爱华网China’s economic development has made rapid progress in the past20 years and young people have made a great contribution to thisprogress.
语境特指：
The global crisis is a challenge for the whole world.Confidence, cooperation and responsibility are keys to overcomingthe crisis.
——I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.
——It is not your fault. With the rush-hour traffic and the heavyrain, it is no wonder you were late.
——What’s the schedule for this weekend?
—— A greeting ceremony for Professor White will be held in thelecture hall.
My neighbor asked me to go for a walk, but I don’t think I’vegot the energy.
I look under the bed and found the book I lost last week.
Don’t worry if you can’t come to the party. I’ll save some cakefor you .
冠词
名词的种类 | |||||
种类 | 普通名词 | 专有名词 | |||
个体名词 | 集体名词 | 物质名词 | 抽象名词 | 人名，地名，组织机构名 | |
表示可个别存在的事物 | 同一类人或物的总称 | 不可个别存在的物质 | 表示概念，情绪等 | ||
例词 | worker,tree | clothing,jewelry, police,cattle | air,rice,milk | patience,abitilty socialism,construction | Red Cross London |
泛指：首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。
特指：上文已经提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或事物，或是指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。
类指：具有共同性质或典形持征的事物的一个类别。
In many palces in China, the bicycle is still a popular means oftransportation.
A compass is a device used to show people directions.
Peacocks are beautiful birds.
Milk is nutritious.
注意： the tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
单数名词 | an/a | 泛指 | |
类指 | |||
the | 特指 | 上文提到的人或事物 | |
被限制性修饰语限定的人或事物 | |||
说话双方所默认的人或事物 | |||
世界上独一无二事物 | |||
类指 | |||
The area experienced the heaviest rainfall in the month ofMay.
复数名词/不可数名词 | 零冠词 | 泛指 | |
类指 | |||
the | 特指 | 上文提到的人或事物 | |
被限制性修饰语限定的人或事物 | |||
说话双方所默认的人或事物 | |||
不定冠词的用法
1、 辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前用a,元音音素开头的单数可数名词前用an.
Mrs. Taylor has an 8-year-old daughter who has a gift forpainting——she won tow national prizes.
I earned 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier onSaturdays.
2、不定冠词用于单数可数名词前，表泛指，而不强调数量。
It is often said that teachers have a very easy life.
3、 不定冠词可用于具体化的抽象名词或物质名词前
Many people agree that a knowledge of English is a must ininternational trade today.
When you finish reading the book,you will have a betterunderstanding of life.
Her new book is a collection of short stories.
常见的不可数名词意义具体化形式为：
有些抽象名词是由其动词转化而来的，后面+of时，前面需要不定冠词。
4、世界上独一无二的事物前面通常加定冠词the，但是其前面有修饰语时，应使不定冠词。
We can never expect a bluer sky unless we create a less pollutedworld.
表示独一无二的事和一些抽象名词前有形容词修饰，可加不定冠词。
定冠词的用法
1、 定冠词the用在表特指的单数可数名词、复数名词或不可数名词前，指前面已经提到或说话双方都能体会到或说明了的人或事物，或有一定语境明确地限制其范围或确定其为某一具体的人或事物。
I knew John Lennon, but not the famous one.
The on-going division between English-speaking Canadians andFrench-speaking Canadians is a major concern of thecountry. 抽象名词
2、 定冠词the用于单数可数名词前，从整体上表示一类人或事物。
The wrmth of the sweater will of course be determined by thesort of wool used.
3、定冠词用于形容词、副词最高级或序数词前，但当序数词不表顺序，而表示再一、又一的时候，使用不定冠词
This area experience the heaviest rainfall in the month ofMay.(固定用法)
The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have a third one becausethe second one is rather too small.
4、 姓氏的复数名词前加定冠词表示一家人
——Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons, please?
——Sorry ,we don’t have a Johnson here in the village.
5、 由普通名词构成的专有名词前通常加定冠词
On May 5,2005mat the World Table Tennis Championship, KongLinghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in men’s doubles with ascore of 4：1（比分不是唯一的，表示泛指）
6、 科学发明，科学发现的名词前要用the
Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
7、 语境特指
My neighor asked me to go for a walk, but I don’t think I’ve gotthe energy.
考查零冠词和固定用法
1、 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。
His father went to his doctor for advice about his hearttrouble.
Horses are useful animals.
2、 抽象化的具体名词前使用零冠词
If you go by train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey,but make sure you get a fast one.
This book tells the life story of John Smith, who leftschool and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.
by+交通工具
at/in/to +组织机构
go to school , go to church, go to bed , be in hospital, sit attable ,in class , in office
固定用法
3、 有些名词有两个或多个意思，有时会出现意思不同的可数性不同。
man whilehe was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton madea discovery which completely changed man’sunderstanding of colour.
life 生活，生命work 工作， 作品、艺术品 room 空间，房间 experience 经验，经历 success/failure 成功，成功的人或成功的事情 word 消息， 单词，人说的话 paper 纸，试卷，论文，报纸surprise 一件意外的事情 pleasure 一件乐事concern 一件令人关切的事
Jumping out of an airplane at ten thousand feet is quite anexciting experience.
When you finish reading the book, you will have a betterunderstanding of life.
Many people have come to realize that they should go on abalanced diet and make room in their day forexercise. 固定用法
How about the Christmas evening party?I should say it was asuccess.
4、 球类、三餐、棋类运动、季节月份星期节假日、以及学科名词前通常使用零冠词
St. Valentine’s Day
She is a newcomer to chemistry but she has already make someimportant discoveries.
5、 系动词turn后单数名词作表语，用零冠词。
Has he turned scientist?
Nothing can make me turn traitor against my country.
注意事项：具体问题具体分析
1、职称前一般不加冠词，注意“职称” 和“具有某个职称的人”的区别
Mr Johnson, husband of the famous writer has been electedpresident of that university.
I know the president of that university.
2、专有名词前冠词的用法往往比较复杂，但一般情况下，不含普通名词的纯有名词前不用冠词，如NewYork Dawning Street
但是，在江河，湖泊，海洋，山脉，群岛，海峡，海湾，运河前用the
①the Hudson River, theThames theAlps
the SuezCanal theSahara the Philippines
②在由普通名词构成的专有名词前用the
the GreatWall theSummer Palace
③有一些地名，如果是以纯专有名词开头的，一般不用冠词，但如果是以普通名词开头的，一般用定冠词。
Beijing University theUniversity of Beijing
3、西洋乐器名称前往往用定冠词，但是当此类名词用作普通名词时，可以与不定冠词连用。此外，中国乐器名词前不用冠词。
He is playing a borrowed violin.
4、in front of / in the frontoftake place/ take the place of
in possession of sth/ in the possession of sb in sight of /inthe sight of
take advice/ take theadvice
out of question(beyondquestion) out of thequestion(impossible)
He is in charge of the factory.The factory is in the charge ofhim.
5、a/the +名词+and +名词
Let me introduce Mr. Smith , an athlete and writer.
I met a professor and an author at the party.
Have you seen the white and yellow flags over there.
有些名词常成对出现，被视为一体，用一个冠词
a cup andsaucer aknife and fork a bow andarrow a needle and thread
6、I don’t know who invented the telephone ,but it’s a mostwonderful invention.
7、固定短语
To make matters worse, Mr. Green lost his job last year. So thefamily are struggling to make ends meet.
He is the only teacher who can speak French in our school and anonly son in the family.
He had decided to give it up, but on second thoughts he decidedto try a third time for the position.
8、the/a/an+名词+介宾短语
the +单数可数名词/不可数名词+介宾短语
Some people fear that air pollution may bring about changes inthe weather around the world.
The biggest whale is the blue whale, which grows to be about 29meters long—— the height of a 9-story building.
a /an+单数可数名词+介宾短语
In the United States, there is always a flow of people to areasof the country where more jobs can be found.
I like the color of your skirt. It is a good match for yourblouse.
