爱华网NotesforUnit1,BookThree
I.KeyWordsandUsefulExpressions(TextA)
1.appropriate(L.4)
1)adj.～(for/to)suitable;rightandproper适当的；合适的；正当的
运动服用于正式婚礼中是不适当的。
Sportsclothesarenotappropriateforaformalwedding.
他郑重其事的讲话方式适合于那个场合。
Hisformalstyleofspeakingwasappropriatetotheoccasion.
2)vt.
a)take(sth.)forone’sownuse,esp.withoutpermissionorillegally拿（某事物）为己所用（尤指未经获准或非法者）；擅用；挪用；盗用
他被控告挪用俱乐部基金。Hewasaccusedofappropriatingclubfunds.
b)～sth.forsth:put(esp.money)ononesideforaspecialpurpose拨出（尤指款项）
为新的训练计划已经拨款5000英镑。
￡5000hasbeenappropriatedforanewtrainingscheme.
2.thinadj.(L.5)derogatoryfigurativeofpoorqualityorlackingsomeimportantingredient;feeble质量差的；缺乏某些重要成分的；弱的；无力的
总是用同样的借口就不足为信了。Thesameexcuseiswearingthin.
书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。Thecriticsfoundherlatestnovelratherthin.
3.ground(L.14)
1.n.[C](esp.pl.)～(forsth./doingsth./todosth.)reason(s)orjustificationforsaying,doingorbelievingsth.说、做或相信某事的原因或理由
你没有抱怨的理由。Youhavenogroundsforcomplaining.
你根据什么提出那项控告？Onwhatgroundsdoyoumakethataccusation?
2.v.(on)basebeliefs,etconsth.将信仰建立于某事物的基础上
以事实为根据来立论groundone’sargumentsonfacts
基础坚实的理论awell-groundedtheory
4.pursue(L.19)vt.
1)(continueto)beoccupiedorbusywith(sth.);goonwith（继续）从事或忙于（某事物）；进行
她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。
Shedecidedtopursueherstudiesafterobtainingherfirstdegree.
2)follow(sb./sth.),esp.inordertocatchorkill;chase追赶，追逐（某人/某物）；（尤指）追捕，追杀；追寻；追求
警察在高速公路上追赶被盗的车辆。
Thepolicepursuedthestolenvehiclealongthemotorway.
5.take(no/great)pleasurein(doing)sth.(L.23)
enjoy/notenjoy(doing)sth.以/不以（做）某事为乐；喜欢/不喜欢（做）某事
她似乎对我们的痛苦幸灾乐祸。Sheseemedtotakepleasureinoursuffering.
他们特别喜欢旅行并摄下沿途各种各样的桥梁。
Theytakegreatpleasureintravelingandtakingpicturesofvariousbridgesontheirway.
6.(in)sofaras/(that)(L.24)totheextentthat到…程度
就你不会制造麻烦而言,你来此是受欢迎的。
Youarewelcomehereinsofarasyoudon'tcauseproblems.
只要你是学生,便可免费使用该图书馆。
Insofarasyouareastudent,youarefreetousethelibrary.
7.regulatevt.(L.27)
1)controlordirect(sth.)lawfulorcorrect使（某事物）合法化或合乎规律
约束行为/限制消费/节制生活方式/管理交通
regulateone’sconduct/expenditure/lifestyle/thetraffic
2)adjust(anapparatus,amechanism,etc)sothatitfunctionsasdesired;control(speed,pressure,etc)inthisway调校，校准（仪器，机械等）；控制（速度，压力等）
自然光有助于调校你的生物钟，所以你要多做户外运动。
Naturallighthelpstoregulateyourbiologicalclock,soexerciseoutdoorsifyoucan.
8.asto/regardssth.(L.48)withregardtosth.;regardingsth.至于某事物；提到某事物
谈到批改我们的作业，老师总是让我们自己决定。
Astocorrectingourhomework,theteacheralwaysmakesusdoitourselves.
至于应该穿什么衣服，并没有硬性规定。
Therearenospecialrulesasregardswhatclothesyoushouldwear.
9.convictionn.(L.50)
1)[U,C]～(forsth.)(instance)(ofajuryorjudge)declaringinalawcourtthatsb.isguilty(ofacrime)定罪，定刑
她有六次因盗窃而被判刑。Shehassixconvictionsfortheft.
2.[U,C](～that…)firmopinionorbelief坚定的看法或信仰
我深信自满情绪是我们各种问题的根源。
It’sconvictionthatcomplacencyisattherootofourtroubles.
你是否一贯地本着你的信念行事？
Doyoualwaysactinaccordancewithyourconvictions?
派生词：convictv.～sb.(ofsth.)(指陪审团或法官)宣判某人有(…)罪
10.possessvt.(L.54)
1)have(sth.)asone’sbelongingsorasaquality持有(某事物)；具有(某品质)
他决定放弃他所有的一切，出家为僧。
Hedecidedtogiveawayeverythinghepossessedandbecomeamonk.
他有做好这项工作必备的耐性和应变能力吗？
Doeshepossessthenecessarypatienceandtacttodothejobwell?
2)controlordominate(aperson’smind)控制，支配(人的思想)
是什么驱使你做出那种事的？Whatpossessedyoutodothat?
她好像着了魔似的。Sheseemedtobepossessed(bythedevil).
派生词：possessionn.领有，持有；所有物，财产
习语：likeonepossessed猛烈地， 拼命地(如同发疯或有妖魔附体一般)
11.preservevt.(L.56)
1)keep(sth.)inanunchangedorperfectcondition保护，维护
一个保养得很好的八十老翁averywell-preservedmanofeighty
维护和平的努力已经失败了。Effortstopreservethepeacehavefailed.
2)avoidlosing(sth.);retain使(某事物)不受损失；保持
她不管遇到什么情况都竭力保持着幽默感。
Shemanageddespiteeverythingtopreservehersenseofhumor.
做那样的工作很难保持自尊。It’sdifficulttopreserveone’sself-respectinthatjob.
3)keep(food)fromdecay(bybottling,drying,freezing,etc.)(用装瓶装罐，干燥，冷冻等法)保存(食物)
盐和调味品有助于保藏肉类。Saltandspiceshelptopreservemeat.
夏天收获的大量水果可冷藏或装瓶装罐加以保存。
Inthesummer,largecropsoffruitmaybepreservedbyfreezingorbottling.
12.commitmentn.(L.61)
1)[C](～tosth./todosth.)thingonehaspromisedtodo;pledge;undertaking承诺，保证；承担
我目前操劳过度——应承的事情太多了。
I’moverworkedatthemoment―I’vetakentoomanycommitments.
2)[U]stateofbeingdedicatedordevoted(tosth.)致力，献身(于某事物)
我们在寻求对此工作真正能尽职尽责的人。
We’relookingforsomeonewitharealsenseofcommitmenttothejob.
同源词：
conmitvt.使某人(自己)不能不做某事或不做另事(尤指因有承诺)；犯（错误或非法之事）
II.KeyWordsandUsefulExpressions(TextB)
1.watchfula.(L.3)警惕的，注意的，警戒的
他们是在他们父亲的监视下参加舞会的。
Theyattendeddancesunderthewatchfuleyeoftheirfather.
警察密切地注意着那个人的一举一动。
Thepolicekeptawatchfuleyeoneverymoveoftheman.
2.castaneye/one’seye(s)oversb./sth.(L.3)很快地看或查某人/某事物
你看一下这些计算数字，检查是否正确，好吗？
Wouldyoucastyoureyeoverthesecalculationstocheckthattheyarecorrect?
3.tearsth.down(L.16-17)弄倒某物；拆除某物
他们正在拆除这些旧房子以便建一座新办公楼。
They’retearingdowntheseoldhousestobuildanewofficeblock.
4.keena.(L.20)热心的，喜欢的；（感觉）灵敏的，敏锐的
我不太喜欢爵士乐。I’mnottookeenonjazz.
我的视力敏锐。Ihavekeeneyesight.
5.figurev.(L.32)出现或被提及（尤指引人注目的）；想，估计
这是在她多部小说中出现的一个人物
Thisisacharacterthatfiguresinmanyofhernovels.
我料想你不会来。Ifigure(that)youwouldn’tcome.
6.keep/losetrackofsb./sth.(L.38)与某人/某事保持/失去联系
我说不准现在的确切时间Ilosttrackoftime.
与中学时的所有老校友都保持联系是很困难的。
It’shardtokeeptrackofallone’soldschoolfriends.
7.(as)sureasfate/aseggsiseggs/asI’mstandinghere(L.72)
的的确确；千真万确
他确实是死了。Heisdead,assureaseggsiseggs.
8.gaze(L.89)久久地凝视，注视(通常指因惊讶或赞赏)
我告诉她这消息时，她以怀疑的目光注视着我。
ShegazedatmeindisbeliefwhenItoldherthenews.
他只是坐着呆呆地望着窗外。Hejustsatgazingthroughthewindow.
III.KeytotheExercise(p20—27)
EnhanceYourLanguageAwareness
WORDSINACTION
WorkingwithWordsandExpressions
1.1)bound2)appropriate3)possessing4)permanent5)appointed
6)parted7)hadcorresponded8)gazed9)notion10)keen
11)preserve12)grasped13)figured14)grounded15)sensible
16)attribute17)united18)pursue19)commitments20)regulating
2.1)distinguishbetween2)checkedupon3)torndown4)makeafortune
5)allofasudden6)losttrackof7)Castinganeyeover8)brokeup
9)takepleasurein10)describedas11)turnedup12)insofaras
13)isunderarrest14)passon15)asto
IncreaingYourWordPower
1.3)approval4)betrayal5)burial6)dismissed7)disposal8)proposal
9)refusal10)removal11)survival12)withdrawal
2.1)refusal2)arrivals3)removal4)dismissal5)survival
6)proposal7)disposal8)approval
3.1)e2)c3)b4)a5)d
GRAMMARREVIEW
1.1)whichevertentyouarenotusingnow
2)whoevercomes/comefirst
3)whichever/whateverconditionourcaptainthoughtwasthebest
4)Wherever/NomatterwhereIgo
5)whateverwishestheirchild/childrenexpresses/express
6)Howeverdisappointed/Nomatterhowdisappointedyoumayfeelaboutthesurroundings/environment/situation
7)Whoeverbreaksit
8)wheneverheconcentratesonaproblem
2.1)Itisnotluckbuthardworkthatledhimtotoday’ssuccess.
2)Prof.Moenarguesthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.
3)Itwasnotuntilhehadprovedhewashonestthathewonthefamily’strust.
4)Itwasclearlytheheadmasterhimselfwho/thatopenedthedoorforme.
5)NONE
CLOZE
1)classical2)notion3)utility4)ground5)occurs6)goodness
7)asto8)possesses9)preserve10)bound11)mirror
12)virtuous13)commitment14)moralexcellence
TRANSLATION
1.1）以共同兴趣为基础的友谊是不容易破裂的。（ground;breakup）
Thefriendshipgroundedoncommon/sharedinterestdoesnotbreakupeasily./Itisnoteasyforthefriendshipgroundedoncommon/sharedinteresttobreakup.
2）孩子们必须学会将电脑游戏中的暴力与勇敢区分开来。（dustinguishbetween;violence）
Childrenmustlearntodistinguishbetweenviolenceandbravery/courageincomputergames.
3）当今世界每天涌现如此多新鲜事物，要求一个人什么都知晓是不合情理的。（sensible）
Therespringupsomanynewthingseverydayintheworldthatitisnolongersensibletoexpectapersontoknow/keeptrackofeverything.
4）诸如背弃朋友（betrayaltofriends）这类事并不受法律制约，所以才有了我们称作的“道德法庭”。（regulate）
Lawsdonotregulatesuchthingsasbetrayaltofriends;thatiswhythereiswhatwecalled“thecourtofmorality”.
5）有人把今天的文化描述为“快餐文化”。无论做什么事，人们只是追求用最短时间达到最大的满足。（descrbeas;pursue）
Today’scultureisdescribedas“fast-foodculture”.Whatevertheymaybe/aredoing,peoplejustpursuethegreates/maximumsatisfactionwithintheshortesttime.
6）常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。（asthesayinggoes）
Asthesayinggoes,thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch.Ifyouwantsomething,goandearn/workforit.
2.Asiscommonlyacknowledged/Itiscommonlyrecognizedthathumansaresocialanimals.Bondedtogetherinacommunity,wenaturallyexpecttohavefriends.Astowhatfriendshipis,peoplehavedifferentnotions/ideas.Somemakefriendsformutualutility.Oncethegroundforsuchfriendshipdisappears,thefriendshipalsobreaksup.However,alotmorepeoplelongfor“soulpals”—thosewhopossessvirtuesandwithwhomwecangothroughtrialsandtribulationstogether.Suchfriendshipskeepusawayfromgreedandviolenceandencourageustohavethecourageofourconvictions.Suchiswhatwecall“trueandperfectfriendship”.
WritingGuide:Letterwriting
Lettersareimportantmeansofcommunication.Generallyspeaking,therearetwotypesofletters,businesslettersandpersonalletters.By“business”wedonotmeanbuying,selling,orexchanginggoodswithpeopleorcompaniesbutimportantmatterswehavetodiscussordealwith.Businesslettersmaybearecommendation,ajob/schoolapplication,aninquiry,ananswer,aninvitation,acomplaint,etc.inotherwords,allletterswhicharenot“personal”are“business”letters.
Generallyspeaking,anEnglishletterismainlycomposedofthefollowingparts:
1.Theheading（发信日期及写信人地址）
2.Theinsideaddress（收信人姓名职称机构及地址）
3.Thesalutation(称呼)
4.Thebody(正文)
5.Thecomplimentaryclose(结束语)
6.Thesignature(写信人署名签字)
Theheading(发信日期及写信人地址)
Theheadinggivesthefulladdressofthewriterandthedateoftheletter.Itisusuallywrittenortypedintheupperright-handcornerofthefirstpage.
TheBritishmayputacommaaftereachlineintheheadingandendtheaddresswithaperiod,buttheAmericandonot:
BritishAmerica
Ms.JenniferStone,Ms.JenniferStone
20FairviewDrive,20FairviewDrive
Eastbourne,BN182BU,Eastbourne,BN182BU
EnglandEngland
Theinsideaddress(收信人姓名职称机构及地址)
Theinsideaddress,whichisoftenomittedinpersonalletters,givesthenameandfulladdressoftheaddressee.Itgoesabovethesalutation.Asintheheading,theuseornonuseofendpunctuationsdependsonthepreferenceofthewriter.
Thesalutation(称呼)
Thesalutationisagreetingtotheaddressee.Itiswrittenflushwiththeleftmargintwospacesbelowtheinsideaddress.TheBritishtendtouseacommaafterthesalutationandtheAmericans,acolon,especiallyinabusinessletter.Thefirstname(Christianname)maybeusedinfriendlypersonalletters.Butinthesalutationofabusinessletter,thesurnameoftheaddresseeisused,asinthefollowingexamples:
DearProfessor/Prof.Smith:/,
DearMr./Dr.Stein;/,
DearMs.Santos;/,(orDearMissSantos;/,)
DearMs.Singh;/,(orDearMrs.Singh;/,)
Inletterstoorganizations,ortopersonswhosenamesyoudonotknow,thefollowinggreetingsareused:
DearSir:(orDearMadam:orDearSirorMadam:ifyoudonotknowthesexofyouraddressee)
Towhomitmayconcern:(onformaloccasionsandwhenyoudonotknowthenameoftheletterreceiver)
Dearcolleague:(toapersonwhoisofthesameprofessionasthewriter,andusuallyusedwhenyouaresendingacircular[通知]tomanypeople)
Thebody(正文)
Inthebodyoftheletter,allparagraphsshouldstartfromtheleftmargin(theblockstyle,齐头式)orbeginwithanequalindention(theindentedstyle,缩行式),andtheletterisusuallysingle-spacedwithintheparagraphanddoublespacedbetweenparagraphs(esp.intheblockstyle).
Thecomplimentaryclose(结束语)
Theclosingofabusinessletterconsistsofthreeparts:complimentaryclose,signature,andthetypedname.Inthecomplimentaryclose,onlythefirstwordiscapitalized.Thecloseisfollowedbyacomma.Theconventionalcomplimentaryclosesinbusinesslettersare:“Yourstruly,”“Yourssincerely,”“Sincerelyyours,”“Sincerely,”“Cordiallyyours,”“Yourscordially,”.
Thecloseofapersonalletterisofamorefreechoice.“Affectionately,”“Fondly,”“Yourswithlove,”“Withbestwishes,”“Love,”“Yours,”“Asever,”etc.,canbeusedapartfrom“Yourssincerely,”“Yourstruly,”etc.;whichoneoftheseyouusedependsonyourexactrelationshipwiththeaddressee.
Theclosingcanbeputeitherontheright-handsideorleft-handsideofthepage.Somewritersevenprefertohaveitinthemiddleortwospacesbelowthelastlineoftheletter.
TheSignature(写信人署名签字)
Inabusinessletterthehandwritingsignatureisplacedbetweenthecomplimentarycloseandthetypednameofthewriter,andthewriter’sofficialcapabilityisindicatedafterthetypedname.
Inapersonalletter,youmaysignyourfullname.Yourfirstname,orevenanicknameinaccordancewithyourrelationshipwiththeaddressee.Ifyousendalongwithyourlettersuchthingsasaresume,acheck,areceipt,etc.,writeEnclosure(s)orEnc.toremindtheaddresseethatbesidestheletter,thereisanothermaterialintheenvelope.
Ifyouhappentohavesomethingadditionaltosayafteryouhavefinishedtheletter,youmaybeginwithP.S.,whichstandsfor“postscript”,andthenwritewhatyouwishtoadd.
BefamiliarwiththeformatoftheEnglishletterDirections:Readthefollowinglettercarefully.TrytogetmorefamiliarwitheachpartofanEnglishletter.
Sample
EnglishDepartment
BeijingForeignStudiesUniv.
Beijing,100081
China
September5,1993
Editor
NewsweekInternational
444MadisonAvenue
NewYork,NY10022
U.S.A.
DearEditor:
IreadinNewsweek(September14,1987)thatanupdatedsecondeditionoftheunabridgedRandomHouseDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageisbeingpublished.IwouldbeverygratefulifyoucouldgivemesomeinformationonwhereandhowIcangetacopyofthedictionaryandifthereisalessexpensiveeditionthantheonedescribed.
Thankyouforanyhelpyoucangiveme.
Sincerely,
(Signature)
LinHuafeng
