situation用法 advice的用法 Look at the terrible situation I am in！If only I _

考点：

虚拟语气的概念：

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：

一、真实条件句：
真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是如果的意思。
时态关系句型：条件从句：一般现在时；主句：shall/will+动词原形
如：If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例题：
The volleyball match will be put off if it___.
A. will rain
B. rains
C. rained
D. is rained
答案：B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will。
如：（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

二、非真实条件句：
非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型：从句：一般过去时；主句：should(would)+动词原形
如：If they were here, they would help you.
b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型：条件从句：过去完成时；主句：should(would)have+过去分词
如：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
c.表示对将来的假想句型：
条件从句：一般过去时；主句：should+动词原形
从句： were+不定式；主句：would+动词原形 should+动词原形
如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

三、混合条件句：
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
如：If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

比较if only与only if：

only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。
如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
It is(high) time that It is(high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
如：It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
need“不必做”和“本不该做"”
didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事，事实上也没做。
needn'thavedone表示：过去不必做某事，但事实上做了。
如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
典型例题：
There was plenty o ftime. She___.
A. mustn't have hurried
B. couldn't have hurried
C. must not hurry
D. needn't have hurried
答案：D。needn't havedone. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 Mustn't have done用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done,“不可能已经”。must not do不可以（用于一般现在时）

特殊的虚拟语气词should 的用法：

1）It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，should可省略。
句型：
如：It is suggested that we(should) hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he(should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist+(should)do
如：I suggest that we(should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he(should) be sent there.
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
如：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错：（错）You pale face suggests that you(should) be ill.
（对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
（错）I insisted that you(should) be wrong.
（对）I insisted that you were wrong.
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。
如：My idea is that we(should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we(should) hold a meeting next week.

虚拟语气知识体系：

虚拟条件句的倒装：

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。
如：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
如：If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题：_____to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I
B. I were
C. Were I
D. Was I
答案：C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。
但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do.，而不能说Weren't I to do。

情态动词的概念：

情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。

几组词的辨析：

1、need和dare的用法：
need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。
（1）用作情态动词：
如：—Need I come? 我需要来吗？
—Yes, you must. 需要。
You needn′t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。
I don′t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。
She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
How dare you say I′m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？
Not one of them dared mention this.他们谁也不敢提这件事。
（2）用作实义动词：
如：You don′t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。
We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。
The table needs painting(to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
We should dare to give our own opinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。
He did not dare(to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。
I dare day he′ll come again. 我想他会再来的。
2、can和be able to：
（1）情态动词can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式。
如：Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
（2）用在过去时中，could经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。
如：He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn′t feel like it that day.
他能游过英吉利海峡，但那天他不想游。
Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
3、must和have to：
must表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。
如：I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。
We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。
4、would和used to：
（1）usedto表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，而would只表过去的情况。
如：People used to think that the earth was flat. 过去人们认为地球是平的。（现在人们不这么认为。）
She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
在乡下时，她总是在早晨去散会儿步。（可能现在仍有散步的习惯。）
（2）used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
如：He used to∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。

情态动词的基本用法：

1、can(could)：
1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。
如：Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？
2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。
如：The temperature can fall to–60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至-60℃，也就是零下60℃。
He can′t(couldn′t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
You mustn′t smoke while you′re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.
在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。
3）表示允许。
如：Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？
He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
如：Where can(could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？
He can′t(couldn′t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？
5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
如：Can(Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？
I′m afraid we couldn′t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2、may(might)：
1）表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。
如：You may take what ever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
May(Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？
在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式：
如：Yes, please./Certainly. /Please don′t./You′d better not./No, you mustn′t.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。
如：He may be at home. 他可能在家。
She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。
如：They might be having a meeting, but I′m not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。
3、must：
1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。
如：We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
You mustn′t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。
—Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？
—No, you needn′t./No, you don′t have to.不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn′t）
2）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。
如：He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
如：She′s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot o fmoney. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。
4、shall：
1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。
如：Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？
Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？
What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么？
2）表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。
如：You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）
You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）
如：Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心）
5、will：
1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。
如：I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
None is so blind as those who won′t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
If you will read the book, I′ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
2）表请求，用于疑问句。
如：Will you close the window? It′s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。
Won′t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？
3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
如：Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
The door won′t open. 这门打不开。
The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。
6、should：
1）表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。
如：You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
You shouldn′t waste anytime. 你不应该浪费时间。
2）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。
如：The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。
They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
7、would：
1）表意愿。
如：They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
如：Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗？
Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？
They wouldn′t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
如：Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。
8、ought to：
1）表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。
如：You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。
You oughtn′t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。
如：Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
There′s a fine sun set; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。
9、used to：
表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。
如：He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。
There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。
I usedn′t (didn′t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。
Used you(Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？

情态动词的其他用法：

首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作（如写，读，跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，也许，敢）。
用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形：
句：I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪，态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
如：We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？
Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗？
You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。

情态动词知识体系：

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