爱华网以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法
律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.
例1：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor inconsideration of the execution and completion of the Works andthe
remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such othersum as may become payable under the provisions ofthe
Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by theContract.
参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及
修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legalagreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of theContract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that theforegoing statement is true and correct and allavailable
information and data have been supplied herein, and that weagree to provide documentary proof upon yourrequest.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as weknow据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentionedstatement上述声明
（4）herein：in this, in thestatement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred toas Party A) and Co.
(hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality andmutual
benefit and through amicableconsultation.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as PartyA：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutualbenefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicableconsultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于 年 月 日在中国
（地点），特签订本合同。例4：This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafterreferred to
as Party A) and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and enteredinto：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点
，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as PartyB：以下简称乙方
参考译文：
本协议特由中国 公司（以下简称甲方）与 公司（以下简称乙方）于 年 月 日订立。
二 hereof英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms,conditions
and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of thisContract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof
表示“of this Works”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms,conditions and provisionsthereof”中的thereof表示of
the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of theWorks。
例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause ornot, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption,by
day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required bythe carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided
that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses ordamages including demurrage incurred in default onthe
provisions hereof.
注释：
（1） Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clauseor not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：
不论……是否
（2） the owner of the goods：货方
（3） without interruption：无间断地
（4） carrier：承运人
（5） in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of thisClause
参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规
定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, inaccordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legalentities
and other organization as are engaged in foreign tradedealings.
注释：（1） foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2） as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law本法规定
（4） legal entity：法人
（5） be engaged in foreign tradedealings：从事对外贸易经营活动
参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。
例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a companylimited by shares shall comply with the conditionsand
provisions of this Law. A company complying with theconditions and provisions hereof may be registered as alimited
liability company or a company limited by shares. Providedthat if a company fails to comply with the conditionsand
provisions hereof, the company in question shall not beregistered as a limited liability company or a company limitedby
shares.
注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of thisLaw
（4）may be registered as：登记为
参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本
法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。
例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, anarbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator,another
arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, beselected or appointed.
注释：
（1） as a result of withdrawal or any otherreasons：回避或者其它原因
（2） arbitrator：仲裁员
（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law本法规定
（4） be selected or appointed：选定或指定
参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。
例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitrationformulated and prepared prior to the effective date ofthis
Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereofshall prevail.
注释：
（1） conflict：相抵触
（2） prior to the effective date of thisLaw：本法施行前
（3） the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：of thisLaw
参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。
例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specifiedin Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /areconfirmed,
the organization with compensatory obligations shall paycompensation in any of the circumstance inquestion.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmationof one of the circumstances specified in Article 15and
Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses tomake the confirmation, the claimant shall have the rightto
lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, theclaim, shall, first, be lodged to the organizationfor
compensatory obligations.
The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereofshall apply to/ in the procedures ofcompensation.
注释：
（1） the organization with compensatoryobligations：赔偿义务机关（2） shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿（3） the claimant forcompensation：赔偿请求人（4） Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof：ofthis Law（5） shall have the right to lodge acomplaint：有权申诉（6） claims compensation：要求赔偿（7） apply to/ in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equallyhere. /That argument does not apply in this case./That
applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /Therules
of safe driving apply to everyone.参考译文：赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，
应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。例7If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified inItem 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious,or
those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitratorin question shall, in accordance with the law, bear thelegal
liability and responsibility. The arbitration commission shallremove the name of the arbitrator in question from thelist
of arbitrators.注释：（1） arbitrator：仲裁员（2） Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of thisLaw（3） bear the legal liability andresponsibility：承担法律责任（4） the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会（5） remove the name of the arbitrator in question from thelist of arbitrators：将其除名参考译文：仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员
会应当将其除名。例8If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authoritieswith the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to suchan
application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof,or the company registration authorities fail to registera
company whose application meets the requirements hereof, theparty in question may, in accordance with laws, applyfor
reconsideration or bring an administrativesuit.注释：（1） the relevant responsible authorities with the duty ofapprovals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门（2） meets the requirements and provisionshereof：符合本法条件（3） the company registrationauthorities：负责公司登记的主管部门（4） the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of thisLaw（5） apply for reconsideration：申请复议（6） bring an administrativesuit：提起行政诉讼参考译文：依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复
议或者提起行政诉讼。例9This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed againstArticle 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staffand
workers of enterprises other than limited liability companiesand companies limited by shares.注释：（1） the crimes committed：犯罪行为（2） against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this
Decision参考译文：有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。例10Companies registered and established prior to the effectivedate of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws,administrative
regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “StandardOpinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the“Standard
Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevantresponsible department of the State Council, continueto
exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements ofthis Law shall, within the specified time limit, meetthe
requirements hereof. Specific methods for implementation ofthis Law will be set out in separate regulations issued bythe
State Council.注释：（1） companies registered：已登记成立的公司（2） the “Standard Opinion on Limited LiabilityCompanies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》（3） the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited byShares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》（4） the relevant responsible department of the StateCouncil国务院有关主管部门（5） in separate regulations issued by the StateCouncil：由国务院另行规定参考译文：本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有
限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另
行规定。例11Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts ofsuch business operators as contravene the provisionshereof,
with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests ofother business operators, and disturbing thesocio-economic
order.注释：（1） unfair competition：不正当竞争（2） business operators：经营者（3） contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定 the provisionshereof：本法规定 hereof：of this Law（4） the lawful rights andinterests：合法权益（5） disturbing the socio-economicorder：扰乱社会经济秩序参考译文：本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
三 hereto英文释义: to this中文译词:至此，在此上。用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Partieshereto”，这里
hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“tothis”。
例1All disputes arising from the performance of this Contractshall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by theParties
hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement bereached, the case in question shall then be submittedfor
arbitration to the China International Economic and TradeArbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules ofthis
Commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitrationshall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The
Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unlessotherwise awarded by the ArbitrationCommission.注释：（1） the performance of thisContract：履行本合同（2） through amicable negotiations：友好协商（3） the Parties hereto：the Parties to thisContract本合同双方（4） shall then be submitted forarbitration：提交进行仲裁（5） the China International Economic and Trade ArbitrationCommission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）（6） the arbitration rules of thisCommission：其仲裁规则（7） the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决（8） unless otherwise awarded by the ArbitrationCommission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外参考译文：对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（
北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
例2“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applicationsfor the patent as are presently owned or will hereafterbe
acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or mayhave the right to control, or as are permitted tobe
transferred during the effective period of this Contract inany or all countries of the world, and as are applicable toor
may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specifiedby the Parties hereto.注释：（1） patented technology：专利技术（2） patent：专利（3） application for the patent：专利申请（4） may have the right tocontrol：可能有权控制的（5） permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of theworld：在世界任何国家许可转让（6） Contract Products specified by the Partieshereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to thisContract参考译文：“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用
于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3“Technical Documents” means the data and the informationspecified in Appendix 1 hereto, such asengineering,
manufacturing and original information relating to themanufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products,including
drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications,photographs, photostats and general data, and designand
their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, toolsand facilities. Provided that theabove-mentioned
information shall be such information as is only available toParty B and applicable to the business operation of PartyA
under this Contract.注释：（1） technical documents：技术资料（2） the data and the information：资料（3） engineering：工程（4） manufacturing：制造（5） original information：原始资料（6） blueprint：蓝本（7） design sheets：设计图表（8） material specifications：材料规格（9） photostats：影印资料（10） general data：一般资料（11） design and their specifications relating to manufacturingeuipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具和装置有关
的设计及其说明书参考译文：“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图
表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。
例4If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party Bshall, within 10 days after receiving the writtennotice
issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract,notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contentsand
procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4hereto.注释：（1） audit the accounts of PartyA：查核甲方的帐目（2） Sub-Clause 3.4 of thisContract：本合同第3.4款（3） the specific contents and procedure of auditingaccounts：其具体的查帐内容和程序（4） Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to thisContract参考译文：乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本
合同附件4。
例5The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party heretoshall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party heretoof
any such matters comprising an improvement, modification,further invention or design as the Party in questionmay
discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture andassembly of the Licensed Products or componentsthereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matterin question may, at its own expense and its own name,file
application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legalsteps to protect the same, and any patent arisingtherefrom
shall belong to the Party in question. The other Party may,during the effective period hereof, make use of, andsell
products utilizing such improvement, modification, furtherinvention or design (whether patented or un-patented)without
charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with thisagreement.注释：（1） either Party hereto：本协议各方 （不译成“one Partyhereto）。（2） improvement, modification, further invention ordesign：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（3） discover, make or develop：开发（4） manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products orcomponents thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件（5） file application for LetterPatent：申请专利（6） take other necessary legal steps to protect thesame：其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent（7） any patent arisingtherefrom：由此产生的专利（8） consistent with thisagreement：与本协议不相矛盾参考译文：本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一
方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可
以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。
例6The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply toFCAM certain license and technical assistance formanufacturing
Products. The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concludedbetween FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachmentas
Appendix 2 hereto (hereinafter referred to as the “TechnicalAssistance Agreement”).注释：（1） certain license and technical assistance for manufacturingProducts：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务（2） the technical assistanceagreement：技术服务协议（3） Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to thisAgreement参考译文：本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协
议”）。
例7The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will,to the maximum extent practicably possible, use theforms
required by Y for such data on management and financialinformation as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, andthat
FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial recordsand books available for inspection or audit by eitherParty
hereto.注释：（1） to the maximum extent practicablypossible：尽实际可能最大限度地（2） data on management and financialinformation：管理和财务信息材料（3） prepare and keep accounting and financial records andbooks：建好会计和财务帐目（4） available for inspection or audit by either Partyhereto：以备本协议各方的检查或审计 either Partyhereto：either
Party to this Agreement本协议双方 inspection：检查audit：审计参考译文：本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料；并且FCAM应建好
会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。
例8The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board ofDirectors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate ormanage
FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall businessmanagement plan of the company, and monitoring theexecution
of the plan in question. Provided that the business managementplan in question shall be submitted to the Partieshereto
for review and approval.注释：（1） Board of Directors authorized by the Partieshereto：本协议双方授权的董事会 hereto：to this Agreement（2） to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理manage：业务管理（3） the overall business management plan of thecompany：公司整体经营计划（4） monitor the execution of the plan inquestion：监督该计划的执行（5） review and approval：审阅和批准参考译文：本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批准。
例9The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM toagree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y,all
such specialized machinery and equipment as is determinedthrough mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM forthe
effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Yto FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement atsuch
prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined byand between the Parties hereto.注释：（1） specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备equipment：（单数形式）设备（2） determined through mutualconsultation：协商决定（3） the effective utilization of the technicalknow-how：有效使用技术诀窍（4） terms and conditions：条件（5） (such…) as：作关系代词，意为which, that参考译文：本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提
供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。
例10The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affectthe outstanding claims and liabilities existing betweenthe
Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of theContract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liablefor
paying the outstanding debts to thecreditor.注释：（1） the termination of thisContract：本合同期满（2） outstanding claims andliabilities：未了债务（3） debtor：债务人（4） creditor：债权人参考译文：本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务
四 herein英文释义:in this中文译词:此中，于此用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“
unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in thisLaw”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”
，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.
例1Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such actsof business operators as contravene the provisionshereof,
with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests ofother business operators, and disturbing thesocio-economic
order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legalpersons, other economic organizations and individuals as engagein
the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereaftercalled Goods including services).注释：（1） unfair competition：不正当竞争（2） mentioned in this Law：本法所称（3） refer to：是指（4） contravene the provisionshereof：违反本法规定（5） damage the lawful rights and interests of other businessoperators：损害其他经营者的合法权益（6） disturb the socio-economicorder：扰乱社会经济秩序（7） business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者 herein：inthis Law（8） engage in the trading of goods or profit-makingservices：从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙
于参考译文：本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。
例2This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to developthe foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade orderand
promote the healthy development of the socialist marketeconomy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import andexport of goods, technology and the international tradein
services.注释：（1） this Law is hereby formulated andprepared：兹制定本法（2） maintain the foreign tradeorder：维护对外贸易秩序（3） promote the healthy development of the socialist marketeconomy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展（4） foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：in thisLaw（5） the international trade inservices：国际服务贸易参考译文：为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出
口和国际服务贸易。
例3The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limitedliability company or such a company limited by shares asare
established within the territory of China in accordance withthis Law.注释：（1） mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law本法所称（2） limited liability company：有限责任公司（3） company limited by shares：股份有限公司（4） within the territory ofChina：在中国境内参考译文：本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。
例4Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decisionshall, if any, be confiscated. Where those commitcrimes
against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to beconfiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeitedand
a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assetsare insufficient for the payments of all the aboveitems,
they shall first be liable for the civilcompensation.注释：（1） illegal gains：违法所得（2） shall be confiscated：应当予以没收（3） the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision本决定规定（4） illegal gains to beconfiscated：被没收违法所得（5） a fine imposed on：判处罚金（6） property forfeited：没收财产（7） a civil compensation assumedby：承担民事赔偿责任参考译文：犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。
例5The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the“International Rules for the Interpretation of TradeTerms”
(INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber ofCommerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (inthis
Contract).注释：（1） （1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port ofshipment)：船上交货（…<指定装运港>）（2） （2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port ofdestination)：成本加运费（…<指定目的港>）（3） （3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port ofdestination)：成本、保险费加运费（……<指定目的港>）（4） （4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation ofTrade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则
（INCOTERMS）2000》参考译文：除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例6Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if alldisputes, controversies or differences arising out of or inrelation
to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto,or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including
but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence orcontinued existence of this Agreement, and the validity ofthe
Arbitration Clause) fail to be settled amicably, the disputes,controversies or differences in question shall besubmitted
for arbitration.注释：（1） unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示herein：in this Agreement（2） dispute：争议（3） controversy：纠纷（4） difference：歧意（5） the Parties hereto：the Parties to thisAgreement本协议双方（6） any breach or default of the provisionshereof：任何违约及过失（7） including but not limitedto：包括，但不限于（8） the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性 arbitrationclause 仲裁条款参考译文：除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于
有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。
例7The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisionsspecified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit thefunds
received to such account as is specified by the Borrower underSub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注释：（1） the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行（2） pursuant to the conditions and provisions specifiedherein：按照本合同规定的条件 herein：in this Contract（3） on the Disbursement Date：在付款日（4） credit the funds received：贷记入所收资金（5） the Borrower：借款人参考译文：代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。
例8All the rights provided for herein (in this Contract) shall becumulative and shall not be exclusive of any otherrights,
powers, privileges or remedies provided for bylaws.注释：（1） cumulative：累加的（2） shall not be exclusive of：并不排除（3） privilege：特权（4） remedy：补救方法（5） provided for by laws：法律规定的参考译文：本合同规定的各项权利是累加的，并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、特权或补救方法。
例9Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promisesmade by the Parties to this Agreement, the Partieshereto
agree the contents herein as follows:注释：（1） Now Therefore：据此（2） theconsideration：对价。对价是对一项允诺（promise）的回报。例如，甲方允诺向乙方提供若干数量的货物，乙方同意付给甲方
一定数目的货款，该货款便构成甲方允诺的对价。在经过要约（offer）与承诺（acceptance）的基础上，只有那些拥有对价的允诺才被认作
合同，得到法律的保护和执行。（3） the contents herein：本协议内容 herein：in thisAgreement参考译文：据此，以本协议双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致：
例10The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfillthe obligations of making all payments. Allthe
reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of anyother charges and exempt from all taxes and suchreimbursements
as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes. TheBorrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxesas
provided for herein.注释：（1） the obligations of making allpayments：支付义务（2） reimbursement：偿付（3） be free and clear of any othercharges：不附带其它费用（4） exempt from all taxes：是免税的（5） pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定的税务herein：in this Agreement参考译文：借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务
。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。
五 hereinafter英文释义:later in the same Contract中文译词:以下,在下文语法:一般与referred to as,called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。
例1：In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of Chinaon Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and theContract
signed by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to asParty
B), the articles of association hereby is formulated andprepared.注释：（1） in accordance with：under 根据（2） Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-ForeignEquity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法（3） Hereinafter：以下（4） articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）（5） hereby：特此（6） formulate：prepare 制订参考译文：根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由 公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订
本公司章程。
例2Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in theseRegulations refer to the following financialinstitutions
that are established and operate in China upon approval inaccordance with the relevant laws and regulations of thePeople
’s Republic of China:(1) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whosehead offices are in China (hereinafter referred to asforeign
banks);(2) branches of foreign bank in China (hereinafter referred toas foreign bank branches);(3) banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinesefinancial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equityjoint-
venture banks);(4) finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whosehead offices are in China (hereinafter referred to asforeign
finance companies); and(5) finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign andChinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to asequity
joint-venture finance companies).注释：(1) financial institution：金融机构(2) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whosehead offices are in China：总行在中国境内的外国资本银行。在中译
英时，这里的“外国资本银行”，应理解成“外资银行的子银行”，英文为subsidiarybanks，而不能简单地译成foreign banks，因为很少
有一家外国银行把自己的总部搬到国外，但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常的。(3) hereinafter referred to as foreignbanks：以下简称外资银行。(4) hereinafter referred to as foreign bankbranches：以下简称外资银行分行。(5) financecompany：财务公司，这里应理解为金融公司，是指在商业银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为会计事务
所，则要译成：accounting firm(6) hereinafter referred to as foreign financecompanies：以下简称外资财务公司(7) hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture financecompanies：以下简称合资财务公司参考译文：本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：（一）总行在中国境内的外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）（三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行）（四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公司）（五）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）
例3When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures,Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and whollyforeign-owned
enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprises withforeign investment”) apply to reorganize themselves intoa
company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have arecord of making profits for the recent threeconsecutive
years.注释：(1) existing Chinese-foreign equity jointventures：已设立的中外合资经营企业，即现有的中外合资经营企业(2) Chinese-foreign cooperative jointventure：中外合作经营企业(3) wholly foreign-ownedenterprises：外资企业(4) hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreigninvestment”：以下简称外商投资企业(5) shall have a record of makingprofits：应有盈利纪录参考译文：已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录
。
例4To apply for the establishment of an investment company, theinvestor shall submit the following documents to theMinistry
of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafterreferred to as MOFTEC) for examination and approval afterthe
examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade andeconomic cooperation authorities of the relatedprovince,
autonomous region, municipalities directly under the CentralGovernment or the municipalities specifically(separately)
listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investmentcompany is to be located.注释：（1） the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下
简称外经贸部）（2） the foreign trade and economic cooperationauthorities：外经贸部门（3） municipalities directly under the CentralGovernment：直辖市（4） the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in theState Economic Plan：计划单列市参考译文：申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易
经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。
例5These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordancewith the Company Law of the People’s Republic ofChina
(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law) in order toaffirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons ofcompanies
and standardize the registration activities ofcompanies.注释：（1） these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例prepare：制定（2） the Company Law of the People’s Republic ofChina：《中华人民共和国公司法》（3） hereinafter referred to as the CompanyLaw：以下简称《公司法》（4） to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal personsof companies：确认公司的企业法人资格（5） standardize the registration activities ofcompanies：规范公司登记行为参考译文：为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。
例6In order to further expand international economic co-operationand technological exchange, to absorb foreign investmentand
to promote the development of socialist market economy,foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizationsor
individuals (hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and othereconomic
organizations (hereinafter referred to as Chineseshareholders) may, within the territory of China, on the principleof
equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into acompany limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter
referred to as the Company).注释：（1） to further expand international economic co-operation andtechnological exchange：进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流（2） to absorb foreign investment：引进外资（3） to promote the development of socialist marketeconomy：促进社会主义市场经济的发展（4） hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下简称外国股东foreign shareholders：外国股东（5） hereinafter referred to as Chineseshareholders：以下简称中国股东（6） within the territory ofChina：在中国境内（7） a company limited by shares with foreigninvestment：外商投资股份有限公司参考译文：为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，引进外资，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人（以下简称外
国股东），按照平等互利的原则，可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织（以下简称中国股东）在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司
（以下简称公司）。
例7In order to promote foreign investment in China and tointroduce foreign advanced technology and managerialexpertise,
foreign investors are permitted to establish investmentcompanies (hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in
China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulationsgoverning foreign investment and theseRegulations.注释：（1） to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerialexpertise：引进国外先进技术和管理经验（2） to establish investmentcompany：设立投资公司（3） hereinafter referred to as “investmentcompany”：以下简称投资公司（4） the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreigninvestment：中国有关外国投资的法律、法规参考译文：为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立
投资公司（以下简称投资公司）。
例8These Detailed Rules shall apply to the residentrepresentative offices set up within the territory of thePeople’s
Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shippingagents, contractors, consultant companies,advertising
agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and othereconomic entities (hereinafter called“foreign
enterprises”).注释：（1） these Detailed Rules：本实施细则（2） apply （to）：vi. 适用于 More Examples：The rules of safe drivingapply to everyone. /That applies to at least nine-
tenths of the people we see about. /That argument does notapply in this case. /The comment applies equallyhere.（3） the resident representativeoffices：常驻代表机构（4） shipping agents：货运代理商（5） consultant company：咨询公司（6） advertising agency：广告公司（7） leasing company：租赁公司（8） hereinafter called “foreignenterprises”：以下简称外国企业参考译文：本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简
称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。
例9A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of itsresident representative office in the territory of thePeople’s
Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by theMinistry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation orits
authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and EconomicRelations (hereinafter called the “Examination-ApprovalAuthorities)
of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directlyunder the Central Government and themunicipalities
specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan,register with the State Administration for Industryand
Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry andCommerce (hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of
the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directlyunder the Central Government and the municipalitiesspecifically
(separately) listed in the State EconomicPlan.注释：（1） its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and EconomicRelations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会（2） hereinafter called the “Examination-ApprovalAuthorities：以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机
关（3） register with：办理登记手续（4） the State Administration for Industry andCommerce：国家工商行政管理局（5） its authorized Administrations for Industry andCommerce：其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局
参考译文：外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济
贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工
商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。
六 therein英文释义:in that; in that particular; in thatrespect中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedyingof any defects
therein”，此处therein表示“in theWorks”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant forincorporation
therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in orabout
the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying ofany defects therein.注释：(1) TemporaryWorks：临时工程，是指为永久工程服务的工程，永久工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用，按国际FIDIC合同条件
规定，应由承包人负责。(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出现的问题，即工程本身存在的问题，而不是因业主使用不当造成的。(3) the execution and completion of the Works and theremedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷
。建造一项工程一般分成两个阶段进行，工程设计、施工、竣工为第一阶段，修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段，因此此句中的第一个and是对
的，表示建造工程的两个阶段。参考译文：临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。
例2The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of theEmployer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, orany
benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise thanby:注释：（1） the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意 注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意（2） assign：转让（3） therein：in the contract；thereunder：under thecontract（4） otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specifiedin the following circumstances:参考译文：没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：
例3This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement andis entitled to all the benefits provided therein. Thisrefers
to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments,default and acceleration of the maturity in the eventof
default.注释：（1） Note：期票，即借据，票据（2） loan agreement：贷款协议（3） be entitled to all thebenefits：享有（贷款协议规定的）全部利益（4） advance payment：预付（5） default：违约（6） in the event of default：因违约参考译文：本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票，享有贷款协议规定的全部利益，是指贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。
例4A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, complywith the form set forth in Appendix 4, and theattachments
specified therein.注释：（1）a certificate of theborrower：借款人说明书（2）comply with：遵照（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件 therein：inAppendix 4参考译文：借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。
例5If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any suchpresent or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposedby
local authorities or any political subdivision or taxingauthorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract,be
due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shallpromptly deliver to the Agent a copy of thecertified
documents evidencing the exemption inquestion.注释：（1） exemption：免征税款（2） local authorities：地方当局（3） any politicalsubdivision：任何下属政府分支机构（4） taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方当局的税收当局 therein：inlocal authorities（5） under the Contract：根据合同规定（6） shall be due：应予以征收的（7） the certified documents evidencing the exemption inquestion：证明上述免税文件 in question：上述参考译文：任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据合同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来
，凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。
例6Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered withthe State Administration for Industry and Commercebefore
the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’sRepublic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investmentand
Foreign Enterprises (hereinafter called the Tax Law), theenterprise in question shall pay income tax at the ratesprovided
for therein.注释：（1） the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China forEnterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises
：中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。（2） at the rates provided for therein：按税法规定的税率 therein：in theTax Law参考译文：在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业应按税法规定
的税率缴纳所得税。
例7Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter intothis Agreement, to make the borrowings, to executeand
deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for inthis Agreement and therein, all the actions inquestion
shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legalpersons.注释：（1） the Borrower：借款人（2） to make the borrowings：借贷资金（3） to execute and deliver theNote：签署票据（4） to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreementand therein：承担由此产生的义务 therein：in the Note（5） all the actions in question：上述全部行为（6） legal person：法人参考译文：借款人有充分的权力订立本协议，借贷资金、签署票据并承担由此而产生的义务，上述全部行为均应经法人适当和必需的授权。
例8The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity ingood condition. Provided that the Leasor shall beresponsible
for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have theright to lodge claims against the Leasor for anylosses
occurred therein.注释：（1） leasee：承租人（2） keep the commodity in goodcondition：维持商品的良好状况（3） provided that：除非，表示进一步规定（4） leasor：出租人（5） to lodge claims against theLeasor：向出租人提出赔偿（6） any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的损失 therein：in theabove-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障参考译文：承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况；除非由出租人对商品的故障负责，承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。
例9When documents other than transport documents, insurancedocuments and commercial invoices are required, the creditshall
provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers) by whom the documents in question are to be issued andthe
wording therein or data content thereof. If the credit failsto so stipulate, and the data content in thedocuments
presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ orservices referred to in the credit, banks will acceptsuch
documents as presented.注释：（1） documents：shipping documents货运单据（2） transport documents：运输单据（3） insurance documents：insurancepolicies保险单据（4） commercial invoice：商业发票（5） the credit：the letter of credit信用证（6） drawer：出单人（7） the wording therein：the wording in the documents其措辞（8） data content thereof：data content of the documents项目内容（9） referred to in the credit：信用证中所述的参考译文：当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但
提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联，则银行将予接受。
例10If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any partthereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein,during
the period for which the Contractor is responsible for thecare thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than therisks
defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his owncost, rectify such loss or damage so that the PermanentWorks
conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contractto the satisfaction of the Engineer.注释：（1） loss or damage：损失与损坏注：loss与damage同义，同义词连用是合同文件语言特点之一。（2） any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分thereof：of the Works（3） for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 forincorporation in：used in 应译成“用于（工程）中”，而
不能译成“进入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4） at one’s own cost：自费（5） rectify：弥补，纠正（6） Permanent Works：永久工程（7） to the satisfaction of theEngineer：达到工程师满意的程度参考译文：在承包人负责照管工程期间，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的设备，除第20.4款所规定的风险外，不管由于任何原因而遭受损
失或损坏，承包人应自费弥补此类损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的规定，并达到工程师满意的程度。
七. thereof英文释义: of that, of it中文译词:由此,其用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms,conditions
and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of theContract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的
thereof表示“of the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1：When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within aspecified period and /or the place of taking delivery, theBuyer
in question shall give the Seller the noticethereof.注释：（1） be entitled to determine：有权确定（2） the time within a specified period and /or the place oftaking delivery：提取货物的时间和/或地点（3） the notice thereof：有关这方面的通知 thereof：of the above-mentionedmatters, that is, the time and the place of
taking delivery.参考译文：买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和/或地点时，应给卖方有关这方面的通知。
例2The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction,exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment oftax
unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of therelevant law, be implemented. Provided that if the State Councilis
authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevantprovisions of the regulations, the provisions in questionshall
be implemented and complied with.注释：（1） the collection of tax：税收的开征（2） the cessation thereof：税收的停征 thereof：oftax（3） the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as thepayment of tax unpaid：减税、免税、退税、补税（4） the State Council：国务院（5） to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of theregulations：制定的行政法规规定 prepare：制定参考译文：税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税，依照法律的规定执行；法律授权国务院规定的，依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。
例3The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to anarbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the applicationfor
arbitration and the copies thereof.注释：（1） the Party applying forarbitration：当事人申请仲裁（是指申请仲裁的当事人）（2） arbitration commission：仲裁委员会（3） arbitration agreement：仲裁协议（4） application for arbitration：仲裁申请书（5） the copies thereof：the copies of the application forarbitration 仲裁申请书副本参考译文：当事人申请仲裁，应当向仲裁委员会递交仲裁协议、仲裁申请书及副本。
例4“Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in theContract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer andthe
Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before theEmployer takes over the Works or any section or partthereof.注释：（1） Tests on Completion：竣工检验（2） otherwise agreed：另行商定（3） Employer takes over theWorks：业主接收工程（4） any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、区段 thereof：of theWorks参考译文：竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。
例5The collection order shall give specific instructionsregarding the protest (or shall take other legal process inlieu
thereof), in the event of non-acceptance ornon-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banksconcerned with the collection shall have no obligation toprovide
the protest (or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-
payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks inconnection with such protest or other legal process shall be borneby
the principal.注释：（1） the collection order：托收指示（2） the protest：拒绝证书（3） in lieu thereof：代替拒绝证书 thereof：of theprotest（4） non-acceptance ornon-payment：拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（5） the banks concerned with thecollection：与托收有关的各银行（6） experience non-acceptance andnon-payment：遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（7） the principal：委托人参考译文：托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时，并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。
例6If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall informthe Buyer of the details thereof and shall determinea
reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a differentspecification. If, after receipt of the communicationin
question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time sodetermined, the specification made by the Seller shall bebinding.注释:（1） makes the specification：订明规格（2） the details thereof：the details of thespecification规格的细节（3） the communication in question：该通知（4） shall be binding：应具有约束力参考译文：如果卖方自己制订规格，他必须将所制订的规格的细节通知买方，而且必须规定一段合理时间，让买方可以在该段时间内制订出不同的规格
。如果买方在收到该通知后没有在该段时间内这样做，则卖方所订的规格应具有约束力。
例7This Law shall apply to limited liability companies withforeign investment. Unless otherwise specified by the lawson
Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreignco-operative joint venture enterprises and whollyforeign-owned
enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply tothem.注释：（1） apply to (sb.)：适用（2） limited liability companies with foreigninvestment：外商投资的有限责任公司（3） Sino-foreign equity joint ventureenterprise：中外合资经营企业（4） Sino-foreign co-operative joint ventureenterprise：中外合作经营企业（5） wholly foreign-ownedenterprise：外资企业参考译文：外商投资的有限责任公司适用本法，有关中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业的法律另有规定的，适用其规定。
例8“Time for Completion” means such time for completing theexecution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completionof
the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified inthe Contract from the Commencement Date.注释：（1） time for completion：竣工时间（2） the execution of the Works：施工（3） any Section or part thereof：工程的任何部分或区段，thereof：of theWorks参考译文：竣工时间是指合同规定从工程开工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或区段施工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。
例9The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractorof the Tender, have made available to the Contractor,such
data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have beenobtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf ofthe
Employer from the investigations into the Works provided thatthe Contractor shall be responsible for hisown
interpretation thereof.注释：（1） make available to theContractor….：向承包人提供……（2） data on hydrological and subsurfaceconditions：水文地质资料（3） his own interpretation thereof：自己对上述资料的解释 thereof：of thedata参考译文：在承包人提交投标书之前，业主应向承包人提供由业主或业主代表根据对该项工程的勘察所取得的水文地质资料，但是承包人应对他自己对
上述资料的解释负责。
例10If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, allsuch drawings, transparencies, specifications, and anyother
manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied byParty A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returnedto
Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the saidLicensed Products or Components, or parts of theLicensed
Products.注释：（1） this Agreement is terminated：本协议终止（2） transparency：图片（3） specifications：规格（4） any other manufacturing or engineeringinformation：其它全部生产和操作资料（5） the said Licensed Products：上述许可证产品参考译文：如本协议因任何理由而终止，所有由甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及其它全部生产和操作资料，包括全部复制品，均返还甲方，同时，乙
方应停止生产上述许可证产品、或部件、或零件。
八. thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor,thereunder
1) thereafter: after that此后；之后2）thereto: to that 随附；附之3）therewith: with that 与此；与之4）therefor: for that 因之；为此5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照
用法:本节提及的各词，其用法与上面七节谈及的一样，主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter,hereto,
herewith和hereof等。语法：紧接所修饰词之后。
例1：The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall befinal, and the judgment on the decision and award inquestion
may, under the request of either party to the Contract, bemade by any court having jurisdiction. The partiesthereto
shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award ofthe arbitration tribunal.
注释：（1） decision and award ofthe arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决（2） thejudgment：司法判决（3） any court havingjurisdiction：有管辖权的法院 jurisdiction：管辖权（4） the partiesthereto：合同双方 thereto：to the Contract（5） in goodfaith：以良好诚信的态度
参考译文：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此作出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定
。
例2："Patented Technology” means such letters patent, andapplication therefore as are presently owned or acquired inthe
future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the rightto control or grant license thereof during theeffective
period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world,and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufactureof
this Contract Products.
注释：（1） patentedtechnology：专利技术（2） letterspatent：专利证，专利（3） applicationtherefore：专利申请（4） grant licensethereof：许可转让（5） during the effectiveperiod of this Contract：本合同有效期间（6） are applicable to ormay be used in the manufacture of this ContractProducts：适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品
参考译文：“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的和/或有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或
可能适用于制造本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3：“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2to this Contract, together with all improvementsand
modifications thereof or developments with respectthereto.
注释：（1） ContractProducts：合同产品（2） Appendix 2 to thisContract：本合同附件2（3） together with allimprovements and modifications thereof or developments with respectthereto：及其改进发展的产
品 thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the ContractProducts
参考译文：“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。
例4：“Specifications” means the specifications of the Worksincluded in the Contract and such any modification thereofor
addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as aresubmitted by the Contractor and approved by theEngineer.
注释：（1） specifications：规范（2） any modificationthereof or addition thereto：对规范的任何修改或增补 thereof：of theSpecifications；thereto：to
the Specifications（3） under Clause95：根据第95条规定
参考译文：规范是指合同中包括的工程规范，以及根据第95条规定的或由承包商提出并经工程师批准的对规范的任何修改或增补。
例5：The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within28 days after the expiration of the Defects LiabilityPeriod,
be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liabilityperiods become applicable to different Section or partsof
the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period,or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructedare
completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the DefectsLiability Certificate therefor shall be issued by theEngineer
as soon as possible.
注释：（1） the Defects LiabilityCertificate：缺陷责任证书（2） the expiration of theDefects Liability Period： 缺陷责任期终止（3） different defectsliability periods become applicable to different Section or partsof the Permanent Works：不同
的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分（4） any worksinstructed：任何按指示进行的工程
参考译文：工程的缺陷责任证书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内颁发，或者，如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分
时，则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条，在任何按指示进行的工程已完成并达到工程师满意之后尽快签发。
例6：The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks acommitment fee of one half of one percent (0.5%) per annum onthe
Total Loan Commitment. The commitment fee shall be paid fromthe date of the conclusion of the Contract (inclusive) tothe
earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question). The commitment feeshall
quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafterto the earlier day of the Disbursement Date andthe
Termination Date.
注释：（1） commitmentfee：承诺费，承担费。贷款协议签定生效后，如借款人没有按期使用贷款，需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用—
—承诺费或承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两期，前期不收承诺费，后期计收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期已使
用全部承诺期金额，则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额，其余额在后段承诺期使用，则计收承诺费。（2） the DisbursementDate：贷款发放日（3） the TerminationDate：贷款终止日（4） from the date in thethird month thereafter：从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter：after the TerminationDate
参考译文：借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但
不包括该日在内）为止，从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。
例7：If one or more of the following events of default (hereinaftercalled “Event of Default") occurs or occur or continuesor
continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to theremedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of theAgreement.(a) The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder asand when such amount shall become payable.
注释：（1） events ofdefault：违约事件（2） continues orcontinue：正在继续（3） theremedies：补救方法（4） fail to pay anyamount payable thereunder：未能支付根据该协议规定应付的款项 thereunder：under theContract
参考译文：如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件（以下称违约事件），或该违约事件正在继续，代理行以及各行应行使第11.2款规定的救济方法。（1）借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。
九. whereas
释义: considering that,鉴于，就......而论（法律用语）用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中，以引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。语法：紧接于要修饰词之前，常位于句首。
例1：Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A therights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Productsof
Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology ofParty B to manufacture and sell the ContractProducts;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contracthave, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enterinto
this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisionsspecified as follows:
注释：（1） whereas：鉴于（2） to grant Party A therights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products ofPatented Technology：将专利技
术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方（3） the Representativesauthorized by the Parties to thisContract：双方授权代表（4） under the terms,conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下条款
参考译文：鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方；鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品；双方授权代表经友好协商，同意就以下条款签订本合同：
例2：Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical informationincluding designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas,skills
and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing ofcertain products; andWhereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence touse the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purposeof
manufacturing, using and selling such products;andWhereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks ownedby Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on thecontents of the agreement as follows:
注释：（1） proprietary technicalinformation：专有技术信息（2） designs, techniques,workmanship, formulas, skills and otherdata：设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料（3） the right andlicence：许可权利（4） technicalassistance：技术协助（5） trademarks：商标
参考译文：
鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；
鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；
鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；
双方兹就下列内容达成一致：
例3：
Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, andthe Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend tothe
Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Partieshereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreementas
follows:
注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） severally but notjointly：分别但不连带地
（3） an aggregateamount：总额
（4） the Parties heretohave hereby made and concluded this Agreement asfollows：当事人协议如下
参考译文：
鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总额为$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：
例4：
Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to theBorrower a term loan in the principal amount of One MillionUS
Dollars (US $1,000,000) under the terms, conditions andprovisions of this Agreement; and
Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available tothe Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisionsof
this Agreement;
Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promisescontained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on thecontents
of the agreement as follows:
注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） a termloan：定期贷款
（3） the principalamount：本金
（4） under the terms,conditions and provisions of thisAgreement：根据本协议规定的条件和款项
（5） in consideration ofthe mutual promises：以双方相互承诺为对价consideration：对价参考译文：
鉴于借款人根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已向银行要求向借款人提供一笔本金为100万美元（US$1,000,000）的定期贷款；
鉴于银行根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已准备向借款人提供此项定期贷款；
据此，以双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致。
例5：
Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle ofequality and mutual benefit and through friendlyconsultation,
agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venturecompany in China (hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The
Contract hereunder is made andconcluded.
注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） adhering to theprinciple of equality and mutualbenefit：按照平等互利的原则
（3） through friendlyconsultation：通过友好协商
（4） joint venturecompany：合资经营公司
（5） hereinafter referredas：以下称
参考译文：
鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司（以下称“合资企业”），为此达成如下合同。
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