爱华网延续性动词与非延续性动词用法攻略
●万小泉（安徽巢湖）
一、延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。此类动词常见的如：learn, work, stand, lie,know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live,stay等。
非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。此类动词常见的如open, close, finish, begin,come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1. 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“段时间”的状语连用。表示“段时间”的短语有：for two years, during thepast three years, since接时间点或从句, how long等。如：
He has lived here for 6 years.他在这儿已住了六年了。
I have learned English sinceI came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2. 延续性动词不能与“点时间”状语连用。试比较：
误：It rained at eight yesterday morning.
正：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
析：rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示“点时间”，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin,get等非延续性动词来表示。又如：
--When did you get to know Jack?你什么时候认识杰克的？
--Two years ago.两年前。
--Then you’ve known each other for more than twoyears.那么你们相识已有两年了。
--That’s right.是这样的。
三、非延续性动词的用法特征
1. 非延续性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
The train hasarrived.火车到了。
Have you joined the computergroup?你加入电脑小组了吗？
2. 非延续性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。试比较：
⑴ 他死了三年了。
误：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
⑵ 史密斯先生来这儿五天了。
误：Mr. Smith has come here for five days.
正：Mr. Smith has been here for five days.
正：Mr. Smith came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since Mr. Smith came here.
正：Five days has passed since Mr. Smith came here.
析：⑴、⑵句中的die、come为非延续性动词，不能与表示“段时间”的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用以下四种方法：
⑴ 将句中非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。现表解常见转换类型：
延续性动词 | 非延续性动词 | 延续性动词 | 非延续性动词 |
leave | beaway | join | be in/be amember of |
borrow | keep | open | be open / keep…open |
buy | have | fallill | beill |
begin/start | beon | getup | beup |
die | bedead | catch acold | have acold |
moveto | livein | come here | be here |
end／finish | beover | go there | be there |
come back | be back | get to/ arrive / reach | be (in) |
get to know | know | put on | wear |
go (get) out | be out | become | be |
⑵ 将句中表示“段时间”的状语改为“...ago”时间短语，如上面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
⑶ 用句型“It is+段时间+since...”改写，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
⑷ 用句型“时间+has passed +since...”改写，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3. 非延续性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示“段时间”的状语连用。如：
He hasn’t left here since1986. 自1986年以来，他就未离开此地。
I haven’t heard from myfather for two weeks.我没有收到父亲来信已有两周时间了。
4. 非延续性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成“not+非延续性动词+until/till...”的句型，意为“直到……才……”。如：
You can’t leave here until Iarrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。
I will not go to bed until Ifinish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
5. 非延续性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是“点时间”(从句谓语动词用非延续性动词)，也可以是“段时间”(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：
When we reached London, itwas twelve o'clock. (reach为非延续性动词)
Please look after my daughterwhile/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6. 非延续性动词一般不可与how long连用，表示“……多久”。试比较：：
误：How long have you come here?
正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
7. 非延续性动词不能用于进行时态，若是进行时态形式则表示将来时态的含义。如：
I’mleaving for Lanzhou.我要出发去兰州。
延续性动词与非延续性动词用法专练
■笑泉（安徽巢湖）
I. 单项选择。
1. The factory ________ since the February of1988.
A . has beenopen B.has openedC. was openD. opened
2. Mary and Rose _______ friends since they met in2000.
A. havemadeB. have beenC. made D.have become
3. You mustn’t ________ until he comesback.
A. beawayB.leaveC. be leftD. left
4. Miss Gao _______ this school for nearly 5years.
A. has beeninB. has come toC. has taughtD. is teaching
5. --How long _______ he _______ ? --About sixyears.
A. diedB. has; diedC. has, been dead D. is;dying
6. He _______ at eight yesterdayafternoon.
A. sleptB. was sleeping C.has sleepD. had slept
7. --How long _______ you _______ ill ? --Twoweeks.
A. did;fallB. have; fellC. have; beenD. have; become
8. Since 2000, he _______ hishometown.
A. hasleftB. has moved away
C. has been awayfromD. has come out of
9. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus________ for 20 minutes.
A. hasleftB. had left C.has been away D. had beenaway
10. --Are you _______ the jacket thesedays?
A.wearingB. putting onC. dressingD. on
II. 单句改错。下列各句均有一处错误，请找出并改正。
1. Tom is ill in hospital because he has caught acold for several days.
2. -- How long can I get the book? -- Twoweeks.
3. The meeting has finished for a week and nowI’ll go home.
4. Ben loves teaching and he has become a teacherfor 4 years .
5. I’ll lend you the book, but you can only borrowit for 2 days.
III. 翻译句子。
1. 我入党已有五年了。
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2. 到目前为止，公交车已经在路上停了2个小时。
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3. 她返回家已有一周了。
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4. 这部小汽车他买了已经有两周时间。
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5.Mary昨晚直到10点钟才上床睡觉。
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