爱华网中国的年轻一代
——杨澜TED演讲
The night before I was heading forScotland, I was invited to host the final of "China's Got Talent"show in Shanghai with the 80,000 live audience in the stadium.Guess who was the performing guest? Susan Boyle.
来苏格兰（做TED讲演）的前夜，我被邀请去上海做”中国达人秀“决赛的评委。在装有八万现场观众的演播厅里，，在台上的表演嘉宾居然是（来自苏格兰的，因参加英国达人秀走红的）苏珊大妈（Susan Boyle)。
And I told her, "I'm going toScotland the next day." She sang beautifully, and she even managedto say a few words in Chinese. [Chinese] So it's not like "hello"or "thank you," that ordinary stuff. It means "green onion forfree."
我告诉她，“我明天就要启程去苏格兰。” 她唱得很动听，还对观众说了几句中文，她并没有说简单的”你好“或者”谢谢“，她说的是——“送你葱”（Song Ni Cong)。
Why did she say that? Because it wasa line from our Chinese parallel Susan Boyle -- a 50-some year-oldwoman, a vegetable vendor in Shanghai, who loves singing Westernopera, but she didn't understand any English or French or Italian,so she managed to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names inChinese.
为什么？这句话其实来源于中国版的“苏珊大妈”——一位五十岁的以卖菜为生，却对西方歌剧有出奇爱好的上海中年妇女（蔡洪平）。这位中国的苏珊大妈并不懂英文，法语或意大利文，所以她将歌剧中的词汇都换做中文中的蔬菜名，并且演唱出来。
(Laughter) And the last sentence ofNessun Dorma that she was singing in the stadium was "green onionfor free." So [as] Susan Boyle was saying that, 80,000 liveaudience sang together. That was hilarious.
在她口中，歌剧《图兰朵》的最后一句便是“Song Ni Cong”。当真正的英国苏珊大妈唱出这一句“中文的”《图兰朵》时，全场的八万观众也一起高声歌唱，场面的确有些滑稽（hilarious)。
So I guess both Susan Boyle and this vegetable vendor in Shanghaibelonged to otherness. They were the least expected to besuccessful in the business called entertainment, yet their courageand talent brought them through. And a show and a platform gavethem the stage to realize their dreams.
我想Susan Boyle和这位上海的买菜农妇的确属于人群中的少数。她们是最不可能在演艺界成功的，而她们的勇气和才华让她们成功了，这个节目和舞台给予了她们一个实现个人梦想的机会。
Well, being different is not thatdifficult. We are all different from different perspectives. But Ithink being different is good, because you present a differentpoint of view. You may have the chance to make adifference.
这样看来，与众不同好像没有那么难。从不同的方面审视，我们每个人都是不同的。但是我想，与众不同是一件好事，因为你代表了不一样的观点，你拥有了做改变的机会。
My generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate inthe historic transformation of China that has made so many changesin the past 20, 30 years.
我这一代中国人很幸运的目睹并且参与了中国在过去二三十年中经历的巨变。
I remember that in the year of 1990,when I was graduating from college, I was applying for a job in thesales department of the first five-star hotel in Beijing, GreatWall Sheraton -- it's still there.
我记得1990年，当我刚大学毕业时，我申请了当时北京的第一家五星级酒店——长城喜来登酒店的销售部门的工作。这家酒店现在仍在北京。
So after being interrogated by thisJapanese manager for a half an hour, he finally said, "So, MissYang, do you have any questions to ask me?"
当我被一位日本籍经理面试了一个半小时之后，他问到，“杨小姐，你有什么想问我的吗？”
I summoned my courage and poise andsaid, "Yes, but could you let me know, what actually do you sell?"I didn't have a clue what a sales department was about in afive-star hotel. That was the first day I set my foot in afive-star hotel.
我屏住呼吸，问道“是的，你能告诉我，具体我需要销售些什么吗？” 当时的我，对五星级酒店的销售部门没有任何概念，事实上，那是我第一次进到一家五星级酒店。
Around the same time, I was goingthrough an audition -- the first ever open audition by nationaltelevision in China -- with another thousand collegegirls.
我当时也在参加另一场“面试”，中国国家电视台的首次公开试镜，与我一起参与选拔的还有另外1000名大学女毕业生。
The producer told us they werelooking for some sweet, innocent and beautiful fresh face. So whenit was my turn, I stood up and said, "Why [do] women'spersonalities on television always have to be beautiful, sweet,innocent and, you know, supportive?
节目制作人说，他们希望找到一位甜美，无辜（LOL），漂亮的新鲜面孔。轮到我的时候，我问道“为什么在电视屏幕上，女性总应该表现出甜美漂亮，甚至是服从性的一面？
Why can't they havetheir own ideas and their own voice?" I thought I kind of offendedthem. But actually, they were impressed by my words. And so I wasin the second round of competition, and then the third and thefourth. After seven rounds of competition, I was the last one tosurvive it.
为什么她们不能有她们自己的想法和声音？“我觉得我的问题甚至有点冒犯到了他。但实际上，他们对我的表现印象深刻。我进入了第二轮选拔，第三轮，第四轮，直至最后的第七场选拔，我是唯一一个走到最后的试镜者。
So I was on a national televisionprime-time show. And believe it or not, that was the first show onChinese television that allowed its hosts to speak out of their ownminds without reading an approved script. (Applause) And my weeklyaudience at that time was between 200 to 300 million people.
我从此走上了国家电视台黄金时段的荧幕。你可能不相信，但在当时，我所主持的电视节目是中国第一个，不让主持人念已经审核过的稿件的节目（掌声）。我每周需要面对两亿到三亿左右的电视观众。
Well after a few years, I decided to go to the U.S. and ColumbiaUniversity to pursue my postgraduate studies, and then started myown media company, which was unthought of during the years that Istarted my career.
几年以后，我决定来美国哥伦比亚大学继续深造，之后也开始运营自己的媒体公司，这也是我在职业生涯初始时所没有预料到的。
So we do a lot ofthings. I've interviewed more than a thousand people in the past.And sometimes I have young people approaching me say, "Lan, youchanged my life," and I feel proud of that.
我的公司做很多不同的业务，在过去这些年里，我访谈过一千多人。经常有年轻人对我说，“杨澜，你改变了我的人生”，我对此感到非常自豪。
But then we are also so fortunate towitness the transformation of the whole country. I was in Beijing'sbidding for the Olympic Games. I was representing the ShanghaiExpo.
我也幸运的目睹了整个国家的转变：我参与了北京申奥和上海世博会。
I saw China embracingthe world and vice versa. But then sometimes I'm thinking, what aretoday's young generation up to?
我看到中国在拥抱这个世界，而世界也进一步的接受中国。但有时我也在想，今天的年轻人的生活是什么样的？
How are they different, and what arethe differences they are going to make to shape the future ofChina, or at large, the world?
他们（与我们相比）有什么不同？他们将带给中国，甚至整个世界的未来一些怎样的变化？
So today I want to talk about young people through the platform ofsocial media.
我想通过社交媒体来谈一谈中国的年轻人们。
First of all, who arethey? What do they look like?
首先，他们是谁，他们是什么样子？
Well this is a girl called Guo Meimei-- 20 years old, beautiful.
这是一位叫郭美美的女孩儿，20岁，年轻漂亮。
She showed off herexpensive bags, clothes and car on her microblog, which is theChinese version of Twitter. And she claimed to be the generalmanager of Red Cross at the Chamber of Commerce.
她在中国版的Twitter上——新浪微博上，炫耀她所拥有的奢侈品，衣服，包和车。她甚至宣称她是中国红十字会的工作人员。
She didn't realize that she steppedon a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning, almost aturmoil, against the credibility of Red Cross.
她没有意识到她的行为触及了中国民众极为敏感的神经，这引发了一场全民大讨论，民众开始质疑红十字会的公信力。
The controversy was so heated thatthe Red Cross had to open a press conference to clarify it, and theinvestigation is going on.
中国红十字会为了平息这场争议甚至举办了一场记者会来澄清，直至今日，对于”郭美美事件“的调查仍在继续，
So far, as of today, we know that she herself made up that title --probably because she feels proud to be associated withcharity.
但我们所知道的事实是，她谎报了她的头衔，可能是因为她的虚荣心，希望把自己和慈善机构联系起来。
All those expensive items were givento her as gifts by her boyfriend, who used to be a board member ina subdivision of Red Cross at Chamber of Commerce.
所有那些奢侈品都是她的男朋友给她买的，而那位”男朋友“的确曾经是红十字会的工作人员。
It's very complicated to explain. Butanyway, the public still doesn't buy it. It is stillboiling.
这解释起来很复杂，总之，公众对他们的解释仍然不满意，这仍然是在风口浪尖的一件事。
It shows us a generalmistrust of government or government-backed institutions, whichlacked transparency in the past. And also it showed us the powerand the impact of social media as microblog.
这件事体现出（中国社会）对长期不透明的政府机关的不信任，同时也表现出社交媒体（微博）巨大的社会影响力。
Microblog boomed in the year of 2010, with visitors doubled andtime spent on it tripled.
微博在2010年得到了爆炸性的增长，微博的访问用户增长了一倍，用户的访问时间是09年的三倍。
Sina.com, a major news portal, alonehas more than 140 million microbloggers. On Tencent, 200 million.The most popular blogger -- it's not me -- it's a movie star, andshe has more than 9.5 million followers, or fans.
新浪（Sina.com)，一个最主要的微博平台，拥有1.4亿的微博用户，而腾讯拥有两亿用户。（在中国）最有名的微博主——不是我——是一位电影明星，她拥有近九百五十万”粉丝“。
About 80 percent of thosemicrobloggers are young people, under 30 years old. And because, asyou know, the traditional media is still heavily controlled by thegovernment, social media offers an opening to let the steam out alittle bit.
接近80％的微博用户是年轻人，三十岁以下。因为传统媒体还在政府的强力控制之下，社交媒体提供了一个开放的平台进行了一些（民众观点的）分流。
But because you don'thave many other openings, the heat coming out of this opening issometimes very strong, active and evenviolent.
因为这样分流的渠道并不多，从这个平台上爆发出的能量往往非常强烈，有时候甚至过于强烈。
So through microblogging, we are able to understand Chinese youtheven better.
通过微博，我们可以更好的了解到中国的年轻一代。
So how are they different? First ofall, most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-childpolicy.
首先，他们中的大多数都出生在八零九零年代，在独生子女的生育政策的大背景下长大。
And because of selected abortion byfamilies who favored boys to girls, now we have ended up with 30million more young men than women.
因为偏好男孩的家庭会选择性的堕胎，现在（中国）的年轻男性的数量多过年轻女性三千万。
That could pose a potential danger tothe society, but who knows; we're in a globalized world, so theycan look for girlfriends from other countries. Most of them havefairly good education.
这可能带来社会的不稳定（危险），但是我们知道，在这个全球化的社会中，他们可能可以去其他国家找女朋友。大多数人都拥有良好的教育。
The illiteracy rate in China amongthis generation is under one percent. In cities, 80 percent of kidsgo to college.
这一代中国人中的文盲率已经低于1％。在城市中，80％的孩子可以上大学。
But they are facing an aging Chinawith a population above 65 years old coming up withseven-point-some percent this year, and about to be 15 percent bythe year of 2030.
但他们将要面对的是一个，有接近7％的人口都是老年人的社会，这个数字会在2030年会增长到15%。
And you know we havethe tradition that younger generations support the eldersfinancially, and taking care of them when they're sick. So it meansyoung couples will have to support four parents who have a lifeexpectancy of 73 years old.
在这个国家，传统是让年轻人来从经济上和医疗上来支持老年人，这意味着，一对年轻的夫妻将需要支持四个平均年龄是73岁的老人。
So making a living is not that easy for young people. Collegegraduates are not in short supply.
所以对于年轻人而言，生活并不是容易。本科毕业生也不在是紧缺资源。
In urban areas, collegegraduates find the starting salary is about 400 U.S. dollars amonth, while the average rent is above $500.
在城市中，本科生的月起薪通常是400美元（2500人民币），而公寓的平均月租金却是500美元。
So what do they do?They have to share space -- squeezed in very limited space to savemoney -- and they call themselves "tribe of ants."
所以他们的解决方式是合租——挤在有限的空间中以节省开支，他们叫自己“蚁族。”
And for those who areready to get married and buy their apartment, they figured out theyhave to work for 30 to 40 years to afford their firstapartment.
对于那些准备好结婚并希望购买一套公寓的中国年轻夫妇而言，他们发现他们必须要不间断的工作30到40年才可以负担得起一套公寓。
That ratio in America would only costa couple five years to earn, but in China it's 30 to 40 years withthe skyrocketing real estate price.
对于同样的美国年轻夫妇而言，他们只需要五年时间。
Among the 200 million migrant workers, 60 percent of them are youngpeople.
在近两亿的涌入城市的农民工中，他们中的60％都是年轻人。
They find themselves sort ofsandwiched between the urban areas and the rural areas. Most ofthem don't want to go back to the countryside, but they don't havethe sense of belonging.
他们发现自己被夹在了城市和农村中，大多数人不愿意回到农村，但他们在城市也找不到归属感。
They work for longer hours with lessincome, less social welfare. And they're more vulnerable to joblosses, subject to inflation, tightening loans from banks,appreciation of the renminbi, or decline of demand from Europe orAmerica for the products they produce.
他们工作更长的时间却获得更少的薪水和社会福利。他们也更容易面临失业，受到通货膨胀，银行利率，人民币升值的影响，甚至美国和欧盟对于中国制造产品的抵制也会影响到他们。
Last year, though, anappalling incident in a southern OEM manufacturing compound inChina: 13 young workers in their late teens and early 20s committedsuicide, just one by one like causing a contagiousdisease.
去年，在中国南方的一个制造工厂里，有十三位年轻的工人选择了结束自己的生命，一个接一个，像一场传染病。
But they died because of alldifferent personal reasons. But this whole incident aroused a hugeoutcry from society about the isolation, both physical and mental,of these migrant workers.
他们轻生的原因各有不同，但整个事件提醒了中国社会和政府，需要更多的关注这些在精神上和生理上都与外界脱节的年轻农民工人。
For those who do return back to the countryside, they findthemselves very welcome locally, because with the knowledge, skillsand networks they have learned in the cities, with the assistanceof the Internet, they're able to create more jobs, upgrade localagriculture and create new business in the less developedmarket.
对于那些回到农村的年轻人，他们所经历的城市生活，所学到的知识，技巧和建立的社会网络，让他们通常更受欢迎。特别是在互联网的帮助下，他们更有可能获得工作，提升农村的农业水平和发展新的商业机会。
So for the past few years, thecoastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage oflabor.
在过去的一些年中，一些沿海的城镇甚至出现了劳动力短缺。
These diagrams show a more general social background.
这些图片展现出整体的社会背景。
The first one is the Engelscoefficient, which explains that the cost of daily necessities hasdropped its percentage all through the past decade, in terms offamily income, to about 37-some percent.
第一张图片是恩格斯系数（食品支出占总消费支出的比例），可以看到在过去的十年中，食物和生活必需品在家庭消费中的比例有所下降（37％）。
But then in the last two years, itgoes up again to 39 percent, indicating a rising livingcost.
然后在过去的两年中，这项指数上升到39％，说明近两年中生活成本的攀升。
The Gini coefficient has alreadypassed the dangerous line of 0.4. Now it's 0.5 -- even worse thanthat in America -- showing us the income inequality. And so you seethis whole society getting frustrated about losing some of itsmobility.
基尼系数早已越过了危险的0.4，到达0.5——这甚至高过了美国——体现出极大的贫富差距，所以我们才看到整个社会的失衡。
And also, the bitterness and evenresentment towards the rich and the powerful is quite widespread.So any accusations of corruption or backdoor dealings betweenauthorities or business would arouse a social outcry or evenunrest.
同时，“仇富心态”也开始在整个社会蔓延，任何与腐败和走后门相关的政府或商业丑闻都会引发社会危机和不稳定。
So through some of the hottest topics on microblogging, we can seewhat young people care most about. Social justice and governmentaccountability runs the first in what they demand.
通过微博上很火的话题，我们可以看到年轻人的关注点。社会公正和政府的公信力是他们首要需求的。
For the past decade orso, a massive urbanization and development have let us witness alot of reports on the forced demolition of private property. And ithas aroused huge anger and frustration among our younggeneration.
在过去的十年中，急速的城市化让民众读到太多强制私人住户拆迁的新闻，这引发了年轻一代的愤怒和不理解。
Sometimes people get killed, andsometimes people set themselves on fire to protest. So when theseincidents are reported more and more frequently on the Internet,people cry for the government to take actions to stop this.
有时候，被拆迁的住户以自杀和自焚的方式来抗议（强制拆迁行为）。当这些事件越来越常在互联网上被揭露出来，人们期待政府可以采取一些更积极的制止行动。
So the good news is that earlier this year, the state councilpassed a new regulation on house requisition and demolition andpassed the right to order forced demolition from local governmentsto the court.
好消息是，今年早些时候，人民代表大会通过了一项关于房屋征用和拆迁的新法规，将征用和拆迁的权利从当地政府移交到了法庭。
Similarly, many other issuesconcerning public safety is a hot topic on the Internet.
相同的，很多其他与公共安全相关的问题也在互联网上被热烈讨论。
We heard about polluted air, pollutedwater, poisoned food. And guess what, we have fakedbeef.
我们听到有太多空气污染，水污染，有毒食品的报道。你甚至都想不到，我们还有假牛肉。
They have sorts of ingredients thatyou brush on a piece of chicken or fish, and it turns it to looklike beef.
人们用一种特殊的材料加入鸡肉和鱼肉中，然后以牛肉的价格进行出售。
And then lately, people are veryconcerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people have beenfound [refining] cooking oil from restaurant slop. So all thesethings have aroused a huge outcry from the Internet.
最近，人们对食用油也很担忧，大量的餐馆被发现在使用“地沟油“。所有这些事件引发了互联网上民众观点的大爆发。
And fortunately, we have seen thegovernment responding more timely and also more frequently to thepublic concerns.
幸运的是，我们看到了政府正在更积极和更及时的对这些民众的质疑给予回应。
While young people seem to be very sure about their participationin public policy-making, but sometimes they're a little bit lost interms of what they want for their personal life.
一方面，年轻人越来越积极的参与到公共事务中；另一方面，他们也在寻找或者说迷失与个人生活的价值和定位。
China is soon to pass the U.S. as thenumber one market for luxury brands -- that's not including theChinese expenditures in Europe and elsewhere.
中国很快就要超过美国，成为世界上第一大奢侈品消费国——这还不包括中国人在国外的消费。
But you know what, half of thoseconsumers are earning a salary below 2,000 U.S. dollars. They'renot rich at all.
但你知道吗，超过半数中国的奢侈品消费者的（年）收入都低于两千美元。
They're taking those bags and clothesas a sense of identity and social status.
他们其实并不富裕，他们用那些奢侈品牌的服装和包体现身份和社会地位。
And this is a girl explicitly sayingon a TV dating show that she would rather cry in a BMW than smileon a bicycle. But of course, we do have young people who wouldstill prefer to smile, whether in a BMW or on abicycle.
这是一位在电视节目上公然表明，自己宁愿在宝马车里哭也不坐在自行车后笑的年轻女孩。当然，我们也有更多的年轻人，喜欢微笑，不管是在宝马还是在自行车上。
So in the next picture, you see a very popular phenomenon called"naked" wedding, or "naked" marriage. It does not mean they willwear nothing in the wedding, but it shows that these young couplesare ready to get married without a house, without a car, without adiamond ring and without a wedding banquet, to show theircommitment to true love.
在下一幅图中，你看到的是现在非常流行的”裸婚“，这并不代表这“裸露出席婚礼”，这体现的是年轻人愿意接受结婚不买房，不买车，不买钻戒，甚至不办婚宴的这个现实，作为对纯朴的真爱的致敬。
And also, people are doing goodthrough social media. And the first picture showed us that a truckcaging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs for food processing wasspotted and stopped on the highway with the whole country watchingthrough microblogging. People were donating money, dog food andoffering volunteer work to stop that truck.
但同时，人们也在通过社交媒体做一些善事。这副图片里，这辆车上装有500只被”绑架“来，准备被送去屠宰的狗，这辆车被网友们发现后，人们开始通过微博关注事态的进展，并且通过捐钱，捐食物和做义工来试图拦截该车。
And after hours of negotiation, 500dogs were rescued. And here also people are helping to find missingchildren.
在几个小时的周旋后，这500条狗获救并被放生。有更多的人在通过微博寻找丢失的孩子。
A father posted his son's pictureonto the Internet. After thousands of [unclear], the child wasfound, and we witnessed the reunion of the family throughmicroblogging.
一位父亲将他失散的儿子的照片发布到微博上，在几千条”转发“之后，他的儿子被找到，家庭的团聚也在微博上被报道出来。
So happiness is the most popular word we have heard through thepast two years.
“幸福（感）”是近两年中国的流行词汇。
Happiness is not only related topersonal experiences and personal values, but also, it's about theenvironment.
幸福感不仅仅与个人体验和价值观相关，更多的，它与环境息息相关。
People are thinkingabout the following questions: Are we going to sacrifice ourenvironment further to produce higher GDP?
人们在思考：我们是否要牺牲环境来提升GDP？
How are we going toperform our social and political reform to keep pace with economicgrowth, to keep sustainability and stability?
我们要怎样进行社会和政治体制的改革来应对经济的发展，保持稳定性和可持续性发展？
And also, how capable is the systemof self-correctness to keep more people content with all sorts offriction going on at the same time?
同时，这个系统的自我修正能力是否足够强大，是否能够让生活在其中的人民接受在前进过程中的各种压力和困难？
I guess these are the questionspeople are going to answer. And our younger generation are going totransform this country while at the same time being transformedthemselves.
Thank you very much.
我想这些都是中国人民需要回答的问题，而中国的年轻一代将在改变这个国家的过程中也改变自己。
