爱华网独立主格结构
一.结构和定义
“独立主格结构”是由逻辑主语（名词或代词）+ 逻辑谓语（分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成。它不是句子只作为一种固定结构独立存在，一般用逗号与主句分开，只在句中作状语。前置时相当于一个省略了的、且主语与主句主语不同的状语从句；后置时相当于一个并列句。例如：
1. 名词/代词(主格)+现在分词表示主动动作
Spring coming, it gets warmer and warmer. 春天来了，天气越来越暖和了。相当于：Whenspring comes,it getswarmer and warmer.
The rain having stopped, they went back to work. 雨停后，他就回去干活了。相当于：After therain (had)stopped,they went back to work.
2. 名词/代词(主格)+过去分词表示被动动作
This done,he closed the door and went bed.这事做完了，他就关门睡觉了。相当于：After thiswas done,he closedthe door and went to bed.
He lay on his back in bed,his hands crossedunder his head.他头枕着双手仰面躺在床上。相当于：He lay on his back in bed,and his hands werecrossed under his head.
3.名词/代词（主格）+不定式表示将来动作
Here are the first two volumes,the third one tocome out next month. 这是头两卷，第三卷下个月出版。相当于： Here arethe first two volumes,and the third one will come/is to come outnext month.
The railway to be built soon,the houses along the line are being putdown. 那条铁路马上就要建了，所以沿线的房屋正在拆除。相当于：Because the railway is (gong)to be builtsoon,the housesalong the line are being put down.
We have divided the work, he to clean thewindows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。We havedivided the work: he is to clean the windows and I am to sweepthe floor.
4.名词/代词(主格)+副词、形容词、介词短语等表示状态
The farmhouse not far away from thevillage, we plannedd to walk along.既然农舍例村子不远，我们打算步行去。相当于：Since the farmhouse was not far away from thevillage, we plannedto walk along.
My mother ill, I have to stay at home,looking after her.因为妈妈病了，所以我只得留在家里照顾她。相当于：Asmy mother was ill, Ihave to stay at home,looking after her.
Hands in his pockets，he had a bad fall. 他当时两手插在口袋里，所以摔得很重。相当于：Becuase his hands were in his pockets，he had a badfall.
The writer fought with his enimy, a pen hisonly weapon. 作家和敌人战斗，唯一的武器就是笔。相当于：The writerfought with his enimy, and a pen was his onlyweapon.
二. 功能与特点
“独立主格结构”在句中通常作状语，表示：时间、条件、原因、方式、让步、伴随等。表示时间、条件或原因等时一般放在句首相当于一个状语从句；表示方式或伴随时，通常放于句末，相当于一个并列句。例如：
1.表示时间
The meeting(being)over（= After themeeting was over）, allof us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done(= when her workwas done), it began to rain. 她干完活时，开始下雨了。
2.表示条件
Wheather permitting(=Ifweather permits), we will go for a picnic this Saturday.如果天气允许，本周六我们去野餐。
The condition（being）favorable(=As long as the condition is favorble),they willcontinue the project. 只要条件有利，他们会继续那项工程的。
3.表示原因
There being no taxis(= Sincethere was no taxis ), we had to walk home. 没有出租车，我们只好步行回家。
We had to stay at home, the night being dark andcold(= because the night was dark and cold). 夜又黑又冷，所以我们只得呆在家里。
4. 表示让步
Losses heavy(=Although losses were heavy), werecovered production soon with their help.尽管损失惨重，但是在他们的帮助下我们很快就恢复了生产。
5.表示方式
She stood there, her eyes looking upward into thesky and her hands crossed on her breast（=and her eyes were looking upward into the sky andher hands were crossed on her breast）.她站在那儿，双眼遥望天空双手交叉着放在胸前。
6.表示伴随情况
Every morning the old manwalks in the park, his pet dog following him along(=and his pet dogfollows him along).
7..表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two(=and each man worked like two).我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
三.容易混淆的两种形式
1.介词with的复合结构
介词with加在独立主格结构，也是一种常见的状语形式，即：with +名词/代词(宾格)+分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语，等。这种结构也可以作定语。例如：
With the guide leading us, we had no difficulty in finding thecave.有了向导带路，我们很容易就找到了那个洞穴。
The thief was brought in, with his hands tiedbehind his back.小偷双手反捆在背后被带了进来。
He always sleeps in his room, with the light onand the windows open.他在家睡觉时总是亮着灯、开着窗。
With the new machines to do the work,we can surely complete it ahead oftime.有了这些新机器干活，我们一定会提前完成任务。
The woman with a scarf on her head is fromthe Middle East.头上戴着头巾的那位妇女来自中东。
2. 名词/代词(宾格)+in+名词结构
名词/代词(宾格)+in+名词，且名词前不带任何成分，也不用复数形式。这也是独立主格结构的一种固定形式，又叫“三字式”独立主格结构或“名介名”结构，它一般在句中只作伴随状语。例如：
He sat at the desk,pen in hand anddumbfounded.他坐在课桌旁,手里拿着笔发呆。
I watched it carefully,tear ineye.我看着看着，热泪盈眶。
四.使用独立主格结构时要注意的几个问题
1.当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不同时，才可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，即：去掉连词后把从句的谓语改成非谓语形式。从句的谓语是主动语态用现在分词doing，被动语态用过去分词done，完成时用having(been) done,被动进行用being done，将来时用to do/to be done,谓语是be动词,可以省去being。并列句改为伴随状语也是一样。例如：
If time permits(=Time permitting),we will drop inon her.如果时间允许，我们会顺便去看她的。
Because the rice was not heated(=The rice notheated),she did not eat it. 由于饭没热，她没吃。
After the teacher(had)left(=The teacher havingleft),we began to clean the classroom. 老师走后，我们开始打扫教室。
Since the streets are being cleared(=The streetsbeing cleared), let’s go and help them.既然街道正在清理，咱们去帮帮忙吧。
After another airport is built here(= Anotherairport to be built here),it will be more convenient for us totravel around. 另一个机场在这儿建成之后，我们出行就更方便了。。
Because the lights in the office were on(= Thelights in the office on/being on,), I phoned you to turn themoff.因为当时办公室的灯都亮着，所以我打电话叫你去关灯。
2. 不能省略being的情形有下列几种情况。
(1). 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词。例如：
It being Sunday, we went tochurch.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
He being still out on business,we had to put offthe activity.由于他还在外出差，所以我们把活动推迟了。
(2).在There being＋名词的结构中。例如：
There being no bus, we had to go home onfoot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
There being too many film-goers,they haven’tbought the tickets.由于看电影的人太多，所以他们还没买到票。
(3).被动进行时改为独立主格结构。例如：
The furniture being pained, don’t touch itplease.家具在漆，请不要触摸。
My car being repaired in the garage,may I useyours,Father?我的车还在修，用一下你的行吗，爸爸？
This road being repaired,you have to take another one. 这条路正在修，你得走令一条。
3.完成时改成的独立结构要用having done形式.例如：
They having done her work, it wasdark.他们干完活后，天就黑了。
4.使用介词的问题：
在三字式独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制，例如：
A robber burst into the room, knife inhand. ( hand前不能加his；knife前不加a)。请比较:A robberburst into the room, with a knife in hishand.)
再比较下面几个句子的不同译法：
“约翰先生进来了，手里拿着书”。
Mr. John came in,book in hand.
Mr. John came in,a book in hishand.
Mr. John came in,with a book in hishand.
Mr. John came in,holding a book in hishand.
Mr. John came in and (he)held a book in hishand.
