雅思写作一直是雅思考生需要攻克的难题。那么通关秘笈是什么?很显然,雅思写作模板的时代已经过去了。“英文写作逻辑和衔接”才是那条通往罗马的必经之路。参照雅思官方发布的评分标准,不难看出雅思对英文写作逻辑的重视:“逻辑与衔接”(Coherence and Cohesion)为四项写作评分原则之一。
以6分的标准为例,写作评分标准中对“逻辑与衔接”是这样描述的:
arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression (连贯地组织信息及论点,总体来说,能清晰地推进行文发展);
uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical (有效地使用衔接手段,但句内及/或句间的衔接有时有误或过于机械)
所谓“清晰的推进行文发展”,至少要做到文章中使用到准确、有效的逻辑连词(logical conjunction) 又名信号词。信号词对于文章过程的连贯起到了作用,它也是英语写作中众多过渡手段之一。雅思写作中常用到的逻辑连词按照分类如下10类:
(1)表示递进:and, also, too, in addition, moreover, besides ,furthermore, not only… but also…, along with, next, what’s more.
(2)表示时间: after, before, soon, when, until, during, immediately, then.
(3)表示举例: for example, for instance, such as, that is, in other words, in fact.
(4)表示相同即第二个观点在某些方面和第一个观点相似:Like, as, similarly, in the some way, as well, too, equally, likewise.
(5)表示不同,即观点和我们所期望的观点不同(读者需要对下一句的意思转换做好准备):Unlike, in contrast withto, whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, even though, in spite of, despite, rather than.
(6)表示因果:since, because, due to, owing to, for, as, because of, on account of, as a result, therefore, thus, hence, so, consequently, so…that.
(7)表示目的:in order to, in the hope that, so as to, so that.
(8)表示总结 in conclusion, on the whole, to conclude, to sum up, finally, at last.
(9)表示顺序:first, then, next, after that, finally, last of all, still, soon, later, initially.
(10)表示条件:if, unless, on condition that, as long as, in case, suppose.
这些起桥梁作用的过渡词语(Transitional WordsPhrases) 把文章有条理的衔接起来,使整篇文章流畅自然、语义连贯。
然而,这些看似简单的词语,在实际写作中却不容易掌握。根据近几年学生作文的情况来看,大部分学生都开始有意识的使用连接词来达到语篇的逻辑连贯,但在使用上仍存在问题。下面我们