爱华网网友邓潇斐对[安慰剂效应]什么是安慰剂效应？安慰剂效应与哪些因素有关？给出的答复：
此答案仅基于原引文章进行阐述，并非全文翻译，若有错误请多指正。
文章出处：【New Scientist magazine - 26 May 2001】
地址：Sign in to read: The power of nothing
因为需要付费才可观看，便于梳理，将其部分必要信息进行摘抄并说明。
Want to devise a new form of alternative medicine? No problem. Here is the recipe. Be warm, sympathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic. Your treatment should involve physical contact, and each session with your patients should last at least half an hour. Encourage your patients to take an active part in their treatment and understand how their disorders relate to the rest of their lives. Tell them that their own bodies possess the true power to heal. Make them pay you out of their own pockets. Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like. Refer to the knowledge of an earlier age: wisdom carelessly swept aside by the rise and rise of blind, mechanistic science.
Oh, come off it, you are saying. Something invented off the top of your head could not possibly work, could it? Well yes, it could – and often well enough to earn you a living. A good living if you are sufficiently convincing, or, better still, really believe in your therapy. Many illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at just the right time you will get the credit. But that’s only part of it. Some of the improvement really would be down to you. Your healing power would be the outcome of a paradoxical force that conventional medicine recognizes but remains oddly ambivalent about: the placebo effect.
上文首先阐释了安慰剂疗法使用的要点：温和待人、富有同情心、令人感到安心以及充满激情。在治疗当中包含肢体接触，且每次的诊断时间要至少持续半个小时。病人在其中扮演者更加主动的角色，这是为了让他们了解身体的问题和自己的生活有着何种关系，并且，他们有自己治愈的神奇力量，让他们自愿从口袋里掏钱给你。用生活化但充满着神秘色彩的语言描述疗程，比如能量场、能量流、能量区、鼎盛点、外在力、环境、节奏等词语。可以参考的只是，被盲目的机械理论取代的智慧。(仅说这些，你当然会觉得不靠谱，这些虚构出来的东西如何起作用？)而你所使用安慰剂而带来的至于力量来自于传统医学认知中的一个矛盾的力量：安慰剂疗法。
Placebos are treatments that have no direct effect on the body, yet still work because the patient has faith in their power to heal. Most often the term refers to a dummy pill, but it applies just as much to any device or procedure, from a sticking plaster to a crystal to an operation. The existence of the placebo effect implies that even quackery may confer real benefits, which is why any mention of placebo is a touchy subject for many practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine, who are likely to regard it as tantamount to a charge of charlatanism. In fact, the placebo effect is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected or misunderstood.【CAM:补充和代替医疗（Complementary and Alternative Medicine）是指：尚未在通常的医学校内讲授的医学知识，尚未在一般医院内普遍实践的医学或医疗方法。】
安慰剂疗法是一类不直接作用于身体的治疗方式，但它却十分有效。这是因为病人对这种治愈有信心。通常安慰剂指代的是一个没有任何作用垫付药片，但它也可以指那些现实的设备或方法，不管是橡皮膏还是水晶球。安慰剂疗法意味着即使是庸医，也能治疗好患者，这时的安慰心理学对许多CAM医生来说，是个很棘手的项目，他们很容易将其看做庸医骗术。尽管其功能总会被误解和忽略，但事实上安慰疗法确实是在所有医药治疗中非常有效的组成部分。
One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practioners' skill in deploying the placebo effect to accomplish real healing."Complementary practitioners are miles better at producing non-specific effects and good therapeutic relationships,"says Edzard Ernst, professor of CAM at Exeter University. The question is whether CAM could be integrated into conventional medicine, assomewould like, without losing much of this power.
CAM最强有力的部分在于医生在实施疗法达到真正痊愈时所用的技巧。而其问题在于CAM能否像有些人想象的那样被整合进传统医学当中同时也不丢失其效力。
At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands. But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research done so far has focused on the control of pain, because it’s one of the commonest compaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the dndorphins, morphine-like neurochemicals known to help control pain.‘Anyof the neurochrmicals involved in transmitting pain impulses or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response,’says Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida who studies the placebo effect in dental pain.
在某个层面上说，心理状态影响生理状态没什么奇怪的。比如愤怒会扩张血管的表层，悲伤会刺激泪腺让人流泪。但安慰剂疗效的医学效应究竟如何产生仍然不明晰。仅有的研究也都集中于对于痛苦的研究上。因为痛苦是一种最常见的病人抱怨的症状，所以其实和作为研究对象。任何用于传递或缓解疼痛的神经化学药物都可能激发安慰剂效应。"But endorphins are still out in front."That case has been strengthened by the recent work of Fabroizio Benedettil of the University of Turin, who showed that the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug, naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins. Benedetti induced pain in human volunteers by inflating a blood-pressure cuff on the forearm. He did this several times a day for several days, without saying anything, he replaced the morphine with a saline solution. This still relieved the subjects’ pain: a placebo effect. But when he added naloxone to the saline the pain relief disappeared. Here was direct proof that placebo analgesia is mediated, at least in part, by these natural opiates.Still, no one knoes how belief triggers endorphin release, or why most people cannot achieve placebo pain relief simply by willing it.
一个实验：Benedetti通过对志愿者的血压袖带施加压力引发疼痛，在几天时间里，每个人每天都被施压数次，每次用吗啡控制痛感。最后一天在不告诉志愿者的情况下将吗啡换做用食盐水。同样缓解了志愿者的疼痛感，这就是安慰剂的一种效应。但当他把纳洛酮加入盐水当中，疼痛的缓解效果消失。这间接证实了安慰剂是具有天然麻醉剂效用的，至少部分如此。Though scientists do not know how exactly how placebos work, they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Research on American students revealed that blue pills make better sedatives than pink, a colour more suitable for stimulants. Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective.
虽然科学家还不确定安慰剂效应的具体原理，但他们也已经积累了一些相关知识，知道如何触发这些效应。例如：伦敦的风湿学家发现红色的假胶囊要比蓝色绿色或者黄色具有更好的止痛效果。一项针对美国学生的研究显示，蓝色药片比粉色药片更容易使人镇静，粉色则更适合用于兴奋剂。甚至商标也会影响药效：阿司匹林和氢苯基乙酰胺可能是你头痛是最常服用的药物，于是对你而言，和他们同样药性的替代物可能效果就不那么明显了。It matters, too, how the treatment is delivered. ‘Physicians who adpot a warm, friendly and reassuring bedside manner’, reports Edzard Ernst, professor of Complementary and Alternative Medicine at Exeler University, ‘are more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not offer reassurance.’ Warm, friendly and reassuring are also alternative medicine’s strong suits, of course. Many of the ingredients of that opening recipe – the physical contact, the generous swathes of time, the strong hints of supernormal healing power are just the kind of thing likely to impress patients. It is hardly surprising, then, that aromatherapists, acupuncturists, herbalists, etc. seem to be good at mobilizing the placebo effect.
医生越热衷，药物效果越好。(热情友善的令人心安的医生比那些刻板让人不放心的医生效果要好得多)剩余后文则是关于安慰剂效应整合于传统医学的诸多争论，比如会产生社会上的某种舆论影响等(与医学本身无关，故不译)
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