爱华网一、缩写词：Abbreviations in Note taking
l Use only theabbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remembereasily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations intoyour note taking at a time.
1．Symbols helpful in math -- these arecommonly used in texts and references.
S= sum
f= frequency
l Leave out periodsin standard abbreviations.
cf= compare
e.g.= example
dept= department
l Use only the firstsyllable of a word.
pol= politics
dem= democracy
lib= liberal
cap= capitalism
l Use entire firstsyllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
pres= presentation
subj= subject
ind= individual
cons= conservative
l Eliminate finalletters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizableabbreviation.
assoc= associate
biol= biology
info= information
ach= achievement
chem= chemistry
max= maximum
intro= introduction
conc= concentration
min= minimum
rep= repetition
l Omit vowels, retainonly enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of theword.
ppd= prepared
prblm= problem
estmt= estimate
bkgd= background
gvt= government
l Use an apostrophein place of letters.
am't= amount
cont'd= continued
gov't= government
educat'l= educational
l Form the plural ofa symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.
chpts= chapters
egs= examples
fs= frequencies
intros= introductions
l Use g to representing endings.
ckg= checking
estg=establishing
decrg= decreasing
exptg= experimenting
Spell out short wordssuch as in, at, to, but, for, and key.
l Abbreviations orsymbols for short words will make the notes too dense withshorthand.
Leave out unimportantwords.
Leave out the words aand the.
二、使用符号
A.逻辑符号：
+ 或& =and
w/ = with
w/o=without
= = is, are, means,refers to, like, is called 表等同关系
≠ = not,different
≈ = about,appoximately……表大概
abt =about
# = number
× = times
à =result in, cause, produces, therefore……表推断关系
ß =come from, derive from 来自……
ex 或eg。= example
@ = at
/ = of
< =less, smaller
>= more, larger
btw =between
= rise, increase, ascent……
= fall, decrease, descent……
∵∴ = becauseso 表因果
△表强调或注意的地方
++（+2）表示"多"的比较级：more
+3表示"多"的最高级：most
－表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/be in shortage of etc.
×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative,etc.
>表示"多于"概念：bigger/larger/greater/morethan/better than, etc.
表示"高" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.
<表示"少于"概念：less/smaller，etc.
表示"低"概念：inferior to，etc.、
表示"对手"概念：a match, rival, competitor,counterpart, etc.
（）表示"在……之间"：among, within, etc.
≠表示"不同"概念：be different from, etc.
表示"无敌"概念：matchless, peerless, etc.
～表示"大约"概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc.
/表示"否定"，"消除"等概念：cross out, eliminate,etc.
:表示各种各样"说"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce,declare, etc.
?表示"问题"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?
.（dot）这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday,".y"表示last year,".2m"表示two monthago."y"表示thisyear, "y2." two year later"next week", 可以表示为"wk."
∧表示转折
√表示"好的"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.
表示"同意"状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative,etc.
☆表示"重要的"状态：important，exemplary（模范的）best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.
n表示"交流"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.
&表示"和"，"与"：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.
∥表示"结束"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop,etc.
三、 较长单词的处理办法
-ism简写为m 例如：socialismSm
-tion简简写为n 例如：standardization（标准化）stdn
-cian简简写为o 例如：techniciantecho
-ing简写为g 例如：marketing （市场营销） MKTg
-ed简写为d 例如：acceptedacptd
-able/ible/ble简写为bl 例如：availableavbl
-ment简写为mt 例如：amendmentamdmt
-ize简写为z 例如：recognizeregz
-ful简写为fl 例如：meaningfulmnfl
