以下,无温度太高后又副产物。
(4)草酰氯、DMSO、三乙胺一般要干燥或重蒸(影响收率),干燥方法在这里就不加多说,自己去查溶剂手册吧。
(5)操作:将草酰氯加到二氯甲烷中,搅拌,冷却到-60度以下,滴加DMSO在DCM中的溶液,温度保持在-60度左右,反应会放热放气。加毕,搅拌半小时,滴加原料在DCM中的溶液,保持-60度,滴加完毕,跟踪监测,一般一小时左右即可反应完毕。在-60度下,滴加Et3N,温度控制在-60度,加毕,搅拌半小时,然后温度升至0度,滴加水,溶液由悬浮液变成澄清液,分层,有机层用盐水洗,干燥,旋干得产品。
二氯甲 烷的作用是稀释体系,不然太粘稠,二氯甲烷的量视情况而加,可以补加(二氯要干燥)。
(6)本反应有二甲硫醚生成,很臭!一般闻到二甲硫醚的气味说明你的反应基本成功。建议在通风良好的通风橱内进行反应和后处理。另,加入Et3N之后,要充分搅拌半小时,时间不可太短。否则有副产物生成。