第十一章 元音字组在非重读音节中的读音
元音字组或字群 读 音 例 词 编 号 ai/ay ei/ey [] Sunday foreign monkey 7-01 ow [u] yellow sparrow tomorrow 7-02 元音字组在非重读音节中读[]音或[]音。例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee 7-03 -sion -tion [n] impression nation 7-04 -sion在元音字母后 [n] vision decision occasion 7-05 -tion在s后 [n] question suggestion 7-06 -sten [sn] listen christen 7-07 -stle [sl] whistle jostle castle 7-08 -sure [] pressure 7-09 -sure在元音字母后 [] pleasure measure 7-10 -ture [] picture culture 7-11
字群概念的引入 字群是指几个字组在一起(有元字组也有辅字组)共同发某几个音素。(如:-tion -sion -sten -stle -ought) 。字群是比字组更大的拼读单位,字组具有不可分割性,而字群则不然,在划分音节时可以将字群划分到不同的音节里去。例如:
listen → lis-ten christen → chris-ten castle → cas-tle jostle → jos-tle whistle → whis-tle rustle → rus-tle -r 音节元音字组在非重读音节中读[]音(规则编号4-07)bastard 私生子
beggar 乞丐
burglar 夜窃贼
calendar 日历
cedar 雪松
cellar 地窖
circular 圆形的
collar 衣领
dollar 元
familiar 熟悉
forward 向前
grammar 语法
liar 说谎的人
lizard 蜥蜴
lunar 月的
mustard 芥菜
northward 向北
orchard 果园
particular 特别的
peculiar 特殊
pillar 支柱
poplar 杨树
popular 通俗的
radar 雷达
regular 有规则的
scholar 学者
similar 类似的
solar 太阳的
Spaniard 西班牙人
standard 标准的
sugar 食糖
vinegar 醋
vulgar 粗俗的
advertise 登广告
amber 琥珀
angler 钓鱼者
baker 面包师
banker 银行家
bugler 号手
cancer 癌
certificate 证书
chapter 章
clever 聪明的
composer 作曲家
computer 电脑
concert 音乐会
consider 思考
conversation 谈话
cucumber 黄瓜
customer 顾客
differ 不同
diner 用餐者
driver 司机
fever 发烧
ginger 生姜
glider 滑翔机
hinder 妨碍
hunter 猎人
jasper 碧玉
lantern 灯笼
laser 激光
leader 领导
liberty 自由
miner 矿工
minister 部长
modern 现代的
order 命令
over 结束
paper 纸
pattern 模式
perceive 察觉
percent 百分之
perform 表演
perhaps 或许
permit 许可
persist 坚持
persuade 说服
printer 印刷工人
prisoner 囚犯
proper 适当的
reader 读者
ruler 尺子
silver 银
smoker 吸烟者
suffer 遭受
teacher 教师
thunder 雷
under 低于
voter 投票人
western 西方的
writer 作家
affirmation 断言 证实
circumference 圆周
elixir 不老长寿药
martyr 烈士
satyr 森林之神
actor 演员
aggressor 侵略者
ancestor 祖先
anchor 锚
author 作者
calculator 计算
captor 捕捉者
collector 收集者
comfort 舒适
comfortable 舒适的
conductor 售票员
conqueror 征服者
dictator 独裁者
doctor 博士
editor 编辑
effort 努力
elevator 电梯
emperor 皇帝
equator 赤道
error 错误
forbid 禁止
forget 忘记
forgive 宽恕
forsake 遗弃
factor 因素
inferior 低等的
information 情况
interior 内部的
inventor 发明者
junior 年纪较轻的
major 主要的
mirror 镜子
prior 优先的
professor 教授
sailor 海员
senator 参议员
senior 年长的
sensor 传感器
spectator 旁观者
stubborn 顽固的
superior 较高的
tailor 裁缝
tractor 拖拉机
traitor 叛徒
translator 翻译
visitor 参观者
warrior 武士
murmur 低语声
pursue 追赶
pursuit 追踪
Saturday 星期六
surpass 超越
sulphur 硫磺
surprise 惊奇
survive 幸存
bas-tard
beg-gar
bur-glar
cal-en-dar
ce-dar
cel-lar
cir-cu-lar
col-lar
dol-lar
famil-i-ar
for-ward
gram-mar
li-ar
liz-ard
lu-nar
mus-tard
north-ward
or-chard
partic-u-lar
pecu-li-ar
pil-lar
pop-lar
pop-u-lar
ra-dar
reg-u-lar
schol-ar
sim-i-lar
so-lar
Span-i-ard
stan-dard
sug-ar
vin-e-gar
vul-gar
ad-ver-tise
am-ber
an-gler
bak-er
bank-er
bu-gler
can-cer
certif-i-cate
chap-ter
clev-er
compos-er 词源compose
comput-er 词源compute
con-cert
consid-er
con-versa-tion
cu-cum-ber
cus-tom-er
dif-fer
din-er
driv-er 词源drive
fe-ver
gin-ger
glid-er 词源glide
hin-der
hun-ter
jas-per
lan-tern
la-ser
lead-er 词源lead
lib-er-ty
min-er 词源mine
min-is-ter
mod-ern
or-der
o-ver
pa-per
pat-tern
perceive
percent
perform
perhaps
permit
persist
persuade
print-er 词源print
pris-on-er
prop-er
read-er
rul-er 词源rule
sil-ver
smok-er 词源smoke
suf-fer
teach-er 词源teach
thun-der
un-der
vot-er 词源vote
wes-tern
writ-er 词源write
af-firma-tion
circum-fer-ence
elix-ir
mar-tyr
sat-yr
ac-tor
aggres-sor
an-ces-tor
an-chor
au-thor
cal-cu-lat-or
cap-tor
collec-tor
com-fort
com-for-ta-ble
conduc-tor
con-quer-or
dicta-tor
doc-tor
ed-i-tor
ef-fort
el-e-va-tor
em-per-or
equa-tor
er-ror
forbid
forget
forgive
forsake
fac-tor
infe-ri-or
in-forma-tion
inte-ri-or
inven-tor
ju-ni-or
ma-jor
mir-ror
pri-or
profes-sor
sail-or 词源sail
sen-a-tor
se-ni-or
sen-sor
specta-tor
stub-born
supe-ri-or
tai-lor
trac-tor
trai-tor
trans-la-tor
vis-it-or
war-ri-or
mur-mur
pursue
pursuit
Sat-ur-day
surpass
sul-phur
surprise
survive
conjure 念咒 变戏法
figure 体形
procedure 程序
seizure 抓住
con-jure
fig-ure
proced-ure
sei-zure
censure 指责
fissure 裂缝
pressure 压 按 挤 榨
tonsure 为...削发 cen-sure
fis-sure
pres-sure
ton-sure
closure 关闭
enclosure 封入
erasure 擦掉
exposure 暴露
leisure 休闲
measure 测量
pleasure 愉快
treasure 财宝 clo-sure
enclo-sure
era-sure
expo-sure
lei-sure
measure
pleasure
treasure
adventure 冒险
agriculture 农业
architecture 建筑学
capture 捕获
creature 生物
culture 文化
departure 离开
expenditure 支出额
feature 特征
fixture 固定装置
fracture 破裂
furniture 家具
future 未来
gesture 手势
lecture 讲课
literature 文学
manufacture 制造
mixture 混合物
moisture 湿气
nature 自然
pasture 牧草地
picture 图画
rapture 着迷
sculpture 雕塑
signature 签名
stature 身高
structure 结构
temperature 温度
texture 织物
torture 痛苦
venture 投机 adven-ture
ag-ricul-ture
ar-chitec-ture
cap-ture
crea-ture
cul-ture
depar-ture
expen-di-ture
fea-ture
fix-ture
frac-ture
fur-ni-ture
fu-ture
ges-ture
lec-ture
lit-e-ra-ture
man-ufac-ture
mix-ture
mois-ture
na-ture
pas-ture
pic-ture
rap-ture
sculp-ture
sig-na-ture
stature
struc-ture
tem-pe-ra-ture
tex-ture
tor-ture
ven-ture
非重读音节中-re音节的变体通常发[r]音(规则编号5-08a)
anniversary 周年纪念
artillery 炮兵
bravery 勇敢
camera 照相机
conference 会议
decorate 装饰
different 差异的
discovery 发现
emperor 皇帝
federal 联邦的
funeral 葬礼
gallery 长廓
general 普通的
generate 产生
generous 慷慨的
grocery 杂货店
ivory 象牙
lateral 侧面的
liberate 解放
library 图书馆
literature 文学
machinery 机械
mineral 矿物
misery 痛苦
moderate 适度的
nectarine 油桃
numeral 数字
numerous 大量的
nursery 托儿所
operate 操作
primary 初级的
reference 参考
refinery 精炼厂
salary 薪水
satisfactory 令人满意的
scenery 风景
veteran 退伍军人
an-niver-sa-ry
artil-le-ry
brav-e-ry 词源brave
cam-e-ra
con-fe-rence
dec-o-rate
dif-fer-ent
discov-e-ry
em-pe-ror
fed-e-ral
fu-ne-ral
gal-le-ry
gen-e-ral
gen-e-rate
gen-e-rous
gro-cer-y 词源grocer
i-vo-ry
lat-e-ral
lib-e-rate
li-bra-ry
lit-e-ra-ture
ma-chin-e-ry 词源machine
min-e-ral 词源mine
mis-e-ry
mod-e-rate
nec-ta-rine
nu-me-ral
nu-me-rous
nur-se-ry
op-e-rate
pri-ma-ry
ref-e-rence
refin-e-ry 词源refine
sal-a-ry
sat-isfac-to-ry
sce-ne-ry
vet-e-ran
admission 承认
aggression 侵略
cession 割让
commission 委员会
compassion 怜悯
comprehension 理解
compulsion 强制
confession 供认
depression 沮丧
dimension 尺寸
discussion 讨论
excursion 远足
expansion 扩张
expression 表达
extension 伸长
impression 印象
intension 加剧
mansion 大厦
mission 使命
omission 省略
oppression 压迫
passion 热情
pension 养老金
permission 许可
procession 行进
profession 职业
progression 前进
propulsion 推进
reversion 回复
session 会议
submission 屈服
succession 连续
suppression 镇压
suspension 暂停
tension 紧张
transmission 传送
version 译文
action 活动
addition 加
attention 注意
caution 小心
collection 收集
combination 结合
condition 条件
construction 建设
correction 纠正
creation 创造
destruction 破坏
devotion 献身
dictation 听写
direction 方向
edition 版
election 选举
exception 例外
exhibition 展览会
fiction 小说
formation 形成
foundation 基础
fraction 小部分
function 功能
illustration 图解
infection 传染
inflation 膨胀
injection 注射
intention 意图
invention 发明
invitation 请帖
location 位置
mention 提及
motion 运动
nation 民族
objection 反对
occupation 职业
opposition 相反
perfection 完美
pollution 污染
population 人口
portion 一部分
position 地位
prediction 预言
prevention 预防
production 生产
protection 保护
quotation 引用
relation 关系
reaction 反应
reflection 反映
section 切片
selection 选择
solution 解答
station 车站
tradition 传统
vacation 假期
vibration 振动
admis-sion
aggres-sion
ces-sion
commis-sion
compas-sion
com-prehen-sion
compul-sion
confes-sion
depres-sion
dimen-sion
discus-sion
excur-sion
expan-sion
expres-sion
exten-sion
impres-sion
inten-sion
man-sion
mis-sion
omis-sion
oppres-sion
pas-sion
pen-sion
permis-sion
proces-sion
profes-sion
progres-sion
propul-sion
rever-sion
ses-sion
submis-sion
succes-sion
suppres-sion
suspen-sion
ten-sion
transmis-sion
ver-sion
ac-tion
addition
atten-tion
cau-tion
collec-tion
com-bina-tion
condition
construc-tion
correc-tion
crea-tion
destruc-tion
devo-tion
dicta-tion
direc-tion
edition
elec-tion
excep-tion
ex-hibition
fic-tion
forma-tion
founda-tion
frac-tion
func-tion
il-lustra-tion
infec-tion
infla-tion
injec-tion
inten-tion
inven-tion
in-vita-tion
loca-tion
men-tion
mo-tion
na-tion
objec-tion
oc-cupa-tion
op-position
perfec-tion
pollu-tion
pop-ula-tion
por-tion
position
predic-tion
preven-tion
produc-tion
protec-tion
quota-tion
rela-tion
reac-tion
reflec-tion
sec-tion
selec-tion
solu-tion
sta-tion
tradition
vaca-tion
vibra-tion
collision 碰撞
conclusion 结论
confusion 混乱
corrosion 腐蚀
decision 决定
division 分开
exclusion 排斥
explosion 爆炸
evasion 逃避
fusion 熔化
inclusion 包含
infusion 注入
incision 伤口
intrusion 闯入
invasion 入侵
lesion 损害
occasion 机会
persuasion 说服
plosion 爆破发音
precision 精确
provision 供应
revision 修订
television 电视
vision 视觉 allu-sion
collision
conclu-sion
confu-sion
corro-sion
decision
division
exclu-sion
explo-sion
eva-sion *
fu-sion
inclu-sion
infu-sion
incision
intru-sion
inva-sion
le-sion
occa-sion
persua-sion
plo-sion
precision
provision
revision
tel-evision
vision 非重读音节中字群-tion在s后读[n] (规则编号7-03) bastion 堡垒
combustion 煅烧
congestion 充满
digestion 消化
exhaustion 耗尽
question 疑问
suggestion 建议 bas-tion
combus-tion
conges-tion
diges-tion
exhaus-tion
ques-tion
sugges-tion 非重读音节中字群-sten读[sn]音(规则编号7-04) christen 为...施洗礼
fasten fast-en 由fast派生而来
glisten 闪烁
hasten 催促
listen 听
moisten 弄湿
unfasten 解开 chris-ten
fast-en
glis-ten
has-ten
lis-ten
mois-ten
unfast-en 非重读音节中字群-stle读[sl]音(规则编号7-05) bristle 鬃毛
bustle 喧闹
castle 城堡
nestle 安卧
rustle 沙沙作响
throstle 画眉鸟
whistle 口哨
whistling 吹口哨
wrestle 摔跤
wrestler 摔跤运动员 bris-tle
bus-tle
cas-tle
nes-tle
rus-tle
thros-tle
whis-tle
whis-tling
wres-tle
wres-tler 非重读音节中字群-sure读[]音(规则编号7-06)
censure 指责
fissure 裂缝
pressure 压 按 挤 榨
tonsure 为...削发 cen-sure
fis-sure
pres-sure
ton-sure 非重读音节中字群-sure在元音字母后读[]音(规则编号7-07)
closure 关闭
enclosure 封入
erasure 擦掉
exposure 暴露
leisure 休闲
measure 测量
pleasure 愉快
treasure 财宝 clo-sure
enclo-sure
era-sure
expo-sure
lei-sure
measure
pleasure
treasure 非重读音节中字群-ture读[]音(规则编号7-08)
adventure 冒险
agriculture 农业
architecture 建筑学
capture 捕获
creature 生物
culture 文化
departure 离开
expenditure 支出额
feature 特征
fixture 固定装置
fracture 破裂
furniture 家具
future 未来
gesture 手势
lecture 讲课
literature 文学
manufacture 制造
mixture 混合物
moisture 湿气
nature 自然
pasture 牧草地
picture 图画
rapture 着迷
sculpture 雕塑
signature 签名
stature 身高
structure 结构
temperature 温度
texture 织物
torture 痛苦
venture 投机 adven-ture
ag-ricul-ture
ar-chitec-ture
cap-ture
crea-ture
cul-ture
depar-ture
expen-di-ture
fea-ture
fix-ture
frac-ture
fur-ni-ture
fu-ture
ges-ture
lec-ture
lit-e-ra-ture
man-ufac-ture
mix-ture
mois-ture
na-ture
pas-ture
pic-ture
rap-ture
sculp-ture
sig-na-ture
stature
struc-ture
tem-pe-ra-ture
tex-ture
tor-ture
ven-ture
练习 11-01 根据 7-01 规则朗读下列单词,并听写。答案bargain donkey surfeit barley kidney captain fountain turkey survey honey chimney jersey
练习 11-02 根据 7-02 规则朗读下列单词,并听写。答案minnow narrow sorrow swallow window pillow follow marrow bellow fellow burrow furrow
练习 11-03 朗读下列单词,并听写。答案rapture measure temperature capture literature pleasure picture culture future pressure feature furniture
第十二章 元字组在复合词中的读音
复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。例如:
everyday[e]
handbag[æ]
blackboard[:] 8-01 有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在时的意义,融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。
例如:
sun 太阳 + day[e] 日子 → Sunday[i] 星期天
holy 神圣 + day[e] 日子 → holiday[i] 假日
break 中断 + fast[:] 斋戒 → breakfast[] 早餐
cup 茶杯 + board[:] 木板 → cupboard[] 碗柜
main 主要部分 + land[æ] 陆地 → mainland[] 大陆
8-02
复合词的读音遵循 8-01 规则还是遵循 8-02 规则,有时要取决于说话人的对该词的理解。例如 birthday 一词,有的人会读成 [b:de] ,而有的人读 [b:d] 。
还有的复合词重音位置后移,如:
weekend [wi:kend]
midday [mde]
但这仅仅是字典上的注音而已,实际语言中会有所变化。
复合词的演变模式:
farm house → farm-house → farmhouse → farmhouse[f:mhs]
holy day → holy-day → holyday[hulide] → holyday[hlide] → holyday[hld] → holyday[hld](未经考证,仅供参考)
baseball 棒球运动
basketball 篮球
bonfire 篝火
bystander 旁观者
downfall 毁灭
earthworm 蚯蚓
framework 构架
football 足球
gatekeeper 看们人
hedgehog 刺猬
keyboard 键盘
marketplace 商业中心
paragraph 段落
photograph 照片
rainbow 虹
seashore 海岸
signboard 布告板
spaceship 宇宙飞船
soysauce 酱油
telegraph 电报
telephotograph 传真照片
tiptoe 脚趾尖
volleyball 排球
waterfall 瀑布
watermelon 西瓜
waterwheel 水车
base-ball
basket-ball
bon-fire
by-stander
down-fall
earth-worm
frame-work
foot-ball
gate-keeper
hedge-hog
key-board
market-place
para-graph
photo-graph
rain-bow
sea-shore
sign-board
space-ship
soy-sauce
tele-graph
tele-photo-graph
tip-toe
volley-ball
water-fall
water-melon
water-wheel
classroom 教室
necklace 项链
woodland 森林地带
class-room oo读短音[]。
neck-lace
wood-land
练习 12-01 按照8-01规则读出下列单词。答案marketplace → market-place campfire → camp-fire supermarket → super-market timetable → time-table newspaper → news-paper football → foot-ball sunglasses → sun-glasses grandfather → grand-father farmhouse → farm-house railway → rail-way classmate → class-mate housework → house-work basketball → basket-ball doorbell → door-bell watermelon → water-melon lifestyle → life-style schoolboy → school-boy playground → play-ground
练习 12-02 按照8-02规则读出下列单词。答案policeman → police-man walkman → walk-man pressman → press-man classroom → class-room woodman → wood-man mainland → main-land cupboard → cup-board birthday → birth-day necklace → neck-lace
第十三章 辅字组的读音
辅字组 读 音 例 词 编 号 b [b] bike bus bag 9-01 [/] bomb tomb lamb climb 9-02 cc在e前或在i/y前
在弱读字母ia ie io iu前 [k] cake picture coat music 9-03 [s] face decide cinema 9-04 [] official efficient delicious 9-05 ch [] much chick rich teacher 9-06 [k] school headache chemistry 9-07 [] machine Chicago
9-08 -ck [k] cock pocket black knock 9-09 d [d] doctor bread hand day 9-10 -dge [d] bridge fridge 9-11 dr- [dr] children driver drink 9-12 f [f] five four breakfast 9-13 g
g在e i/y前 [] bag garden go 9-14 [d] orange large German 9-15 gh
gh-
-gh [/] light daughter high 9-16 [] ghost sorghum spaghetti 9-17 [f] cough enough rough 9-18 gu- -gue [] guess league dialogue guitar 9-19 [w] language anguish penguin 9-20 h [h] hot head house hand 9-21 [/] hour honest honor 9-22 j- [d] jeep jar joke join July 9-23 k [k] kind bike skate make week 9-24 kn- [n] knife know knock 9-25 l [l] life milk school tall 9-26 m [m] monkey come tomato 9-27 -mn [m] autumn column solemn 9-28 n
n在[k] []音前 [n] not shine ten note 9-29 [?] uncle thank hungry 9-30 -ng [?] morning young wrong 9-31 p [p] paper plane pig ship pen 9-32 ph [f] elephant photo telephone 9-33 q/-que [k] Iraq cheque 9-34 qu- [kw] quality quite quarter 9-35 r- [r] red rubber ruler 9-36 s在音节开头或清辅音前
在元音字母间或浊辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk 9-37 [z] music husband 9-38 sc- [sk] scarlet scout Scotland 9-39 [s] scene science scythe 9-40 sh [] she fish shirt wash 9-41 t在通常情况下
在弱读字母ia ie io前 [t] ten letter meet 9-42 [] patient nation 9-43
-tch
[] watch catch match 9-44 th在通常情况下在冠词 代词 介词 连词中
在词尾-the -ther中
[] thin thirty method 9-45 [] the these with than 9-46 [] clothe father weather 9-47 tr- [tr] tree train country truck 9-48 v [v] very voice love leave 9-49 w [w] week win wake sweet wait 9-50 [/] answer two 9-51 wh-
wh-在字母o前 [w] what when white why 9-52 [h] who whose whole 9-53 x
在重读元音前 [ks] box text exercise 9-54 [z] example exist exact 9-55 wr- [r] write wrong wrist 9-56 y- [j] yes yard yellow young 9-57 z [z] puzzle zero zoo 9-58
注: gu- -gue dr- -dge –ck -mn kn- -ng - q qu- -que -tch tr- wh- wr- y- 字组前面带横线表示这个字组经常出现在音节的未尾,字组后面带横线表示这个字组经常出现在音节的开头。
s 的发音较为复杂, 9-35 、 9-36 规则概括了辅音字母 s 的发音规律,例外的情况也有。
练习 13-01 请根据 9-35 规则朗读下列单词:(s 在音节的开头或清辅音前发[s]音) 答案student
history
disturb
dinosaur
nostril
person
desk
restaurant
mistake
asleep
myself
respect
练习 13-02 请根据 9-36 规则朗读下列单词:(s 在元音字母间或浊辅音前发[z]音)答案
physics
easy
music
resolution
pleasant
noise
husband
realism
cheese
refuse
kinsman
jersey
s 后面有元音字母 u/ia/io 时读 [] 或 [] 音。
usually [ju:l]
pleasure [ple]
decision [disn ]
sugar [ug]
Russia [r]
oppression [pren ]
s 在词尾的读音和名词变复数、动词变第三人称单数规则一样(遇清则清,遇浊则浊)。