put(down)和take(down)之辨 put off take off

put (down) 和 take(down) 之辨

—— 由2004年高考全国卷II·英语的一道试题谈起

今年教育部考试中心共命了四套英语试卷,第二套试卷(冀、鲁、豫、徽等省使用)的完形填空中第45空是这样的:

I wanted to write about that, but I wanted to45it down simply for my own joy, notfor Mr. Fleagle, my composition teacher.

45. A. settleB. putC. takeD. let

命题者提供的答案是B。让人生疑的是:选项C为什么不对呢?take down和putdown不是都可以表示“写下,记下”的意思吗?

我们先看一下权威词典是怎样解释这两个短语的:

《郎文当代高级英语辞典》(商务印书馆,2003):

put down:to record in writing 写下,记下:Let me put down yourtelephone number.让我把你的电话号码记下来。

take down: to write down记下,写下: The policeman took (down)my name and address.警察记下了我的姓名和住址。

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第四版)》(商务印书馆,2002):

put down: write sth down; make a note of sth把某事物写下来;记下某事物:I’m having a party next Sunday; put it down in yourdiary so you don’t forget.本星期六我有个聚会;把这事记在你的日记里吧,以免忘了。

take down: write sth down in order to make a record of it记下某事:Anything you say may be taken down and used as evidenceagainst you.你说的每句话都可能记录下来用作指控你的证据。The reporters took down thespeech.记者把讲话记录下来了。

《柯林斯精选英语词典》(中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998):

take down: If you take down what someone is saying, youwrite it down. EG The postmistress began to take down themessage.

《现代英语用法词典》(外语教学与研究出版社,1996):

put down: 写下来,写出来:Please put down the followingfacts.请把下面这些事实记下来。Everything he said was at once putdown.他所说的一切马上被记了下来。If there’s damage done, put it down in the bill.如果有损失的话,请记在这个单子上。I will put the particulars down in my notebook, sothat I shall not forget them.我要把这些细节记在我的笔记本里,这样就忘不掉了。They asked forthe proposals to be put down on paper, so that they might studythem at leisure.他们要求把提议写在纸上以便闲暇时可以再研究。

take down: 记下来:The policeman took down all particulars ofthe accident.警察把事故的所有细节都记录下来。He read out the names and hissecretary took them down. 他念出那些名字,秘书把它们记了下来。The typist took downthe letter in shorthand. 打字员把那封信速记了下来。Part of Helen’s duties is totake down the minutes of the directors’ meetings. 海伦的职责之一是做董事会议的记录。The pupils took down the notes which the teacher had written on theblackboard.学生们把老师写在黑板上的解释抄了下来。I will tell you how to get to theplace; you had better take it down.我告诉你往那儿怎么走,你最好把它记下来。

由以上的解释和例句我们可以看出,在表达“写下,记下”这层意思上,这两个短语没有什么实质性的区别。值得注意的是,《柯林斯精选英语词典》在putdown的三个义项中并没有写下,记下”(三个义项是①镇压,平息②羞辱,贬低③杀死(老、病动物))这个义项,但在put的第11个义项下它有这样的解释:

Put: If you put written information somewhere, you writeor type it there. EG Put all the details on the card… He couldn’tread what Ken had put for his address… For profession he put downsimply “business man”.

可见,它并不否认putdown有“写下”之意。另一方面,我们在它对take注释的26个义项中却没有找到有关“写”之类的意思。那么,别的词典对put和take怎么解释的呢?

《郎文当代高级英语辞典》:

put: to write down; make (a written mark of some kind)写下;标上(记号):Put a cross opposite each mistake. 在每个差错的前面打个叉。“Whatshall I put at the end of the sentence?”“Put a question mark.”“在这个句子的末尾我应该用什么标点?” “用问号。”

take (down): to write down记下,写下:The policeman took (down) myname and address.警察记下了我的姓名和住址。Will you take notes on the meeting,please? 请你做一下会议记录好吗?

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第四版)》:

put: write or mark (sth) on sth在某物上书写或标上(某事物):put one’ssignature to a document在文件上签字 Put a cross against sb’sname在某人的名字上打叉

take: find out and record (sth); write down (sth)找出并纪录(某事);写下,记下(某事):Did you take notes at the lecture? 你听课时做笔记吗?Shehates taking letters.她不喜欢记录口授信函。

《现代英语用法词典》:

put:表达(某意思),写出来,说:He couldn’t put it (the feeling) intowords.他无法用语言表达它(这种感觉)。 Can you put that in simpler words?你能用更浅显的文字把那个意思写下来吗?They made us various proposals orally, but Isuggested that it could be better if they put everything in blackand white.他们为我们提出了各种各样的口头建议,可我认为,如果他们把所说的都写下来会更好。

take: 记录,写下

The policeman took my name and address.警察记下了我的姓名和住址。

四本词典对这两个词的解释存在差异,但我们基本上可以这样认为:put是write或express的口语或非正式的说法,而take则是record或note的口语或非正式的说法。

回到我们谈论的这道题目上,根据上下文可以有把握地说,这里强调的意思应该是“书写”,而不是“纪录”。至此,正如命题者提供的答案一样,我们似乎可以做出这道题目的最佳选择:B。

但是,得出这样的判断后,笔者的心里隐隐约约还有些疑虑。面对此情此景,那些讲英语的(母语是英语)人会做何选择呢?带着疑虑和好奇,笔者将这篇完形填空的第一段摘出来,把除45空之外的空按命题者所供的答案都补上,通过Skype?Beta把它发送给许多英语是母语的人,让他们做出选择并给出详细的解释。通过数天的努力,最终与24位(其中有4位美国人、10位英国人、8位澳大利亚人和2位加拿大人)取得了联系并获得了有效信息。经过整理和分析,可以把他们的回答分为下列四种情况:

1.有14个人认为put是最佳选择。其理由是:put这里就是“写”的意思,而takedown只能用来指“抄写,记录,速记”,尤其是指“记录别人发出的信息”,他不能用来指“写自己心里的想法”。文章说的是“我”想把“我”的“回忆”写下来,所以,只能用put。这里摘录两个人的看法供大家参考:

put(down)和take(down)之辨 put off take off

In the referenced paragraph I am putting the information down onpaper. In essence we are just using a different word for the wordwrite. We do this a lot with what we callslang.

Take down is normally used in the context of copyingsomething someone said. Put down is writing something you haveproduced.

2.有6个人认为take是最佳选择。其理由是:put down指“放下某物”或“贬低某人”,只有takedown才能用来指“写下”之意。

3.有2个人认为put和take都是可以接受的。他们说他们的区别太细微,无法取舍。一位美国的女士这样说道:

PersonallyI would see nodifference----what is proper I do not know!

4.有2个人认为四个选项都不恰当,虽然take和put可以理解,但都不是地道的英文表达。21stCentury报社聘请的语言专家Roger Bradshaw这样表述了自己的看法:This passage seems tohave been written by a Chinese English teacher because, although itis clear, logically correct, and grammatically correct, it doesn'tseem perfectly idiomatic. For example, I would have said "I wantedto: record it, write it down, jot it down, get it down, ordescribe it" instead of any of the choices.

还有一位Simon Wright先生也表达了类似的看法:I don't think put downwould ever be used in the context of writing something down;certainly not in England anyway, it would be an incorrect use ofthe word. Take down is just about acceptable in thiscontext; but again not strictly correct. I looked in my dictionaryand neither word mentions use in this context. I think I wouldrewrite the last section to say something like: Suddenly Iwanted to write about it, but I wanted to record it simply for myown joy

综上所述,我们可以对这个问题作如下总结:1.在put和take之间,put被多数人认可,将put确定为最佳选项应该是有充分理由的。但是,鉴于对它们的用法人们还存在较大的分歧,在重大考试中尽量避免考查它们在这一意思上的区别。例如,本题中如果把take替换为make,就可以避免关于测试信度的争论。2。完形填空的立意是在语篇的层次上测试考生的语篇能力,但是,据笔者推测,绝大多数考生不会把此空的信息错误地理解为除“写”之外的其他意思(因为本空前有很显然的信息:Iwanted to write aboutthat),这就意味着take并没有从语篇的层次上起到干扰作用。本空的立意只是考查put(down)和take(down)在“写下,记下”这层意思上的用法区别,因此,笔者认为,take这个干扰项的设置确实值得商榷。3.关于putdown和takedown的用法之辨,我们不必及早下结论。它们可能有地域用法之别,也可能有语体风格之异,但愿本文能起到抛砖引玉的作用,引起大家对他们的更加细致的探讨。

注释:

① 原题中此处设空:46. A. work B.story C. luck D. joy

②《现代英语用法词典》中的例句都没有译文,本文中的译文是笔者所加。

③笔者还与不少人取得了书面和通话联系,但他们的解释或叙述无法形成一个确切的说法。他们反复强调的是,英语太复杂,有人会这样说,有人会那样说,对这个问题无法下结论。

  

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