爱华网2014年新版八年级英语下册知识点<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
Unit 1. what’s the matter?
一．重点短语归纳
1. foot---feet 脚 <复> tooth---teeth 牙齿 <复>
2. have a cold 感冒
3. have a stomachache 胃疼
4. have a sore back背疼
5. have a sore throat喉咙疼
6. have a fever发烧
7. lie down and (have a)rest 躺下休息 have a rest 休息
8. hot tea with honey 加蜜的热茶
9. see a dentist 看牙医 see a doctor 看医生
10.drink lots of water多喝水
11.lots of ,a lot of, a lot
a lot of=lots of，可以修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词，一般用在肯定句中。：
There are lots of （ a lot of） books in our library.
There is a lot of water on the ground
a lot,是一个副词词组，跟动词连用；表示十分，很等意思； Thanks a lot.
12. have a toothache牙疼
13. That’s a good idea好主意
14. go to bed 去睡觉 go to bed early 早上床睡觉
15. feel well感到好 feel ill 感到不舒服
I don’t feel well= I’m not feeling well
我感觉不舒服.
16. start doing/ to do sth开始做某事
TO DO 是一件事情完成了，开始做另外一件事情
DOING是原来的那件事情做到一半，现在又开始做了，是同一件事情。
17. two days ago两天前
18. get some rest 多休息, 休息一会儿
19. I think so我认为是这样
20. be thirsty口渴
21. be hungry 饥饿
22. be stressed out紧张
23. listen to music听音乐
24. healthy lifestyle健康的生活方式
25. traditional Chinese doctors传统中医
26. need to do sth 需要做某事
I have a toothache. I need to see a dentist. 我牙痛, 我需要去看牙医.
We need to keep our classroom clean. 我们需要保持教室的干净.
27. a balance of yin and yang阴阳平衡
28. for example例如
29. too much yin太多的阴, 阴气太盛
too much + 不可数名词 太多的…
much too +形/副 实在太… 极其，非常
too many + 可数名词复数 太多的…
30.be good for sth./ doing sth. 对什么有益 ，对什么有好处
be bad for sth./ doing sth. 对什么有害
be good to 对…好
be good at =do well in 在……方面好，擅长
be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法
1.be good for 对......有益
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
做早操对你们的建康有益。
2.be good at 擅长于......
Li Ping is good at basketball. 李平擅长于篮球。
= Li Ping is good at playing basketball. 李平擅长于打篮球。
be good at = do well in 如：
I'm good at math. = I do well in math. 我擅长于数学。
3.be good to 对......好
Parents are always good to their children.父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。
31.get good grades 取得好成绩
32.angry 用法 be angry with sb生某人的气
I was angry with him for keeping me waiting.<?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" />我对他很生气，因为他让我等了好久。
be angry at/ about sth 就某事生气
33.Chinese medicine 中药
34.be popular in + some place 在某地很流行
Chinese medicine is now popular in many western countries. 现在中药在许多西方国家受欢迎。
35.in western countries在西方国家
36.It’s easy to do sth做某事是容易的。 It’s important to do sth . 做某事很重要。
37.balanced diet平衡饮食
38.get tired 感到疲倦 be/get tired
39.go out at night在晚上出去
When you are tired, you shouldn’t go out at night. 疲倦时，晚上你不该外出
40.stay healthy 保持健康 =keep healthy=keep in good health
41.at the moment此时，此刻= now
I’m not feeling very well at the moment
42.enjoy sth. =like sth. (名词)喜欢某物,
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事=like dong sth
enjoy oneself (myself, yourself,herself, himself, themselves, ourselves, itself
反身代词) 玩得高兴，过得愉快=have a good time = have a wonderful time =have fun
43. conversation practice会话练习
44. host family 寄宿家庭
45. have a lot of headaches经常疼痛
I’m tired and I have a lot of headaches. 我很疲劳，而且经常头痛。
46. a few + 可数名词复数 少许…
a little + 不可数名词/形/副 一点…
47.He shouldn’t eat anything
=He should eat nothing. 他不应当吃任何东西.
48.give sb some advice给某人建议give advice 提出建议
advice 是不可数名词
a piece of advice 一则建议 take one’s advice 采纳或听从某人的建议
He gave me some good advice.
他向我提了一些很好的意见。
49.sleep 8 hours a night每晚睡眠八小时
50.take medicine 吃药 服药
I have to take medicine three times a day for my cold.因为感冒，我不得不一天吃三次药。
二 固定结构
It’s +形 + for sb. + to do sth.
做某事对某人来说是…的。
It’s important to do sth .做某事很重要。
It’s important for me to eat a balanced diet. 平衡饮食对我来说是很重要的.
It’s easy to do sth做某事是容易的。
It’s easy for us to find out the answer. 找出答案对我们来说是容易的
三．重点句子
1.What’s the matter ? What’s the mater with you ? 你怎么啦？
=What’s the trouble with you?=What’s wrong with you?
I have a cold / have a sore back / have a stomachache
2.That’s too bad. You should / shouldn’t … 那太糟糕了. 你应该/不该…
You should lie down and rest / drink hot tea with honey / see a dentist / see a doctor .
He shouldn’t eat anything = He should eat nothing. 他不应当吃任何东西.
3.I’m not felling well . 这里well表示身体状况，不能用good代替
I don’t feel well= I’m not feeling well 我感觉不舒服.
4.When did it start ? About two days ago . 什么时候开始的？大约两天前
5.I hope you fell better soon . 我希望你很快好起来
这里better是well的比较级
6.Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy. 传统中医认为我们需要阴阳调和以保持身体健康。
这里 to be healthy是动词不定式短语，作目的状语
7.You should eat hot yang foods, like beef. 你应该吃一些像牛肉之类的阳性食物。
8.Eating Dangshen and Huangqi herbs is also good for this.
吃党参和黄芪等草本植物也对这有好处。
9.People who are too stressed out and angry may have too much yang.
太紧张易怒的人或许吃了太多的阳性食物。too much后跟不可数名词，而too many后跟可数名词复数
10.It’s easy to have a healthy lifestyle ,and it’s important to eat a balanced diet . 有一个健康的生活方式很容易，饮食平衡是很重要的。
→ It’s easy to do sth . 做某事容易 / It’s important to do sth . 做某事重要
11.You should rest for a few nights. 你应该休息几个晚上
12.I study late every night, sometimes until 2 am, but I don’t think I’m improving.
我每天晚上学到很晚，有时到凌晨2点钟，但我认为我没有提高。
13believe in 信任某人，强调品质，believe sb.相信某人的话
I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.
他的话是真的，但是我不信任他这个人。
14 .I have a toothache . I need to see a dentist .
→ need意思为 “需要” ，作实义动词时，后跟动词不定式，否定式为don’t /doesn’t / didn’t need (to do sth.) ；作情态动词时，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，否定式为needn’t(do sth.) ，除有过去式外，没有其它的形态变化
四．知识结构
1.情态动词should的用法
should是情态动词，它的基本用法是必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，意为"应该......"。
should（应当，应该）用于所有人称，表示劝告或建议。
eg. You should wait a little more.
你应该再多等一会儿。
--- I have a very bad cold.我感冒很厉害。
--- You should lie down and have a rest.你应该躺下，多喝水。
2maybe与may be
1.maybe是副词，译为“也许、可能”，相当于“perhaps”。如：
Maybe he can answer the question. 也许他能回答那个问题。
He maybe is from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
2.may be中的may为情态动词，译为“可能是......”。如：
He may be from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
She may be our English teacher. 她可能是我们的英语老师
3too many,too much与much too
1.too many意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：
There are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。
2.too much意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词。如：
We have too much work to do. 我们有太多的工作要做。
3.much too表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it.
箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。
4 few、a few、little、a little的区别和联系：
1.few / a few用来修饰可数名词，few表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有；a few表示有肯定意思， 有几个。 例如：
He has few friends here, he feels lonely. 他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。
There are a few eggs in the basket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。
2.little / a little用来修饰不可数名词，little表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有。
a little 表示肯定意思，有一点儿。 例如：
There is little ink in my bottle, can you give me a little ink?
我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗？
5 not…until 直到 …(否定句) 才，动词为短暂性或瞬间性动词
She didn’t leave until we came.
He went shopping after he got up.
=He didn’t go shopping until /before he got up.
……until/till 直到··· （肯定句）动词为延续性动词
We stayed here till/until 12 o’clock.
Unit 2 I'll help clean the city parks.
一．知识点： 短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动
词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放
在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出
run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
1.cheer (sb.) up 使(某人)高兴、振作 如：cheer me up 使我高兴
clean up 打扫 clean-up n. 打扫
2. homeless adj. 无家可归的 a homeless boy 一个无家可归的男孩home n. 家
4. sick adj. 生病的 作表语、定语
ill adj. 生病的 作表语 ，不能作定语
5. volunteer to do v. 志愿效劳、主动贡献
volunteer n. 志愿者
6. come up with 提出 想出 === think up 想出
catch up with 赶上 追上
7. put off doing 推迟做某事
put on 穿上 (指过程)
put up 张贴
8. write down 写下 记下
9. call up 打电话
make a telephone call 打电话
10. set up 成立 建立
The new hospital was set up in 2000. 这座医院是在2000年成立的。
11. each 每个 各自的 强调第一个人或事物的个别情况 常与of 连用
every 每个 每一个的 一切的 则有“全体”的意思不能与of 连用
12. put …to use 把… 投入使用，利用
They put the new machine to use. 他们把新机器投入使用
13. help sb. (to) do 帮助某人做某事 help him (to) study
help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 help him with English
help do 帮助做某事 help study
14. plan to do 计划做某事
plan + 从句
I plan to go to <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Beijing. === I plan (that) I will go to Beijing.
我计划去北京。
15. spend … doing 花费…做… I spent a day visiting Beijing.
我花了一天的时间去参观北京。
spend… on sth. 花费…在… I spent 3 years on English.
16.not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best.
我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
①Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
②Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)Either Lily or you are a student.
③Not only …but (also)…
④There be
17. join 参加 (指参加团体、组织) 如：join the Party 入党
take part in 参加 (指参加活动) 如：
take part in sports meeting 参加运动会
18. run out 与 run out of
①run out (become used up). 其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本
身就含有被动意义。
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花光了。
My patience has completely run out. 我没有一点耐心了。
Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。
②run out of 主语为人，表示主动含义。
He is always running out of money before pay day. 他总是在发工资的日子还没有到就把钱花完了。
两者在一定条件下可以互换
如：The petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了
= We are running out of petrol. 我们快把汽油用完了。
Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。= We are running out of time
19. take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像
be similar to 与..相像 take after 相像
look after 照顾 take care of 照顾
20. work out v. + adj.
①结局，结果为
The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 他提出的这个策略效果很好。
②算出，制订出，消耗完（精力等）
He never seems to be worked out. 他好像永远不会疲乏似的。
He worked out a plan. 他制订了一个计划。
I have worked out our total expenses. 我已经算出了我们总的费用。
21. hang out 闲荡 闲逛
I like to hang out at mall with my friends. 我喜欢和我的朋友一起去购物中心闲荡。
22. be able to do 能 会
be unable to do 不能 不会
23. thank you for doing 谢谢做某事 如：
thank you for helping me 谢谢做帮助我
24. for sure 确实如此，毫无疑问
You don’t have money. That’s for sure. 你没有钱，这是毫无疑问的。
25. fill… with… 使…充满… 用…填充…
She filled the bowl with water. 她用水填满碗。
26. like prep. 像…
27. help sb. out 帮助…做事，解决难题(摆脱困境)
I can’t work out this math problem. Please help me out.
我不能算出这道数学问题，请你帮我解决。
28. train n. 火车 train v. 训练
train sb. to do. 训练某人做某事
She trains her dog to fetch things. 她训练她的狗去取东西。
29. at once == right away 立刻 马上 如：
Do it at once. 马上去做。
I’ll go there at once/ right away. 我马上去那里。
30. one day 有一天 (指将来/过去) some day 有一天(指将来) 如：
One day I went to Beijing. 有一天我去了北京。
Some day I’ll go to Beijing. 有一天我将去北京。
31. specially adv. 特意地 专门地 特别地 special adj. 特别的
32. donation n. 捐赠物 donate v. 捐赠 赠送
33. part of speech 词性 词类
34. disabled adj. 肢体有残疾的 disable v. 不能
35. hand out 分发 hand out bananas
give out 分发 give out sth to sb. 分….给某人
give up doing 放弃… give up smoking 放弃吸烟
give away 赠送 捐赠 give away sth. to …. give away money to kids
give sb. sth. 给某人某东西 give me money 给我钱
give sth. to sb. 给某人某东西 give money to me 给我线
36. volunteer ①可数名词 “志愿者” ②adj. 自愿的
vi. volunteer to do sth
They are the Chinese People’s Volunteers. 他们是中国人民志愿军。
I volunteer to help you. 我自愿帮助你。
37. no longer = not … any longer 指时间上不再延续。
no more = not … any more 指动作上不再延续。
二．短语
1.clean up 清扫
2.give out 分发，发放
3.cheer up=make…happier 使...高兴，使...振作
4.after school study program 课外学习班
5.come up with=think up 提出，想出
6.put off 推迟
7.write down 写下，记下
8.put up 张贴
9.hand out 分发，发放
10.call up 打电话
11.ser up=establish 建立
12.be home to sb 是某人的家园
13.volunteer one’s time to do sth 自愿花时间干...
14.put…to use… 把...投入使用
15.elementary school 小学
16.plan to do sth 计划干...打算干
17.coach a football team for kids 训练少年足球队
18.start a Chinese History club 开办一个中国史俱乐部
19.run out of 用完，耗尽
20.take after 在性格或长相方面与父母相象
21.fix up 修理
22.give away 捐赠
23.be similar to 与...相似
24.ask for 索要
25.a call-in center for parents 家长热线
26.hang out 闲荡
27.put up signs asking for singing jobs 张贴寻求唱歌工作的广告
28.run out of money for singing lessons 学唱歌的钱用完了
29.disabled people 残疾人
30.for sure 确实如此，毫无疑问
31.fill…with... 用...填充... be full of 装满了...
32.help...out 帮助...做事，解决难题（摆脱困境）
33.a specially trained dog 一只经过特殊训练的狗
34.train sb to do sth 训练某人干...
35.fetch my book 把我的书拿来
36.part of speech 词性
三．句子
1．We can’t put off making a plan. Clean-up Day is only two weeks from
now. 我们不能推迟制订计划，清洁日离现在只有两周了。
2．She puts this love to good use by working in the after-school care centre at her local elementary school. 她在当地的一所小学的课后辅导中心工作，使这个爱好得到较好的利用
3．Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do. 帮助别人不但自己感到快乐，而且我开始花时间做自己喜欢做的事了。
4．The three students plan to set up a student volunteer project at heir school. 这三个学生计划在他们校开展一个学生志愿者项目。
5.He also put up some sign asking for old bikes.他还贴了一些需求旧自行车的告。
6.The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 几米想出的这个办法很效。
7．He did a radio interview. 他接受了电台的采访。
8．We need to come up with a plan. 我们需要指定一个计划。
9．You could help clean up the city parks. 你可以帮助打扫城市公园。
10．He now has sixteen bikes to fix up and give away to children who
don’t have bikes. 他现在有16辆要修理的自行车，并准备把这些修好的自行车赠送给那些没有自行车的孩子。
Unit 3 Could you please clean your room?
一．重要词组及短语
1. could you please do sth.? 你能……吗？/ 请你干……好吗？
2. do the chores 做杂务
3. do the dishes 洗餐具
4. sweep the floor 清扫地板
5. take out the trash 倒垃圾
6. make one's bed 铺床
7. fold one's clothes 叠衣服
8. clean the living room 清扫客厅
9. stay out late 晚归
10. come over 过来
11. have a test 考试
12. get a ride 搭车
13. use one's computer 使用某人的电脑
14. hate sth. / hate to do sth. / hate doing sth. 讨厌某事/做某事
like to do (doing) sth.
15. do the laundry = do some washing = wash clothes 洗衣服
16. make breakfast / make dinner = do some cooking 做饭
17. wash the car 刷车
18. work on 从事，忙于
work at 学习、致力于、在……上下工夫
19. borrow some money 借一些钱
borrow sth. from sb. 向某人借某物(借入)
lend sb. sth.= lend sth. to sb. 借给某人某物(借出)
You can borrow some money from your brother.
你可以向你哥哥借些钱。
Can you lend me your bike? 你能借给我你的自行车吗？
20. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
They invited me to join their club. 他们邀请我参加俱乐部。
invite sb to a place
invite you to my party
21. go to the store 去商店
22. agree sb. to do sth. 同意某人做某事
agree with sb. 同意某人的意见
disagree sb. to do sth. 不同意某人做某事
disagree with sb. 不同意某人的意见
23. take care of = look after 照顾、照看、照料
take good care of = look after … well 把……照管得好
26. take sb. for a walk 带某人去散步
27. play with sb. 和某人玩
28. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(做过)
（1）do, make 短语归类
do the dishes 洗餐具
do my homework 做我的家庭作业
do chores 做家务，处理琐事
do the laundry 洗衣
do the shopping 购物
do some reading 读书
make your bed 铺床
make breakfast 做早餐
make dinner 做晚饭
make tea 泡茶，沏茶
make a cup of coffee 冲一杯咖啡
（2）关于 to 的短语总结：
have to do sth. 不得不，必须做某事
need to do sth. 需要做某事 hate to do sth. 讨厌做某事
like to do sth. 喜欢做某事 want to do sth. 想做某事
love to do sth. 热爱做某事 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事
start to do sth. 开始做某事 begin to do sth. 开始做某事
ask sb to do sth. 请某人做某事
二．重点句型
1. Could you please clean your room?
Yes, sure. / Sorry, I can't. I have to do my homework first.
2. Could I please use the car?
Sure. / Certainly. / Of course. / No, you can't. I have to go out.
在表示请求帮助或请求允许的疑问句中，常用 could 代替 can，以表示礼貌，委婉或不确定的语气，而 can 则不具备这些语气。这种情况下不能把 could 看作 can 的过去式。以上两句中用 could 是为了表示礼貌的请求。表示请求帮助或请求允许时，除了 can, could 之外，还可以用 may，句子的表达方式也各有不同，可以用不同的方式来表示同一个概念。例：
Could / Can / May I use your car for a day?
作允答可以各种各样：
如同意可以说 Yes，或 Sure 或 Certainly，还可说 Yes, (do) please. 或 Of course. (you may / can). 或 That's OK / all right.
如果不同意，可以说 I'm sorry you can't. 或 I'm really sorry, but I have to use it today. 要避免说 No, you can't. 这样显得很不礼貌。否定回答通常用委婉语气。
Unit4.Why don’t you talk to your parents?
一. 重要词汇和句型
1. get ( 1 ) 买 get sth. for sb. == get sb. sth. 为某人买某物
Can you get some fruit for me when you go shopping ?
== Can you get me some fruit when you go shopping ?
( 2 ) 得到, 到达 Where did you get the book ?
When did you get the letter ? He got home late last night .
(3) 使, 让 get + 宾语 + 宾补 使某人 某物 怎么样
Please get you coat clean . Get your mouth closed .
get sb. to do sth. 使某人 某物做某事
I got him to call Jim yesterday .
(4) ( 逐渐) 变得…The weather gets warmer and days get longer .
Why did the teacher get angry ?
2. how about what about 后跟名词 代词 动词ing形式。
( 1) 向对方提出建议或请求
How about going out for a walk ?How about something to eat ?
(2) 向对方征求意见或看法
How about the TV play ? How about buying the house now ?
( 3 ) 询问天气或身体情况
How about the weather in Hainan Island ?
How about your parents ? Are they living with you ?
( 4 ) 谈话中承接上下文
I’m forty years old . How about you ?
I’m from Beijing . How about you ?
3. receive 收到 The girl was happy to receive many gifts on her birthday .
receive a letter from == get a letter from == heard from收到某人的信
I received a letter from my parents last Sunday .
== I got a letter from my parents last Sunday .
== I heard from my parents last Sunday .
accept 接受 He couldn’t accept our suggestions but our gifts .
She was very glad to receive the invitation .
He didn’t receive a good education at university .
I received an invitation to the party , but I refused to accept it .
4. a 6--year – old child 一个六岁的孩子
6--year – old 是由 “数词 +名词 + 形容词 ” 构成的复合形容词, 作前置定语,
修饰后面的名词child .
数词+名词+形容词 构成的复合形容词，中间的名词要用单数形式：
a five-year-old girl 一个五岁的女孩
a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞
a two-meter-long ruler 一把两米长的尺子 a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑
a ten-story-high building 一栋十层高的楼房
a two-inch-thick dictionary一本两英寸厚的词典
5. too … to… 太…… 而不能 ……
too 后跟形容词或副词原形, to 后跟动词原形, 构成不定式. 句子的主语与
动词不定的主语不一时, 可以在动词不定式前加逻辑主语for sb.
He is too young to join the army ( 军队) .
The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out .
表示否定意义的never not 和too … to… 连用时表达肯定一样.
One is never too old to learn .
too … to… 可以与 enough to 和 so… that … 转换.
与enough to转换 时, enough 前的形容词, 副词必须是too 后面形容词,
副词的反义词, 并使用其否定句式.
She is too young to do the work .
== she isn’t old enough to do the work .
与 so… that … 转换时, that 后面的从句要用否定形式.
Tom is too tired to walk any farther .
== Tom is so tired that he can’t walk any farther .
6. cost 1) 动词 , 花费 价值 (多少钱 )
How much did it cost ?
I didn’t buy it because it cost too much .
The meal cost us about 100 yuan .
(2 ) 名词 , 成本, 费用, 价钱. at all costs不惜任何代价; at the cost
of 以 …… 为代价.
Living costs are higher in cities than that in the country .
We must stop it at all costs .
After the earthquake , the soldiers tried to reach the area at the
cost of their lives .
7. pay , spend , cost , take 的区别
pay 花费 ( 多少钱 ) , 主语是人. Sb. pay some money for sth.
I paid 5000 yuan for the computer last week .
Spend 花费 ( 多少钱或时间 ),主语是人. Sb. spend some money on sth.
Sb. spend some time ( in ) doing sth.
I spent 5000 yuan on the computer last week .
She spent 2 hours ( in ) doing her homework .
cost 花费 ( 多少钱 ) , 主语是物. Sth. cost sb. some money .
This jacket cost him 200 dollars .
take 花费 (时间 ),It takes sb. some time to do sth .
花费某人多少时间做某事
How long does it take sb. to do sth ?
花费某人多少时间做某事?
It took Liu Hong 2 hours to do her homework .
It takes me 10 minutes to walk to school from home .
It will take them 6 months to build the building .
How long does it take him to plant the trees ?
8. sleep , sleeping, sleepy , asleep , fall asleep , be asleep
sleep 动词, 睡觉, 强调动作. I am very tired . I want to sleep .
He slept for 12 hours yesterday .
sleeping , Sleep 的现在分词, 表示 “ 正在睡觉”
Don’t make so much noise . The baby is sleeping .
They woke up the sleeping girl and asked her where her parents were .
sleepy 想睡觉的, 困倦的. I am a little sleepy . I’d like to go to bed .
asleep 睡着了的.
The teacher found Tom asleep in class and kept him behind after school .
Would you mind turning down the TV ? The baby is asleep .
fall asleep 强调从没有睡着到睡着的过程, 不能接一段时间
I couldn’t fall asleep until it was very late last night .
He listened to music and fell asleep .
be asleep 表示睡着后的状态 , “ 睡着了”, 可以接一段时间 .
He was asleep for three hours .
9. choose 动词, “ 选择,挑选 ” , 过去式chose, 过去分词chosen
choose to do sth. 选择做某事
can’t Choose but 只得……
pick and choose 挑挑拣拣
There are many books to choose from .
We choose mike as our leader ( 领导 ).
Will you help me choose a dictionary ?
Everyone can’t choose but obey ( 服从 ) .
It’s her habit (习惯 ) to pick and choose while shopping .
10. present (1) 礼物, 礼品 == gift Why not give him a card as a present ?
what can I get him for a birthday present ?
( 2 ) 目前, 现在 I’m sorry he is out at present .
You have to forget the past and start living in the present .
11. open ( 1 ) 动词, 打开 , 开业, 开张, 展现
It’s not right to open other people’s letters .
Would you mind opening the window ?
The door opens to the south .
This factory opened in 1998.
( 2 ) 形容词, be open 开着的, 开放的
In his dream the flowers are all open .
Most shops are closed but several are still open .
On weekends the swimming pool is open to the public .
close 动词, 关闭, 关上 , 合上
Please close the door to keep the cold out .
closed 形容词, be closed 关着的, 关闭的
when we got to the shop it was closed .
12 . give away 赠送 , 分发 give away sth to sb
Aunt Wang gave away the candies (糖果 ) to the kids .
John gave away his notebook to me .
其它短语 give up 放弃 give back 归还 give off 放出, 发出(气味)
give sth to sb == give sb. sth . 把某物给某人
13. rather than 而不是 …… 后面跟名词, 代词, 从句
The color seems green rather than blue .
If you ran rather than walked , you would have arrived earlier .
We depend on you rather than on him .
You should help them rather than they should help you .
prefer to do sth rather than do sth . 宁愿…… , 也不 ……
She preferred to stay at home rather than go with us .
He preferred to listen to music rather than play games .
Would rather do sth than do sth . 宁愿…… , 也不 ……
He would rather play than work .
I would rather take the slowest train than go there by air .
14. instead (1) 位于句首, 表示 “ 反而, 相反”
I didn’t go to the cinema last night . instead, I watched a football match on TV.
The boy didn’t sing to the music . Instead , he sang his own way .
( 2 ) 位于句尾, 表示 “ 作为代替, 而是”
Mr smith was ill , so mr green was taking his class instead .
I don’t like this one , please give me that instead .
instead of 后跟名词, 代词, 动名词, 介词短语.表示 “ 代替, 而不是”
I have come instead of my brother . He is ill .
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator ( 电梯 ) .
He studies in the evening instead of during the day .
15. enter (1) 参加 == take part in join
More than one thousand sportsmen entered took part in the games .
My brother hopes to enter join the army next year .
( 2 ) 进入 ==come into go into
She entered came into the room with these words .
Did you see someone enter go into the house ?
16. encourage 动词, 鼓励, 激励 encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事
Parents should encourage children to do things by themselves .
Our English teacher encourages us to keep a dairy in English .
17. progress 名词, “ 进步, 进展” make progress “取得进步, 取得进展”
My parents are pleased with my progress in lessons .
Tom is now making much great progress at school .
They made no progress in the heavy snow .
18. suggest 动词, 建议, 提议. 后跟名词, 代词, 动名词和从句
she suggested a way out of the difficulty .
he suggested going home .
who suggested you staying here ?
I suggested we ( should ) hold a meeting .
19. take an interest in ( doing ) sth. 对 ( 做 )某事感兴趣
否定表达是 take no interest in ( doing ) sth. 对 ( 做 )某事不感兴趣
Do you take an interest in English ?
Most children take an interest in playing computer games .
He takes no interest in playing basketball .
be become interested in ( doing ) sth对 ( 做 )某事感兴趣
I’m deeply interested in swimming .
She became interested in singing when she was only 7 years old .
20. Three good ways of improving English are mentioned .
提到了三种提高英语的好方法.
of improving English是介词短语作定语修饰ways . 它相当与 动词不定式.
Three good ways of improving English are mentioned .
=== Three good ways to improve English are mentioned .
Can you find a way to work out the problem ?
==Can you find a way of working out the problem ?
Fast is another way of saying quick .
== Fast is another way to say quick .
Mention (1) 动词, “ 提到, 提及, 说起 ”
as mentioned above 如上所述
He often mentioned his past to me .
Nobody mentioned anything to me about it .
Did she mention where she was going ?
You mentioned in your letter that you might be moving abroad .
As mentioned above , there are many good ways to learn English well .
( 2 ) 名词, “ 提及, 说起 ”
The newspaper made no mention of him .
21. make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友
Would you like to make friends with us ?
I find it difficult to make friends with Ben .
二. 形容词、 副词
一、形容词
（一）形容词的含义：表示人或事物的特征、性质、状态的词叫形容词。
（二）形容词的用法及位置：
1．作定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后。
The nice girl is my sister .
I have something important to tell you .
2. 少数形容只能作表语不能作定语：alone , afraid , ill , asleep , awake , alive , well 。
3.作表语，放在系动词之后。 He looks happy .
4. 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后，常与make , leave , keep 等动词连用。
You must keep your eyes closed .
Don’t make your hands dirty .
5. 某些形容词放在定冠词the之后，表示一类人。常见的词有：good , bad , rich , poor ,
young , old , deaf , blind , black , white , living , dead 。
The young should be polite to the old .
Please don’t laugh at the poor .
6. 某些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式（to + 动词原形）：
glad , happy , pleased
be sorry , sad , sure , kind + to do sth .
ready , afraid , able
easy , difficult
(三) 形容词比较级和最高级的构成：
1．规则变化
（1）一般情况，直接在词尾加er est 。
(2) 以不发音的字母e结尾时， 加 r st 。
（3）以“辅音字母 +y ”结尾时， 把y变为 i ，再加er est 。
( 4) 部分形容词，先双写最后一个辅音字母，再加er est 。
big , hot, fat , thin , red ,
(5) 部分形容词， 在前面加 more most 。
beautiful , careful , important , delicious , difficult , dangerous
(6) 以ly结尾的形容词，在前面加more most 。
friendly(友好的) , lonely（孤独的） , lovely（可爱的）
Likely（有希望的） , daily （日常的）, lively （有生气的）
2. 不规则变化
good well --- better--- best many much --- more--- most
bad ill --- worse --- worst little --- less --- least
far ---farther (较远的) further (进一步的) ---farthest (最远的) furthest （最大程度的）
old ---older(年纪较大的) elder（年纪最大的）---oldest（较年长的） eldest (最年长的)
(四) 形容词原级的用法：
1．说明人或事物自身的性质、特征或状态时用形容词原形。
The flowers in the garden are beautiful .
2. 有表示程度的副词very , so , too, enough , quite 等修饰时，用形容词原形。
The boy is too young .
3.表示A与B在某方面程度相同或不同时，用形容词原形。
肯定句：A + 动词 + as + 形容词原形 + as + B 。
English is as interesting as Chinese .
Xiao Ming is as tall as Jim .
否定句：A + 动词 + not as so+ 形容词原形 + as + B 。
This book is not as so new as that one .
I am not so careful as Lucy .
否定句的结构相当于 A + 动词 + less + 形容词原形 + than + B 。
He thinks Chinese is less interesting than English .
4. 表示“A 是B 的几倍”： A +动词+ 倍数+ as + 形容词原形 + as + B 。
Our school is three times as big as theirs .
This table is twice as long as that one .
5．“A + 动词 +Half + as + 形容词原形 +as + B”表示“A是B的一半”
Her room is half as big as yours .
(五)、形容词比较级的用法：
1．表示两者进行比较时，用形容词比较级：A + 动词+ 形容词比较级 + than + B
Lily’s room is bigger than mine .
This mooncake is nice than that one .
2． 有表示程度的副词a little , a bit , a few , a lot , much , even , still ,
Far , rather , any 等修饰时，用形容词比较级。
I feel even worse now . It is much colder today than before .
3. 表示两者之间“哪一个更、、、”：which who is +形容词比较级, A or B ?
Who is taller , L i Ming or Wang Tao ?
Which sweater is more beautiful , the yellow one or the pink one ?
4. 表示“几倍于、、、、、、”时， 用“A + 动词 + 倍数+比较级 + than + B ”
I am three years older than you .
5．表示“两者之间较、、、、、、的一个”，常用 “the +比较级”结构 。
Mary is the taller of the twins .
6. 表示“越来越、、、、、、”时，用比较级重叠结构，即“比较级 +and + 比较级 ”，多音节
词和部分双音节词用“more and more +形容词原形 ”
It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring .
Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful .
7. 表示“越、、、、、、就越、、、、、、”时，用“the +比较级 , the +比较级 ”
The harder he works , the richer he is .
The more we get together , the happier we’ll be .
(六)、形容词最高级的用法：
1．三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用形容词最高级。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词
the , 句末常跟一个in of 短语来表示范围。
He is the strongest of the three boys .
Shanghai is the biggest city in china .
2. 表示“三者或三者以上的人或物，哪一个最、、、、、、？”用句型：
Which who is + the + 最高级 , A , B , or C ?
Which city is the most beautiful , Beijing , Shanghai or Fuzhou ?
3. 表示“最、、、、、、的、、、、、、之一” 时，用句型：
主语 + is + one of the +形容词最高级 +名词复数 。
Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers .
4. 形容词最高级前面可加序数词，表示“第几大 / 长 / 高 等”
Changjiang River is the first longest river in China .
5. 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，此时不用the 。
This is our last lesson . Yesterday was his busiest day .
6. 形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。
Li Lei is the tallest student in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class .
==No one is as tall as Li Lei in his class .
==No one is taller than Li Lei in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any of the other students in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than the rest of students in his class .
（七）、--ing 形容词与--ed 形容词：
--ing 形容词表示“令人、、、、、、的”， 表示主动意义，多指事物对人的影响，一般修饰或说明事物。如：surprising（令人惊讶的） , exciting （令人兴奋的）, interesting（有趣的） 等。--ed 形容词表示“感到、、、、、、的”，表示被动意义，多指人对事物的感受，主语一般是人：sb. + be +--ed 形容词 + 介词短语 。 如：surprised(感到惊讶的) , excited（感到兴奋的） ,
Interested（感到有趣的） 等。
We are all excited about the exciting news .
（八）在同一范围内比较时，必须把主体排除在被比较的范围之外。
China is larger than any other country in Asia .( 在同一范围内)
China is larger than any country in Africa . (在不同范围内)
二、副词：用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念，主要修饰动词、形容词、其它副词
或整个句子。
（ 一）．副词的分类：
1．时间副词：now , then , today , tomorrow , yesterday , before , ago , soon ,
Immediately , lately , early ,sometimes , often , always , usually , already ,
Yet , ever , never , seldom 。时间副词是确定句子时态的重要标志，需牢记。
2．地点副词：outside , inside , upstairs , here , there , home , near , away ,
In , back , off , up , anywhere 。
3．方式副词：quickly , happily , loudly , suddenly , luckily , badly , easily ,
fast , again 。方式副词大多由“形容词 +y ”构成。
4．程度副词：very , quite , rather , too , much , so .
5． 疑问副词：when , where , why , how long , how soon , how often ,
How far . 疑问副词常用来构成特殊疑问句。
6．关系副词：when , where , why , how 等。关系副词常用来引导从句。
（一）副词的用法：
1．作状语，用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或整个句子。
Please listen to me carefully . The boy is too young .
Luckily , he was not badly hurt .
2. 作表语，表示方位上的变化： My father will be back in a week .
3. 作宾语补足语。 Let him in , please .
(三) 副词的位置：
1．一般副词作状语时，放在谓语动词之后，如果谓语动词之后带有宾语，则放在宾语后。
We all study hard . He is drawing a horse carefully .
2. 频度副词作状语时放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。
He is always late for school .
I often go to see my grandparents on Sunday .
3. 某些副词为了强调上下句的衔接，放在句子之前。
Suddenly he had a good idea .
4. enough 修饰形容词或副词时，要放在形容词或副词的后面。
The boy is old enough to go to school .
He got up early enough to catch the train .
（四） 副词比较级、最高级的用法：
1．副词比较级、最高级的构成方法和形容词比较级、最高级的构成方法基本相同。
2．表示“A不如B”时，使用：A + 助动词+ not + 动词原形 + as so + 副词原形+ as+ B .
还可使用：A + 动词+ less +副词原形 + than + B
Bill didn’t do his homework as carefully as Jim .
==Bill did his homework less carefully than Jim .
3. 副词最高级前一般不加定冠词the 。
Lin Tao did best in English of all .
（五）易混词辨析：
1. hard , hardly
hard意为“努力地，辛苦地，剧烈地，猛烈地”，是程度副词。
hardly意为“几乎不”，是否定副词。
As students , we should study hard .
I can hardly catch up with you , can you walk slowly ?
2. too , also , either
too一般用于肯定句，常放在句尾；also常放在be动词或助动词之后，行为动词
之前；either用于否定句，常放在句尾。
You are a student . I am a student , too.
They are also students . I don’t like the film , either .
5. too , enough , so
too 表示 “太，很”, too …to … 表示“太、、、、、、而不能、、、、、、”
enough表示“足够”， “形容词 / 副词+ enough to…”表示“足够、、、、、、能、、、、、、”。
so表示“如此”， “so … that …”表示“ 如此、、、、、、以致、、、、、、”
The man is too old to look after himself .
The boy runs fast enough to win the game .
The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it .
6. already , yet
already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句末尾。
I have already finished my homework .
== I have finished my homework already.
Have you finished your homework yet ?
I haven’t had lunch yet .
Unit5 . What were you doing when the rainstorm came?
一.重要短语和句型
1. arrive at 到达(小地方) arrive in到达(大地方)
reach 到达 get to 到达
I arrived in Beijing last night . === I reached Beijing last night .
== I got to Beijing last night .
如果宾语是副词here, there, home, 要把at in to省略:
arrive here there home
get here there home
2. in front of… 在 …… 的前面 (某一范围外的前面)
in the front of … 在 …… 的前面(某一范围内的前面)
There are some big trees in front of the classroom building .
I like sitting in the front of the taxi .
3. take off (1)起飞 When did the plane take off yesterday ?
(2) 脱下(衣帽等) He took off his coat as soon as he went into the room .
(3) 取消 They will take off the 5 am train .
4. get out (of ) … 从……离开出去下来
He tried to get out of bed , but couldn’t .
A car stopped and a girl got out of it .
但从汽车火车船飞机马匹上下来, 用get off … .
5．follow (1) 跟随 I followed him up the hill . 我跟着他上了山.
(2) 沿着……前进 Follow this road until you get to the post office .
顺着这条路一直到邮局.
(3) 听懂,理解 Could you speak more slowly ? I can’t follow you .
(4 )follow sb. to do sth. 跟着某人做某事
Please follow me to read the story .
6. amazing 形容词,修饰名词 令人惊奇的, 令人惊讶的 what an amazing book !
amaze 动词 使某人惊讶 Your letter amazed me .
be amazed at … 对…… 感到惊讶 Everyone was amazed at the bad news .
7. shout at 大声喊叫 多指因生气而非善意的大声叫喊
Don’t shout at the little boy . He is too young .
shout to 大声喊叫 多指因距离远而不得不大声叫喊
We should shout to him , or he can’t hear us .
8. happen 发生 具体事件偶然的没有预见的发生
(1 ) happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事
I happened to meet one of my old friends in the park yesterday .
(2 ) sth happens to sb. 某人发生了某事
An car accident happened to him last month .上个月他发生了交通事故.
take place发生 (1) 按计划进行或按计划发生
Great changes have taken place in China in recent years .
最近几年中国发生了巨大的变化.
(2 ) (运动 活动会议等) 举行
The meeting will take place next Friday .
take the place of 代替, 取代
Plastics can sometimes take the place of wood and metal .
塑料有时能代替木材和金属.
take one’s place 坐某人的位置, 代替某人的职务.
Come to take my place . my seat is near the window .
9. anywhere 任何地方 常用于否定句或疑问句中.
Did you go anywhere last night ? You can’t get it anywhere .
somewhere 某个地方 用于肯定句
come and see me . Then we’ll go out somewhere .
everywhere 处处, 到处 === here and there
I can’t find my pen though I looked for it everywhere here and there .
10. silence 名词, 寂静 无声
There’s nothing but silence in the room . 屋内寂静无声 .
Keep in silence . 保持沉默.
silent 形容词, 沉默的, 寂静的
The old house was quite silent . 这所老房子寂静无声.
The cat moved on silent feet . 那只猫无声地走动着.
11． hear 听到 Can you hear someone knocking at the door ?
(1) hear of 听说 , 后接表示人或物的词
I have never heard of him before . 我以前从来没有听说过他.
( 2 ) hear about 听说, 后接表示事件的名词
I’ve just heard about his illness .我刚刚听说他生病的事.
Have you heard about the accident ? 你听说了那场事故吗?
(3 ) hear from 收到某人的来信
I heard from my daughter in New York yesterday .
我昨天收到在纽约的女儿的来信.
12. 主语 + be + one of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词 + in of 短语 .
…… 是……中最……的……之一.
This was one of the most important events in modern American history .
这是美国历史上最重要的事件之一.
Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in china .
13. experience (1)名词 经验, 不可数名词 ; 经历, 体验, 可数名词
Have you had any experience of fishing ? 你有钓鱼的经验吗?
Could you tell us about your experiences in Africa ?
你能给我们谈谈你在非洲的经历吗?
(2) 动词 经历, 感觉
The children experienced many difficulties this time .
这次孩子们经历了许多 困难.
experienced 形容词 有经验的
be experienced in at doing sth. == have much experience in at doing sth.
做某事很有经验.
She is an experienced teacher .他是一个经验丰富的教师.
He is very experienced in at repairing cars . 他修车很有经验.
14. as … as … 和…… 一样… . 两个as之间用形容词或副词的原形.
He works as carefully as she . 他和她一样工作认真.
She is as tall as her mother . 她和母亲一样高.
not as … as…. 不如某人…
he isn’t as so old as he looks . 他不像看起来那么老.
She doesn’t run as so fast as her brother .她不如她哥哥跑得那么快.
15. have fun == have a good great wonderful time ==enjoy oneself玩得开心,过得愉快
Did you have fun at the party ?
== Did you have a good great wonderful time ?
== Did you enjoy yourself ?
have fun doing sth.开心做某事 I’m just having fun playing the guitar .
16． accident 事故, 意外遭遇 He was killed in an accident .他死于一起意外事故.
traffic accident 交通事故 Many people die in traffic accidents every year .
by accident 偶然, 意外地 We met at the airport by accident .
17． scared 恐惧的, 害怕的
afraid恐惧的, 害怕的 I’m very scared afraid . 我很害怕.
be scared afraid of sth 害怕某物 Are you scared afraid of snakes ?
be scared afraid to do sth害怕做某事
He is scared afraid to go out at night .
be scared afraid of doing sth害怕做某事
He is scared afraid of going out at night .
18. think about 考虑 (某个计划 ) They are thinking about moving to Beijing .
think of 认为 What do you think of the movie ?
=== how do you like the movie ?
你认为这部电影怎么样?
think over 仔细思考 We need a few days to think over this matter .
二. 感叹句.
1. what 引导的感叹句
(1) What a beautiful girl (she is ) ! 多么美的姑娘呀 !
(2) What a clever boy ( he is ) ! 多么聪明的男孩呀 !
(3) What interesting pictures ( they are ) ! 多么美的图片呀 !
(4) What tall buildings ( they are ) ! 多么高的楼呀 !
(5) What delicious food ( it is ) ! 多么可口的食物呀 !
(6) What bad weather ( it is ) ! 多么坏的天气呀 !
规律: what + ( a an ) + 形容词 + 名词 ( + 主语 + 谓语) + !
名词为不可数名词或复数名词时, 形容词前面不能有a an .
2. how 引导的感叹句
(7) How heavy the box is ! 多么重的箱子呀!
How fast he runs ! 他跑得多快呀!
(8) How careful the girl is ! 多么细心的姑娘呀!
How well she plays the piano ! 她的钢琴弹得多好呀!
如果说明的是人或物, 两种感叹句可替换. ( 以上(1) 到(8) 句 )
三.过去进行时:
1．过去进行时的用法：
（1）过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
What were you doing at 8:30 this morning ?
When I called him , he was having dinner .
(2) 过去某段时间正在进行的动作。
What were you doing from seven to nine yesterday ?
I was reading the whole morning yesterday .
(3) when while 引导的时间状语从句中，过去进行时的使用：
----- when while 当……的时候
While引导的从句中, 动词用过去进行时或表示状态的延续性动词
when引导的从句中, 动词用过去式
Mary was having dinner when I saw her .
While we were swimming , someone stole our clothes .
The weather was fine while we were in Beijing .
While were talking , the teacher came into the classroom .
--------while 然而, 可是
He likes reading while I like dancing . 他喜欢看书而我喜欢跳舞.
Tom is very confident while Mary is shy and quiet .
Tom很自信可是Mary既腼腆又文静.
2．过去进行时的构成：
（1）肯定句：主语 + was were +动词ing形式 + 时间状语。
（2）否定句：主语 + was were + not + 动词ing形式 + 时间状语。
(3) 疑问句：was were + 主语 + 动词ing形式 + 时间状语 ？
肯定回答：Yes , 主语 + was were . 否定回答：No, 主语 + was were + not .
3. 根据例子， 和词组提示，构成类似对话。
What were you doing last night ? I was working in the office .
Were you working in the office last night ?
Yes, I was . No , I wasn’t .
(1) Mr Zhang , make a model plane
(2) Wei Hua , play the piano , at 8:00 this morning
(3) the twins , play computer games , last night
(4) the smiths, watch TV , at noon yesterday
