2016高考英语分类汇编 2005-2014年全国各地高考英语试题分类汇编：科普知识类

【十年高考】2005-2014年全国各地高考英语试题分类汇编：科普知识类

 (05·全国Ⅱ、全国ⅢD篇)

You might think that “global warming” meansnothing more than a rise in the world’s temperature But rising sea levelscaused by it have resulted in the first evacuation（撤离）of an island nation—the citizens of Tuvalu will have toleave their homeland.

         Duringthe 20th century ,sea level rose 8—12 inches. As a result .Tuvalu hasexperienced lowland flooding of salt water which has polluted the country’sdrinking water.

PaaniLaupepa , a Tuvaluan government official ,reported to the Earth PolicyInstitute that the nation suffered an unusaually high number of fierce stormsin the past ten years .Many scientists connect higher surface watertemperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damagingtorms.

         Laupepaexpressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the KyotoProtocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations toreduce their greenhouse gas emissions（导致温室效应的气体排放）,whichare a main cause of global warming . “By refusing to sign the agreement ,the UShas effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans tolive where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years,” Laupepa toldthe BBC.

         Tuvaluhas asked Australia and New Zealand to allow the gradual move of its people toboth countries .

         Tuvaluis not the only country that is vulnerable （易受影响的）to risingsea levels .Maumoon Gayoon ,president of the Maldives ,told the United Nationsthat global warming has made his country of 311,000 an “endangered nation”.

54．Thetext is mainly about           .

A．rapid changes in earth’s temperature

B．bad effects of global warming

C．moving of a country to a new place

D．reasons for lowland flooding

55．Accordingto scientists ,the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is           .

A．greenhouse gas emissions in industrializednations

B．higher surface water temperatures of the sea

C．continuous global warming

D．rising sea levels

56．Laupepawas not satisfied with the United States because it did not        .

A．agree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions

B．sign an agreement with Tuvalu

C．allow Tuvaluans to move to the US

D．believe the problems facing Tuvalu were real

57．Thecountry whose situation is similar to that of Tuvalu is          .

A．Australia         B．NewZealan       C．the Maldives    D．the United States

答案  54.A 55.A  56.D  57.B

Passage 73

(05·天津D篇)

The scene in the Hollywood movie The Day After Tomorrow,whem global warming could soon turn the global climate (气候)into a new ice age, may never occur, according to new research.

The next ice age could be 15,000 years away, say Europeanscientists who last month announced a continuous record of 7.40,000 years ofclimate data (数据) obtained from the Antarcticice.                                 

Scientists from 10 nations have now almost completelydrilled through a 3,000-meter.depth of ice high in the Antarctic mainland. Theyfigure out that the area where summer temperatures can fall to –40℃,has at least 900,000 years of snowfalls,, kept as neatly as the growth rings ofa tree. And the ice and air caught in each layer(层) have begun toanswer questions about the climates in the past..

The results show that there have been eight ice ages in thepast 740, 000 years and eight warmer periods. And by comparing the pattern ofglobal conditions today with those of the past, the researchers reported inNature that the present warm period could last another 15, 000 years.

Research suggests that there is a very close connectionbetween greenhouse gas levels and global average temperatures. It also showsthat carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) levels are the highest for at least 440,000years.         

"If people say to you: the greenhouse effect is a goodthing because we would go into an ice age otherwise, our data say no, a new iceage is not hanging over our heads,”said Eric Wolff from the British AntarcticSurvey. "Now we have eight examples of how the climate goes in and out ofice ages… and you can learn what the rules are that go into the climate modelsthat tell us about the future."

Scientists found that whenever temperatures rose in thefrozen record, so did carbon dioxide

level. "In 440,000years we have never seen greenhouse gas get as thick as it is today," saidDr

Wolff.

48. In drilling throughthe ice in Antarctica, scientists, have found that______.

    A. the lowest temperature there is –40℃

    B. the depth of ice is 3,000 meters

    C. the ice has existed for 15,000 years

    D. snowfalls are kept in certain patterns

49. The information of the global climateconditions in the past can be obtained through______.

    A. separating carbon dioxide from the air

    B. examining the growth rings of trees

    C. comparing temperatures in different areas

    D. studying the ice and air caught in each layer

50. We can infer fromEric Wolff's words that_______.

    A. there is something wrong with the data

    B. greenhouse effect is always a bad thing

    C. a new ice age will not come in the near future

    D. greenhouse gas will get thick in the future

51. What would be thebest title for the passage?

    A. Research over the Antarctic area.

    B. Warm period to last about 15, 000 years.

    C. Report on the eight ice ages in the past.

D. Hollywood movies and the global climate.

答案 48.D  49.D  50.C 51.B

Passage 74

(05·山东E篇)

A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel isabout to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could goon sale within 12 months.
   The system, called driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly roadaccidents by 20%—40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also useit to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.
   Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband. The device,worn by drivers or pilots gives out a sound about every four minutes during acar journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steeringwheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action andmeasures the time between the sound and the driver’s response.
   Tiredness is directly related to a driver’s response time.Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, butonce that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver isgetting sleepy.
   In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds,showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If thedriver’s response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent untila nonstop alarm warms that the driver must stop as soon as possible.
   The device has been delivered to the department’s laboratories fortesting. If these tests, scheduled for six months’ time, are successful, themarkers will bring the product to market within about a year.
72. According to the text, Driver Alert ______.
   A. aims to reduce tiredness-related accidents
   B. has gone through testing at laboratories
   C. aims to prevent drivers from sleeping
   D. has been on sale for 12 months
73. How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?
   A. By sounding awarning                            B. Bytouching the wristband
   C. By checking the drivingtime                     D.By pressing the steering wheel
74. We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break whenhis response time is

  ______.
A. About 400milliseconds                            B. below 500milliseconds
C. over 500milliseconds                              D. about 400minutes

75. When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert______.
A. moves more regularly
B. stops working properly
C. opens the window for the driver
D. sounds more frequently and loudly

答案 72.A  73.D  74.C 75.D

Passage 75

(05·江苏D篇)

Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot.When an animal is under attack, it

can run away or fightback.. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But

plants can defendthemselves by using both physical and chemical means.

     Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leavesof the holly plant have sharp spines (刺) that discouragegrass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines thanleaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for mostanimals to reach..

     Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that aredifficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eatingsuch grasses wears down the animal's teeth.

     Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals thattaste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against anattack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (毛虫)bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messengersends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levelsof nicotine discourage the caterpillar.

     Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant inChina, for

instance, has prickly (多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液)A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay awayfrom it in the future.

68. The holly plant hasmore spines on the lower leaves because most animals________.

   A. are nottall enough                       B.like the lower leaves only

   C. are notcleverenough                    D. can get the lower leaves easily

69. To defendthemselves, oak trees use________.

   A.chemicalmeans                        B. physical means

   C. bitterchemicals                        D. sandy materials

70. How does tobaccoprotect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?

A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.

B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage thecaterpillar.

C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it isattacked.

D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive thecaterpillar away.

71. What would be thebest title for this passage?

A. Plants andAnimals                      B. How Plants Defend Themselves

C. Attacks andDefenses                    D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves

答案 68.D  69.B  70.C 71.B

Passage 76

(05·浙江B篇)

Special Bridges Help Animals Cross the Road

----- Reported by Sheila Carrick

Why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side.

Most people know this joke. But recently, some people havebeen much more concerned with how the grizzly bear and mountain lion can crossthe road.

Millions of animals die each year on U.S. roads, theFederal Highway Administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots,an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. The main reason? Roadkill.

"Ecopassages" may help animals cross the roadwithout being hit by cars. They are paths both over and under roads."These ecopassages can be extremely useful, so that wildlife can avoidhuman conflicts," said Jodi Hilty of the Wildlife Conservation Society.

But do animals actually use the ecopassages? The answer isyes. Paul Beier of Northern Arizona University found foot marks left bymountain lions on an ecopassage that went under a highway. This showed that thelion used the passage.

Builders of some ecopassages try to make them look like anatural part of an area by planting trees on and around them. Animals seem tobe catching on. Animals as different as salamanders and grizzly bears areusing the bridges and underpasses.

The next time you visit a park or drive through an areawith a lot of wildlife, look around. You might see an animal overpass!

45. The writer uses theexample of “ocelots” to show that_________.

A．wild animals have become more dangerous

         B．thedriving conditions have improved greatly

         C．themeasure for protecting wildlife fails to work

        D．anincreasing number of animals are killed in road accidents

46. From the newsstory, we know an ecopassage is_________.

A．an underground path for cars                              B．afence built for the safety of the area

C．a bridge for animals to get over a river      D．apass for animals to cross the road

47. When the writersays that animals seem “to be catching on”, he means_________.

A．animals begin to realize the dangers on the road

B．animals begin to learn to use ecopassages                                      

C．animals are crossing the road in groups

D．animals are increasing in number

48. The writer asksvisitors and drivers to look around when traveling because_________.

A．wild animals may attack cars                              B．wildanimals may jam the road

C．they may see wild animals in the park    D．they may see wild animals on ecopassages

答案 45.D  46.D  47.B 48.D

Passage 77

(05·福建C篇)

Walk through the Amazon rainforest today and youwill find it is steamy ,warm ,damp and thick .But if you had been around 15,000years ago, during the last ice age ,would it have been the same ?For more than30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazonmight have reacted（反应）to the cold ,dry climates of the ice ages ,butuntil now ,no one has reached a satisfying answer.

         Rainforestslike the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from theatmosphere and helping to slow global warming . Currently the trees in theAmazon take in around 500 million tonnes of CO2 each year; equal tothe total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how willthe Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier ,will it stillsurvive and continue to draw down CO2 ?Scientists hope that theywill be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the futureby understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.

         Unfortunately,getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are verydifficult .To study past climate ,scientists need to look at fossilized pollen,kept in lake muds .Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep downinto lake sediments （沉淀物）,which requires specialized equipment and heavymachinery .There are very few roads and paths ,or places to land helicoptersand aeroplanes .Rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but thisstill leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled（未取样）.So far ,only a handful of cores have been drilled that goback to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to provehow the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.

64．The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the secondparagraph means      .

         A．cleaningup                  B．takingin                       C．wipingout                    D．givingout

65．How will the Amazon rainforest react to futureclimate change?

         A．It’llget drier and continue to remove CO2 .

         B．It’llremain steamy ,warm ,damp and thick .

         C．It’llget warmer and then colder and drier.

         D．Thereis no exact answer up to present.

66．What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?

         A．It’simportant to drill deep down into lake sediments to collect information.

         B．It’simpossible to prove how climate changes in the Amazon rainforest.

         C．It’shard to collect information for studies of the past climate in the Amazonrainforest.

         D．It’snecessary to have specialized equipment and machinery to study the pastclimate.

67．The best title for this passage may probably be        .

         A．Studiesof the Amazon                                            B．Climatesof the Amazon

         C．Secretsof the Rainforests                                     D．Changesof the Rainforests

答案 64.B  65.D  66.C 67.C

Passage 78

(05·辽宁A篇)

When building houses, people used to think about not onlythe climate of the areas but also the building materials and the fashions fortheir houses. However, since electricity became more and more expensive, peoplebegan to pay much more attention to the energy they could get for their housesand the new ways they could find to protect their houses from both cold andheat.

Now, houses of an old yet new type have been widely built.In some parts of the world, people share their houses with their livestock（家畜）.During cold weather, they gather their cows, goats, orother animals and keep them on the first floor of their houses. The reasons arethat the animals can be protected from the cold and that they can help to heatthe houses as well. The body heat given off by the animals rises to the secondfloor of the houses, where people live. By sharing their houses with theirlivestock, people gain a source of heat.

People who live in or near cities do not usually keeplivestock. However, home builders use the fact that heat rises. This naturallaw can be used in building houses in these areas. Instead of keeping livestockon the first floor, builders fill it with large rocks. As they are open to thesun’s rays during cold weather, these rocks take in heat. They also give offthe heat, and, of course, the warm air rises into the living areas of thehouses. So these houses are energy-saving.

House-building becomes a great challenge（挑战）to building designers and energy engineers. They try tomeet this challenge by learning from old traditions and by using moderntechnology. And someday in the future, people will be able to live in moreenergy-saving houses.

56．What did people begin to consider as electricitywas no longer cheap?

       A．Theclimate of theirareas.                               

B．The energy for their houses.

       C．Thefashions for theirhouses.                       

D．The building materials for their houses.

57．People in some areas gain a source of heat by_________.

       A．keepingtheir livestockdownstairs                

        B．protectingtheir livestock from the cold

        C．sharingtheir houses only with their cows   

        D．livingon the second floor with their livestock

58．The underlined words “natural law” in the thirdparagraph refer to the fact that ________.

       A．heatraises the temperature in the houses

       B．heatgoes in the upward direction

       C．heatgoes up if temperature is raised

       D．heatincreases the temperature of rocks

59．From the passage, we can conclude that__________.

       A．peoplewill no longer consider building materials in the future

        B．energy-savingbuildings will become more popular in the future

        C．almostall people will move into the houses heated by large rocks

        D．energyengineers will devote themselves only to modern technology

答案  56.B 57.A  58.B  59.B 

Passage 79

(05·辽宁E篇)

There are two kinds of physical activity which requirespecial training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles（肌肉）. This kind of activity must be strictly controlled becauseeven a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To typequickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of afinger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has todance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained fora long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself.You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too,requires a lot of practice.

The second kind of physical activity needs greater strengthor extra effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile withoutstopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Threeyears ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningfuland unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount ofphysical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. Theyselected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. Theywere surprised to find that the harmful effect of given amount of physicaleffort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on thoseof the patients who were not similarly trained. This is important because itshows that regular physical exercise enables us to make better use of theoxygen（氧气）we breathe in and that this training, in fact,reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard foruntrained people are not hard at all for trained people.

72．The first kind of physical activity must bestrictly controlled because _________.

        A．amistake in the wrong direction is dangerous to the fingers

         B．awrong movement in a direction will cause no mistakes

         C．amovement in the wrong direction will cause a mistake

         D．aslight movement of a finger will lead to a mistake

73．What must a dancer do before she can balanceherself?

        A．Shemust dance on the point of her shoes.

         B．Shemust receive long-time training.

         C．Shemust turn around on one foot.

         D．Shemust perform again and again.

74．The experiments done by some scientists showedthat ________.

        A．somemale patients were asked to ride bicycles regularly in the experiments

        B．thephysical exercise had more harmful effect on the hearts of the untrainedpatients

       C．thephysical exercise was harmless to the male patients with heart trouble

       D．thephysical exercise could be helpful for the patients to take in more oxygen

75．What would be the best title for this text?

        A．TrainingOurBodies                                        B．Physical Activities

C．MovementTraining                                               D．Extra Body Effort

答案  72.C  73.B 74.B  75.A

Passage 80

(05·湖北A篇)

Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe youthought that they were just happy .After all ,you probably sing or whistle whenyou are happy.

         Somescientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they arehappy .However ,they sing most of the time for a very different reason .Theirsinging is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.

         Do youknow what a “territory” is ?A territory is an area that an animal ,usually themale, claims（声称）as its own .Only he and his family are welcomethere .No other families of the same species（物种）are welcome.Your yard and house are your territory where only your family and friends arewelcome . If a stranger should enter your territory and threaten you ,you mightshout .Probably this would be enough to frighten him away.

         If so ,youhave actually scared the stranger away without having to fight him .A bird doesthe same thing. But he expects an outsider almost any time ,especially at nesting（筑巢）season. So he is screaming all the time ,whether he can seean outsider or not .This screaming is what we call a bird’s song ,and it isusually enough to keep an outsider away.

         Birds singloudest in the spring when they are trying to attract a mate and warn othersnot to enter the territory of theirs.

         You cansee that birds have a language all their own .Most of it has to do withattracting mates and setting up territories.

56．Some scientists believe that most of the timebirds’ singing is actually       .

         A．an of happiness                                   B．away of warning

         C．an of anger                                           D．away of greeting

57．What is a bird’s “territory”?

         A．Aplace where families of other species are not accepted.

         B．Aplace where a bird may shout at the top of its voice.

         C．Anarea for which birds fight against each other.

         D．Anarea which a bird considers to be its own .

58．Why do birds keep on singing at nesting season?

         A．Becausethey want to invite more friends.

         B．Becausetheir singing helps frighten outsiders away.

         C．Becausethey want to find outsiders around.

         D．Becausetheir singing helps get rid of their fears.

59．How does the writer explain birds’ singing?

         A．Bycomparing birds with human beings.

         B．Byreporting experiment results.

         C．Bydescribing birds’ daily life.

         D．Bytelling a bird’s story.

答案 56.B  57.D  58.B 59.A

Passage 81

(05·湖北D篇)

Thirteen vehicles lined up last March to raceacross the Mojave Desert , seeking a million in prize money . To win , they hadto finish the 142-mile race in less than 10 hours . Teams and watchers knewthere might be no winner at all , because these vehicles were missinge a keypart drivers .

DARPA , the Defense Advanced Research ProjectsAgency , organized the race as part of a push to develop robotic vehicles forfuture battlefields . But the Grand Challenge , as it was called , just provedhow difficult it is to get a car to speed across an unfamiliar desert withouthuman guidance . One had its brake lock up in the starting area . Another beganby throwing itself onto a wall . Another got tied up by bushes near the roadafter 1.9 miles .

One turned upside down . One took off inentirely the wrong direction and had to be disabled by remote (远距离的) control . One went a little more than a mile and rushedinto a fence ; another managed to go for six miles but stuck on a rock . The“winner,” if there was any , reached 7.8 miles before it ran into a long ,narrow hole , and the front wheels caught on fire .

“You get a lot of respect for natural abilitiesof the living things,” says Reinhold Behringer , who helped design two of thecar-size vehicles for a company called Sci-Autonics . “Even ants (蚂蚁)can do all these tasks effortlessly . It’s very hard for us to put theseabilities into our machines .”

The robotic vehicles , though with necessarymodern equipment such as advanced computers and GPS guidance , had troublefiguring out fast enough the blocks ahead that a two-year-old human recognizesimmediately , Sure , that very young child, who has just only learned to walk ,may not think to wipe apple juice off her face , but she already knows thatwhen there’s a cookie in the kitchen she has to climb up the table , and thatwhen she gets to the cookie it will taste good . She is more advanced , evenmonths old , than any machine humans have designed .

67．Watchers doubted if any of the vehicles couldfinish the race because        .

         A．theydid not have any human guidance

         B．theroad was not familiar to the drivers

         C．thedistance was too long for the vehicles

         D．theprize money was unattractive to the drivers

68．DARPA organized the race in order to          .

         A．raisemoney for producing more robotic vehicles

         B．pushthe development of vehicle industry

         C．trainmore people to drive in the desert

         D．improvethe vehicles for future wars

69．From the passage we know “robotic vehicles” area kind of machines that          .

         A．cando effortlessly whatever tasks living thing can

         B．cantake part in a race across 142 miles with a time limit

         C．canshow off their ability to turn themselves upside down

         D．canmove from place to place without being driven by human beings

70．In the race , the greatest distance one roboticvehicle covered was          .

         A．abouteight miles                                           B．sixmiles

         C．almosttwo miles                                           D．aboutone mile

71．In the last paragraph , the writer implies thatthere is a long way to go          .

         A．fora robotic vehicle to finish a 142-mile race without any difficulties

         B．fora little child who has just learned to walk to reach the cookie on the table

         C．fora robotic vehicle to deal with a simple problem that a little child can solve

         D．fora little child to understand the importance of wiping apple juice off its face

答案 67.A  68.D  69.D 70.A  71.C

Passage 82

(05·湖北E篇)

From the moment that an animal is born it has tomake decisions . It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating, and which are to be avoided ; when to attack and when to run away . Theanimal is , in fact , playing a very dangerous game with its environment , agame in which it must make decision—a matter of life or death .

Animals’ ability to act reasonably is believed to comepartly from what we may call “genetic (遗传性的)learning” , whichis different from the individual (个体的) learning that ananimal does in the course of its own lifetime . Genetic learning is learning bya species —animals of the same kind—as a whole , and it is achieved byselection of those members of each generation that happen to act in the rightway . However , the role of genetic learning depends upon how similar thefuture environment is to the past . The more important individual experience islikely to be , the less important is genetic learning as a means of gettingover the problems of the survival game . Because most animals live in everchanging evironments from one generation to the next , it is not surprising tofind that very few species indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning .

In the great majority of animals , their particular ways ofacting in a new environment are a compound (复合体) of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are bornwith .That is why animals can survive .

72．Theanimal’s life will come to an end          .

         A．ifthe animal makes a wrong decision      B．ifthe animal plays a dangerous game

         C．whenthe animal attacks its enemy          D．whenthe animal runs too slowly

73．Veryfew species depend entirely on genetic learning because          .

         A．eachgeneration has its own way of learning

         B．theirenvironments change all the time

         C．theycan act reasonably on their own

         D．ittakes their whole life to learn

74．Whenthe environment doesn’t change much ,        .

         A．animalscannot act in a right way

         B．geneticlearning is less important for animals

         C．individuallearning plays a less important role

         D．animalscannot get over problems on their on their own

75．Animals’living on generation after generation depends on          .

         A．theirnatural action pattern with their own experience

         B．thelessons they have learnt during their lifetime

         C．theirexperience in particular environments

         D．theknowledge passed on by their parents

答案  72.A 73.B  74.C  75.A

Passage 83

(05·湖南E篇)

At Dallm/Fort WorthAirport, the lights are controlled by sensors that measure sunlight. They dimimmediately when it's sunny md brighten when a passing cloud blocks the sun.

   A wall ofwindows at a University of Pennsylvania engineering budding has built-in blinds(百页窗) controlled by a computer program that follows the sun'spath.

   Buildingsare getting smarter -- and the next generation of building materials

expected to do evenmore.

   Windowscould catch the sun's energy to heat water. Sensors that measure the carbon

dioxide breathed out bypeople in a mom could determine whether the air conditioning needs to be turnedup.

   Many newmaterials and technology have been designed in the last 15 years. They nowbeing used in a wave of buildings designed to save as much energy as possible.They include old ideas, like "green roofs," where a belt of plants ona roof helps the building keep heat in winter and stay cool in summer, and newideas, like special coating for windows that lets light in, but keeps heat out.

   Astechnologies such as sensors become cheaper, their uses spread.

   Theelevators (电梯) at Seven World Trade Center, which is underconstruction in New York, use a system that groups people traveling to nearbyfloor into the same elevator, thus saving elevator stops. People who work inthe building will enter it by swiping (刷) ID cards that willtell the elevators their floor; readouts will then tell them which elevator touse. The building also has windows with a coating that blocks heal whileletting in light.

   More newbuilding materials and technology are in development. A Philadelphia buildingfarm is now working on "smart wrap" that uses tiny solar collectorsto catch the

sun's energy andtransmitters (传感器) the width of a human hair to move it. They areexpected to change the face of the construction industry in the next ten yearsor so.

72. __ will bedeveloped and used in the construcction industry.

    A. "Green mops" that cool or heat buildings

    B. "Smart wrap" that catches the sun's energy

    C. Sunlight-measuring sensors that control lights

    D. Window coating that lets light in, but keeps heatout                                

73. The elevators atSeven World Trade Center are special because they can ___

    A. send people to floors with fewer stops

    B. teach people how to use their ID cards

    C. make people stay very cool in summer

    D. help people go traveling in the building                                                                 

74. The underlined word"it' in the last paragraph refers to _____.

    A. a humanbeing                         B.smart wrap

    C. the sun'senergy                       D. a transmitter                                    

75. What might be themost suitable title for the text?

    A. Buildings Are Becoming Smarter

    B. Buildings Are Getting More Sunlight

    C. Buildings Are Lacking in Much Energy

    D. Buildings Are Using CheaperMaterials                              

答案 72.B  73.A  74.C 75.A

Passage 84

(05·安徽B篇)

When I was small and my grandmother died, I couldn’tunderstand why I had no tears. But that night when my dad tried to cheer me up,my laugh turned into crying.

.   So itcame as no surprise to learn that researchers believe crying and laughing comefrom the same part of the brain. Just as laughing has many health advantages,scientists are discovering that so, too, does crying.

Whatever it takes for us to reduce pressure is important toour emotional (情感的) health, and crying seems to study found that85 percent of women and 73 percent of men report feeling better after crying.

Besides, tears attract help from other people. Researchers agreethat when we cry, people around us become kinder and friendly and they are moreready to provide support and comfort. Tears also enable us to understand ouremotions better; sometimes we don't even know we' re very sad until we cry. Welearn about our emotions through Crying, and then we can deal with them.

Just as crying can be healthy, not crying — holding backtears of anger, pain or suffering — can be bad for physical (身体的) health, Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can leadto high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have ahealth problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feellike crying, don't fight it. It's a natural  — and healthy — emotionalresponse (反应).

60. Why didn't theauthor cry when her grandmother died?

A. Because her father did not --ant her to feel too sad.

B. Because she did not love her grandmother.

C. Because she was too shy to cry at that time.

D. Tie author doesn’t give the explanation.

61, It car. be inferredfrom the text that ______.

A. there are two ways to keep healthy

B. crying does more good to health than laughing

C. crying and laughing play the same roles

D. emotional health has a close relationship to physicalhealth

62. According to theauthor, which of the following statements is true?

A. Crying is the best way to get help from others.

B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems.

C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry.

D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.

63. What might be themost suitable title for the text?

A. Power ofTears                         B.How to Keep Healthy

C. Why WeCry                           D.A New Scientific Discovery

答案 60.D  61.D  62.B 63.A

Passage 57

(06·全国ⅠA篇)

Most people think of racing when they seegreyhounds（灰狗）and believe they need lots of exercise. They canactually be quite lazy!  Greyhounds are good at fast races but notlong-distance running. They do need regularexercise but they like to run for a short burst and then  get back on thebed or a comfortable seat. Another misunderstanding is that greyhounds must beaggressive（好斗的）because they are big in size. In fact greyhoundslove people and are gentle with children.

         Greyhoundscan live for 12 – 14 years but usually only race for two or three years, andafter that they make great pets. They don’tneed a lot of space, don’ t make a lot of noise, and don’ t eat a lotfor their size.

 Normally, greyhoundscan be as tall as 90 cm. There is , however, a small-sized greyhound,which stands only 33 cm. Greyhounds come in avariety of colors. Grey and yellowish-brown are the most common. Others include black, white, blue, red and brown or a mix ofthese.

  Greyhounds havesmooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy. Because they’ re slim（苗条的）they don’t have the legproblems like other dogs the same height . But they do feel the cold, especially since they would much rather beat home in bed than walking around outside.

56．The text is written mainly       .

         A．totell people how to raise greyhounds

         B．tolet people know more about greyhounds

         C．toexplain why greyhounds are aggressive

         D．todescribe greyhounds of different colors

57．It can be inferred that greyhounds        .

         A．lovebig doghouses

         B．likestaying in bed all day

         C．makethe best guard dogs

         D．needsome exercise outdoors

58．Why does the author say that greyhounds makegreat pets?

         A．Theyare big in size.

         B．Theylive a very long life.

         C．Theycan run races for some time.

         D．Theyare quiet and easy to look after.

59．If you keep a pet greyhound, it is important_____________.

         A．tokeep it slim

         B．tokeep it warm

         C．totake special care of its legs

         D．totake it to animal doctors regularly

答案  56.B 57.D  58.D  59.B

Passage 58

(06·全国ⅠC篇)

A study of English learning problems was carriedout among a total of 106 foreign students. It shows that most studentsconsidered understanding spoken English to betheir biggest problem on arrival. This was followed by speaking. Writingincreased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papersthat they were now expected to hand in.Reading remained as a significant（显著的）problem.

The information gained helped us in determiningwhere special attention should be paid in our course.Although many students have chosen to join the course with a reasonablemotivation（动机）, we considered it important to note what seemedto encourage interest. Nearly all the students have experienced some kind ofgrammar-based English teaching in their own country. To use the same methodwould be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation, especially if ithas failed in the past. Therefore a different method may help because it isdifferent.

Variety of activity was also seen as a way ofmaintaining（保持）or increasing motivation. Several years ago wehad one timetable that operated throughout, but we soon found that both thestudents and the teachers lost interest by about halfway through the ten weeks.This led us to a major re-think, so finally we brought it into line withthe expressed language needs of the students.

65．What is the text mainly about?

A．Foreign students have more problems.

B．There are many ways to improve English.

C．Teaching should meet students’ needs.

D．English learning problems should be studiedagain.

66．Writing became a bigger problem when foreignstudents ___________.

A．had to write their papers

B．became better at speaking

C．became less interested in reading

D．had fewer problems with listening

67．We may infer from the last two paragraphs that___________.

A．different teaching methods should be used

B．grammar-based teaching seems to be encouraging

C．English courses are necessary for foreignstudents

D．teaching content should be changed halfway

68．The word “it” underlined in the last paragraphrefers to “___________”.

A．re-think

B．activity

C．motivation

D．timetable

答案  65.C 66.A  67.A  68.D

Passage 59

(06·北京D篇)

While parents, particularly mothers, have alwaysbeen attached to their infants (婴儿), societal conditions frequently made thisattachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, thehigh infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments oftenended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused,a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachmentof mother and child.

One of these premodern attachment-discouragingpractices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the secondyear. Another practice that discouraged maternal (母亲的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrappingeffectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (抚摸)and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers’ and fathers’ affectionfor their infants.

A third practice which had the same distancingeffect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popularamong the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wetnurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-centuryFrance, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nursewould feed her own child first, leaving little for the city infant—who, in many case, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wetnurse was 35 percent.

68. Babies were unnamed until they were two so that________.

   A. an old social custom could be kept up

   B. maternal attachment could be maintained

   C. they could have better chances to survive

   D. their parents would not be too sad if theydied

69. Why were babies wrapped?

   A. To protect them from the cold.

   B. To distance their mothers from them.

   C. To make them feel more comfortable.

   D. To make it easy for their mothers to holdthem.

70. Wet nurses were women who _________.

   A. babysat city infants

   B. fed babies of other families

   C. sent their babies to the country

   D. failed to look after their babies

71. Which is the best title for the passage?

   A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times

   B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

   C. Poor Health Service and High Infant DeathRate

   D. Differences between Modern and PremodernParents

答案  68.D 69.B  70.B  71.B

Passage 60

(06·北京E篇)

A study published in September suggests there isa surprising way to get people to avoid unhealthy foods: change their memories.Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine askedvolunteers to answer some questions on their personalities (个性)and food experiences. “One week later,” Loftus says, “we told those people we’dfed their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account oftheir early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additionaldetail (细节). “You got sick after eating strawberryice-cream.” The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through leading questions— Who were youwith? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to 41% of those given afalse memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick, and many saidthey’d avoid eating it.

When Loftus published her findings, she startedgetting calls from people begging her to make them remember hating chocolate orFrench fries. Unfortunately, it’s not that easy. False memories appear to workonly for foods you don’t eat on a regular basis. But most important, it islikely that false memories can be implanted (灌输) only in peoplewho are unaware of the mental control. And lying to a patient is immoral, evenif a doctor believes it’s for the patient’s benefit.

Loftus says there’s nothing to stop parents fromtrying it with their overweight children. “I say, wake up—parents have been lying about Father Christmas for years, and nobody seems tomind. If they can prevent diseases caused by fatness and all the other problemsthat come with that, you might think that’s more moral lie. Decide that foryourself.”

72. Why did Loftus ask the volunteers to answer somequestions?

   A. To improve her computer program.

   B. To find out their attitudes towards food.

   C. To find out details she can make use of.

   D. To predict what food they’ll like in thefuture.

73. What did Loftus find out from her research?

   A. People believe what the computer tellsthem.

   B. People can be led to believe in somethingfalse.

   C. People tend to forget their childhoodexperiences.

   D. People are not always aware of theirpersonalities.

74. According to the study, people may stop having acertain food if they _______.

   A. learn it is harmful for health

   B. lie to themselves that they don’t want it

   C. are willing to let doctors control theirminds

   D. think they once had a bad experience of eatingit

75. What is the biggest concern with the method?

   A. Whether it ismoral.                      B.Who it is best for.

   C. When it iseffective.                      D.How it should be used.

答案  72.C 73.B  74.D  75.A

Passage 61

(06·上海B篇)

Nervous suspects（嫌疑犯）locked up inBritain’s newest police station may feel relieved by a pleasant yellow Colouron the door. If they are close to confessing a crime, the blue on the wallmight tip the balance.

Gwent Police have abandoned colours such asgreys and browns of the 20th-century police cell（牢房）and have usedcolour psychology to decorate them.

Ystrad Mynach station, which recently opened ata cost of￡5 million has four cells with glass doors forprisoners who suffer from claustrophobia（幽闭恐怖症） Designers havepainted the frames yellow, which researchers say is a calming colour. Othercells contain a royal blue line because psychologists believe that the colouris likely to encourage truthfulness.

The station has 31 cells, including 12 with a“live scan” system for drunken or disturbed prisoners, which detects the riseand fall of their chest. An alarm alerts officers if a prisoner’s breathingstops and carries on ringing until the door is opened.

Designers and psychologists have worked foryears on colour. Blue is said to suggest trust, efficiency, duty, logic,coolness, thinking and calm. It also suggests coldness and unfriendliness. Itis thought that strong blues will stimulate clear thought and lighter, softcolours will calm the mind and aid concentration.

Yellow is linked with confidence, self-respectand friendliness Get the colour wrong and it could cause fear, depression andanxiety, but the right yellow can lift spirits and self-respect.

Ingrid Collins, a psychologist who specializesin the effects of colour, said that colour was an “energy force ” She said:“Blue does enhance communication but I am not sure it would enhance truthfulcommunication.”

Yellow, she said, affected the mind. Red on theother hand, should never be considered because it could increase aggression MrsCollins praised the designers for using colours in the cells Gwent is not thefirst British force to experiment with colour to calm down or persuadeprisoners to co-operate, In the 1990s Strathclyde Police used pink in cells basedon research carried out by the US Navy.

69．The “tipthe balance ” in paragraph 1 probably indicates that the blue might   .

         A．letsuspects keep their balance                                         

B．help suspects to confess their crimes

C．make suspects coldand unfriendly in law court  

D．enable suspects tochange their attitudes to colours

70．Which of thefollowing colours should NOT be used in cells according to me passage?

         A．Pink.                              B．Yellow                           C．Blue.                              D．Red.

71．Which of thefollowing helps alert officers if someone stops breathing?

         A．Scanningequipment.                    B．Royalblue lines.        

C．Glass doors.                                                               D．Yellowframes.

72．The passage ismainly concerned with                            .

         A．therelationship between colours and psychology 

B．a comparison of different functions of colours

         C．theuse of colours in cells to affect criminals’ psychology

         D．scientificways to help criminals reform themselves in prison

答案 69.B  70.D  71.A 72.C

Passage 62

(06·重庆C篇)

When a Swedish ship that sank in 1628 wasrecovered from the port of Stockholm, historians and scientists were overjoyedwith the chance to examine the remains of the past. The ship constructionshowed how ships were built and operated during the seventeenth century. Inthis way, artifacts, objects made by human beings, provided a picture of dailylife almost 400 years ago.

Underwater archaeology –the study of ships,aircraft and human settlements that have sunk under large bodies of water—isreally a product of the last 50 years. The rapid growth of this new area of studyhas occurred because of the invention of better diving equipment. Besides theSwedish ship wreck(残骸),underwater archacologists have made more exciting discoveries such as the5,000-year-old boats in the Mediterranean Sea.

Underwater archacology can provide facts aboutthe past. In ancient ports all over the world are ships sunken in the past6,000 years. There are also sunken settlements in seas and lakes telling ofpeople’s way of life and their systems of trade in ancient times. Underwaterarchacologists want to study these objects to add to the world’s knowledge ofhistory , but they have to fight two enemies. One enemy is treasure hunters whodive for ancient artifacts  that they can sell to collectors. Once sold,these objects are lost to experts. The second enemy is dredging machines (挖掘机)often used to repair ports. Thesemachines destroy, wrecks and artifacts or bury them deeper under sand and mud.By teaching the public about the importance of underwater “museums” of thepast, archaeologists are hoping to get support for laws to protect underwatertreasures.

63．What purpose doesParagraph 1 serve in the passage?

        A．Toprovide background information of the topic.

         B．Toattract readers’ attention to the topic.

         C．Touse an example to support the topic.

         D．Tooffer basic knowledge of the topic.

64．The aim ofunderwater archacology is to                 .

         A．exploitwater bodies

         B．searchfor underwater life

         C．studyunderwater artifacts

         D．examineunderwater environment

65．Underwaterarchaeologists are worried because            .

         A．seahunters have better diving equipment

         B．theirknowledge of world history is limited

         C．dredgingmachines cause damage to the ports

         D．soldartifacts can hardly be regained for research

66．What is the mainpurpose of the passage?

         A．tointroduce a young branch of learning.

         B．Todiscuss the scientists ’ problems.

         C．Toexplain people’s way of life in the past.

         D．Todescribe the sunken ships.

答案  63.B 64.C  65.D  66.A

Passage 63

(06·山东E篇)

PITTSBURGH – For most people,snakes seem unpleasant or even threatening. But Howie Choset sees in theirdelicate movements a way to save lives.

The 37-year-old Carnegie MellonUniversity professor has spent years developing snake-like robots he hopes willeventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped afternatural disasters or other emergencies.

Dan Kara is president of RoboticsTrends, a Northboro, Mass.-based company that publishes an online industrymagazine and runs robotics trade shows. He said there are other snake-likerobots being developed, mainly at universities, but didn’t know of one thatcould climb pipes.

The Carnegie Mellon machines aredesigned to carry cameras and electronic sensors and can be controlled with ajoystick(操纵杆). They move smoothly with the help of smallelectric motors, or servos, commonly used by hobbyists in model airplanes.

Built from lightweight materials,the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller.They can sense whichway is up, but are only as good as their human operators, Choset added.

Sam Stover, a search term managerwith the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snake-typerobots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such ascameras attached to extendable roles.

“It just allows us to do somethingwe’ve ot been able to do before,”Stover said, “We needed them yesterday.”

He said sniffer dogs are still thebest search tool for rescue workers, but that they can only be used effectivelywhen workers have access to damaged building.

Stover, among the rescue workerswho handled the aftermath (后果) of Hurricane Katrina, said snake robots wouldhave helped rescuers search flooded houses in that disaster.

Choset said the robots may not beready for use for another five to ten years, depending on funding.

72. Which institution isresponsible for the development of Choset’s robots?

A. RoboticsTrends.                            B.Pittsburgh City Council.

C. Carnegie MellonUniversity.                  D.Federal Emergency Management Agency.

73. Choset believes that hisinvention ______.

A. can be attached to anelectronic arm

B. can be used by hobbyists inmodel airplanes

C. can find victims more quicklythan a sniffer dog

D. can sense its way no betterthan its operators

74. By saying “We needed themyesterday” (paragraph 7), Stover means that snake-like robots _____.

A. could help handle the aftermathof Hurricane Katrina

B. would have been put to use inpast rescue work

C. helped rescuers search floodedhouses yesterday

D. were in greater need yesterdaythan today

75. What is the text mainly about?

A. Snake-like robots used inindustries.

B. Snake-like robots made to aidin rescues.

C. The development of snake-likerobots.

D. The working principles ofsnake-like robots.

答案 72.C  73.D  74.B 75.B

Passage 64

(06·江苏E篇)

A new eight-kilometre road is under constructionthat links the port area with the motorway system . It is expected to carry20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic inthe center of the city . As part of the project , two four-kilometre roadtunnels are being built below the central area of the city , one for traffic tothe north and the other for traffic to the south .The two tunnels are about 20metres below the surface and are 12 metres wide , providing for two lanes oftraffic in each direction .

In the upper part of the tunnel twoair-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep thequality of air inside the tunnel . The lighting is at the top of the tunnel ,practically at its highest point . There will also be electronic signs atfrequent intervals (间隔). They show traffic conditions ahead , and canbe seen clearly by drivers . The wall is made up of four main elements , whichinclude a waterproofing covering and , on the inside of the tunnel , a concretelining (混凝土衬砌).

Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower partof the tunnel is somewhat flat .The surface of the road lies on the base ,which is made of concrete and steel  The drainage system (排水系统), just below the road surface on one side , removes anyextra liquid , particularly water . In the event of fire , the fire main ,which is made of steel , pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regularintervals along the length of the tunnel . The fire main is at the side of thetunnel , and at the level of the road surface . Other systems in the tunnelwill include emergency phones .

72．Each of thetunnels under construction is       .

         A．eightkilometers long and twenty metres wide

         B．eightkilometers long and six metres wide

         C．fourkilometers long and twenty metres wide

         D．fourkilometers long and six metres wide

73．Which part of thetunnel in the diagram is used to pipe out extra water ?

         A．1.                                    B．3.                                    C．5.                                    D．6.

74．Driving in thetunnel , one can know the traffic conditions ahead through        .

         A．thelights                                                                   B．theelectronic signs

         C．thetrucks and cars                                                 D．theemergency phones

75．The passage ismainly about        .

         A．theconstruction of a road                                    B．thedesign of a road

         C．theconstruction of two tunnels                          D．thedesign of two tunnels

答案 72.D  73.C  74.B 75.D

Passage 65

(06·浙江B篇)

It’s2035. You have a job, a family and you’reabout 40 years old welcome to your future life.

    Getting ready for work, you pause infront of the mirror. “Turn red, ”you say. Your shirt changes from sky blue todeep red. Tiny preprogrammed electronics (智能电子元件) are rearrangedin your shirt to change its color. Looking into the mirror, you find it hard tobelieve you’re 40. You look much younger. With amazing advances in medicine,people in your generation may live to be 150 years old. You’re not even middle– aged !

As you go into the kitchen and prepare to pouryour breakfast cereal into a bowl, you bear, “To lose weight, you shouldn’t eatthat ,” from your shoes. They read the tiny electronic (电子源码) on the cereal box to find out the nutrition details. Youdecide to listen to your shoes. “Kitchen, what can I have for breakfast?” Alist of possible foods appears on the counter as the kitchen checks its foodsupplies.

“Ready for your trip to space ?” you ask yourson and daughter. In 2005 only specially trained astronauts went into space –and very few of them. Today anyone can go to space for day trips or longervacations. Your best friend even works in space. Handing your children threestrawberries each, you “The doctor said you need these for space travel ”Thanks to medical advances, vaccination shots (防疫针) are a thing ofthe past. Ordinary foods contain specific vaccines. With the berries in theirmouths, the kids bead for the front door.

It’s time for you to go to work. Your car checksyour fingerprints and unlocks the doors “My office. Autopilot,” you command.Your car drives itself down the road and moves smoothly into traffic on thehighway. You sit back and unroll your e – newspaper. The latest news down loadsand fills the viewer. Looking through the pages you watch the news as videofilm rather than read it.

45．What changes the color of your shirt?

A．The mirror.                  B．Theshirt itself.           C．Thecounter.               D．Themedicine.

46．How do the shoes know that you shouldn’t eat thebreakfast cereal ?

A．By pouring the breakfast into a bowl.           

B．By listening to the doctor’s advice.

C．By testing the food supplies in the kitchen.

D．By checking the nutrition details of the food.

47．The strawberries the children eat serve as     .

A．breakfast                    B．lunch                           C．vaccines       D．nutrition

48．How is the text organized?

A．In order of time.                                                       B．Inorder of frequency.

C．In order of preference.                                           D．Inorder of importance.

答案 45.B  46.D  47.C 48.A

Passage 66

(06·福建B篇)

As skies are filled with millions of migrating(迁徙)birds,European scientists say the seasonal wonder appears to be strange; the fatterthat bird, the better it flies.
     The results of their study led to a theory opposite toa central one of acrodynamies (空气动力学), which says that the power needed to flyincreases with weight.
     For birds, obviously, the cost of flying with heavyfat is much smaller than we used to think. Researchers found that red knollwading birds double their normal body weight of 100 grams before making theirtwice-a-year nonstop flight between the British Isles and the Russian Arctic.Distance; 5, 000 kilometers.
     Another study in the magazine Nature measured theadvantage of flying in an acrodynamic group which allows birds to save energyby flying smoothly and quietly in the lead bird’s air stream.

Flying in groups, their heart rates were 14.5 percent lower than flyingalone, according to Henri, a French scientist. The findings help explain howbirds completes difficult migrations. Researchers had thought that thinner,stronger birds would have the best chance to survive.
     The first study suggests that building up fat to beburnt as fuel during the migration is worth more than the energy it takes to carrythe additional weight.
     In the study, researchers said their learn studied thebirds flown at different body weights during 28 simulated(模拟的)flights. They forced a small amount of special water into the birds’bodies so that they could measure the amount of energy burnt during the flight.

60.A red knot wading bird of 100 grams willprobably weigh _____ before making its nonstop migrating flight.

A.50 grams            B.100grams         C.150grams          D.200 grams
61.During their migrating flight, red knot wading  birds can save energyby flying_______.
   A. separately          B.alone              C.in groups          D. in pairs

62.A_______red notwading bird has a better chance to survive during its migrating flight.

   A.stronger            B.weaker            C.thinner            D.fatter

63.The best title forthis passage may probably be________.

A. Birds Thin Down ForJourney              B.Birds Fatten Up For Journey

C. How Birds Build Up Fat ForJourney         D. How Birds BurnEnergy For Journey

答案 60.D  61.C  62.D 63.B

Passage 67

(06·湖南C篇)

The coyote(丛林狼).that elever animal of wide-open space .has come to the nation’s captial.In fact ,coyotes have spread to everycomer of the United States,changing their behaviors to fit new envioronmentsand causing researchers to deal with a troublesome new kind of creature:thecity coyote.

The coyote originally lived in the middle of thecontinent.One of its most obvious characters is its smartness, which has madethe animal a notorious（臭名昭著的）pest.Hunters trapped,shot and poisoned more thana million coyotes in the 1900s.It’s still one of America’s mosthunted animals.Yet the coyote has survived.How has the coyote shown this extraordinaryability?”I guess if you wanted to use one word,it’d be ‘plasticity’.”says ErieGese,an expert at Utah State University. Coyotes can live alon, in pairs, or inlarge packs like wolves,hunt at night or during the day , occupy a small regionor an area up to 40 square miles,and live on all sorts of food,from lizards（蜥蜴）and shoes, to ants and melons.

   Unbelicvadly  people  helpcd coyotes  increase  when they kiltcd most of the wolves in the United States. The sprcdding of coyotesinto city areas,though.is rccent.They travel at night,crossing sidcwalks and bridges.runningatong roads and ducking into cuinerts (钻入涵洞)and underpasscs.No one knows why coyotes are maving into cities.but expertsexplaih thatclevcter,more human-tolerant(不怕人的)coyotes are teaching urban survivalskills tonew generations.

Occasionally.coyotes mighe attack human beings.There havebeen about 160 attacks on peoplc in reccnt years Therefore,people have bccnconsistently told not feed coyotes or leave pct food unseeurcd.That ,plus alarge trapping program in the neighborhood.has cur down on the coyotepopulation.

63.The underlinged word“plasticity”in Paragraph 2refers to____________.

A.the ability to fit theenvironment             B.notonoussmartness

C.huntingability                          D.beinghuman-tolerant                   

64.The aim of thepassage is to_____________.

A.tell pcople how to fight against coyotes

B.tell us why the coyote is the most hunted animal

C.supply the reason why the coyote is a kind of motoriouspest

D.explain how the coyote has spread to and survived in cities                        

65.According to thepassage,coyote__________.

A.originally lived in the west of the continent

B.sleep dung the day but look for food at night

C.are teaching survival skills to therr younger generations

D.suffered a population deerease because pcople killedwolves                       

66.According to thepassage,to cut dowa on the coyolc population.people are advised to_______.

A.leave pct foodsecured                    B.keep coyotes in small regions

C.foree coyotes to livealone                  D.avondusing trappingprograms             

答案 63.A  64.D 65.C  66.A

Passage 68

(06·湖南D篇)

The discovery of a dwarfed (矮个的)”human being”who lived in Flores .Indonesin .up to 18,000 years ago is changing the way wethink about the human family .This “Flores Human”was three foot tall and herbrain was smaller than that lf the average chimp (黑猩猩).yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully human lives .Theyseem to have made tools ,worked together to find food and cook it,and perhapseven hurried their dead with ceremony.

It was a major surprise to find tools associated with thenew human family member .The tools are like those frmmerly seen only withEuropean fossils (化石)from our own species;Homo sapiens (智人)；andthe oldest of them were made  94,000years ago .Homo sapiens is thought tohave amved in the island about 40,000 years ago ,much too late to beresponsible for the tools .If this tiny human made the tools ,them theinside  structure (结构)of its brain must have been more like our ownthan a chimp’s ,despite being just a third the size of ours.

   This “newhuman” was suspected to be a dwarfed ranch of Homo erectus (直立人). When creatures are separated in regions with rare resources but fewenemies,being big is a disadvantage, and evolution tends to shrink them,aprocess known as island dwarfing.Could natural selection make a human smallerwhile keeping----even improving----mental ability ?Quite possibly, believesChristopher Wills of the University of California.

   Has the “FloresHuman” even shown the ability of language? “I find it difficult to imagine thatpeople could make tools.use fire ,and kill large animals without fairlyadvanced communication.”  Wills says .Did “Flores Human” possess the basiccomponents of human culture ---such as the burying of the dead with ceremony?  Emiliano Bruner of the Italian Institute points out that Indonesia’shot,wet environment is bad for fossilization.It is reasonable to assume ,hesays ,that the 18,000-year-old bones of the most complete Flores woman werewell-preserved because she was buried with special care.

67.According to thepassage , “Flores Human”______.

A. lived a partly human life

B. was a branch of Homo sapiens

C. used tools before Homo sapiens arrived

D. had a brain as a commonchimp’s                    

68.The underlined part“this tiny human”in Paragraph 2 refers to _______.

A.a chimp     .       B.FloresHuman       C.Homo sapiens       D.Homosapiens                  

69.This passage mainlytalks about______.

A. the tools made by “Flores Human”

B. the language used by “Flores Human”

C. the evolution of “Flores Human”

D. the major surprising findings about “FloresHuman”      

70.According to thepassage ,it is believed that “Flores Human”_______.

A. was dwarfed by its enemies   

B. could use language

C. left a lot of fossils in hot and wet environment

D. reached Flores 40,000 yearsago                      

答案 67.C  68.B  69.D 70.B

Passage 69

(06·安徽C篇)

Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat withouthaving to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watchingthe sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they willsuddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is goingon. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the dillfor themselves. A grown lion can easily eat 60 pounds of meat at a singlefeeding. Often they eat until it seems painful for them to lie down.

The lioneases (母狮) , being thinnerand faster, are better hunters (猎手) than the males (雄狮). But the malesdon’t mind. After the kill they move in and take the test share.

Most kills are made at night or just before daybreak. Wehave seen many, many daylight attempts but only ten kills. Roughly, It’s abouttwenty daytime attempts for one kill.

When lions are hiding for an attack by a water hole, theywait patiently and can charge at any second. The kill is the exciting moment inthe day-to-day life of the lion, since these great animals spend most of theirtime, about 20 hours a day, sleeping and resting.

Lions are social cats, and when they are having a rest,they love to touch each other. After drinking at a water hole, a lioness restsher head on another’s back. When walking, young lions often touch faces witholder ones, an act of close ties among members of the group.

64. By describing lions as “opportunists” in thefirst paragraph, the author means to say that lions       .

A. are cruel animals                                                B. are clever animals

C. like to take advantage of other animals        D. like to take every chance to eat

65. According to thetext, which of the following is true?

A. Lions make most kills in the daytime.

B. Males care more about eating than active killing.

C. Lions are curious about things happening around them.

D. It doesn’t take lions too much time to make a kill.

66. How can we knowthat lions are social animals?

A. They depend on each other.                             B. They look after each other well.

C. They readily share what they have.                D. They enjoy each other’s company.

67. What would be thebest tiltle for the text?

A. Powerful Lions                                                     B. Lions at Work and Play

C. Lions, Social Cats                                                D. Lions, Skilled Hunters

答案 64.C  65.B  66.D 67.B

Passage 70

(06·安徽D篇)

To extinguish (熄灭) different kinds offires, several types of fire extinguishers have been invented. They must beready for immediate use when fire breaks out. Most portable (手提式的) kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are usefulonly on small fires. The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carryextinguishers.

Since fuel, oxygen (氧气) and heat must bepresent in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removedor reduced to extinguish a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the materialbelow a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the mostcommon way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it islow in cost and easy to get.

Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off theoxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or someother things. A blanket may be used do cover a small fire.

A third method is called separation, which includesremoving the fuel, or material easy to burn, from a fire, so that it can findno fuel.

The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon thetype of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper,cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keepthe fire on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water.

68. If a fire breaksout on a bus, which of the follow should be ready there for you to use?

A. Sand                                                                      B. Water

C. A blanket.                                                             D. An extinguisher.

69. To cover a small piece of burning wood witha basin in order to stop the fire is an example of         .

A. separating the fire                                             B.reducing the heat

C. removing the fuel                                               D.cutting off the oxygen

70. In choosing how toput out a fire, we should first be clear about          .

A. when it breaks out                                             B. how it comes about

C. what kind it is                                                      D. where it takes place

71. What would theauthor probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

A. Another class of fires                                         B. Another type of extinguishers

C. How fires break out.                                          D. How fires can be prevented.

答案 68.D  69.D  70.C 71.A

Passage 71

(06·辽宁B篇)

Unlike modern animalscientists, dinosaur scientists cannot sit on a hillside and use telescopes towatch dinosaurs in order to know how they lived and whether they were goodparents Instead, they have to search hard for information from dinosaurs’fossils（恐龙化石） because dinosaurs died out millions of years ago.

It’s very difficult for thescientists to reach an agreement because different results can be got from thesame fossils. Many fossils of the same kind of dinosaurs have been dug out fromone place. They might have formed when an entire group of dinosaurs got stuck（陷入）allat once, or they might have been the result of dinosaurs getting stuck oneafter another over a course of a few centuries. Thus we can say that dinosaursmight have in the first case lived in big groups and in the second lived alone.

Though there are twodifferent results, dinosaur scientists now generally agree that at least somekinds of dinosaurs lived in big groups. “That’s pretty much settled at thispoint. ” says Paul Sereno. A kind of dinosaurs called Sauropods left behindtracks in the western United States that appear to run north and south,suggesting that they even moved long distances together.

As to whether dinosaurscared for their young, dinosaur scientists have turned to the closest livingrelatives of dinosaurs— birds and crocodiles — for possible models. Birds givea lot of care to their young, while crocodiles just help their young to thewater. The discovered fossils of dinosaurs sitting on their gees and stayingwith their young suggest the parents were taking care of their babies, but westill cannot say that all dinosaurs did the same.

There is still a long way togo before the above questions could be answered. Dinosaur scientists will haveto find more proof to reach an agreement.

60. Dinosaur scientists can get information directly by _______.

A. studying dinosaurfossils                          B. examining modernanimals

C. watchingdinosaurs                                  D. usingtelescopes

61. What is pretty much settled according to Paul Sereno?

A. Half of the dinosaurslived alone.             B. Most dinosaurs moved long distances.

C. Many dinosaurs settled inthe north.          D. Some dinosaurslived in big groups.

62. Dinosaur scientists can probably know whether dinosaurs weregood parents by_______.

A. watching many kinds ofanimals

B. studying dinosaurs’living relatives

C. following the tracks leftbehind

D. working on dug-outdinosaur eggs

63. Which of the following the according to the paragraph?

A. Birds hardly ay attentionto their young.

B. Baby crocodiles can lookafter themselves well.

C. Some dinosaurs took careof their young.

D. Birds and crocodiles takegood care of their young.

答案 60.A  61.D  62.B 63.B

Passage 36

(07·广东C篇)

Malaria, the world's most widespread parasitic(寄生虫引起的) disease, kills as many as three million people every year—almostall of whom are under five, very poor, and African. In most years, more thanfive hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exact numbersare difficult to assess because many people don't (or can't) seek care. It isnot unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spenda quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longerworks. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, and the Gambia, no family,village, hospital, or workplace can remain unaffected for long.

   Malariastarts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intensefever and, often, headaches. As the parasites multiply, they take over theentire body. Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect (感染).They can also attach themselves to blood vessels in the brain. If it doesn'tkill you, malaria can happen again and again for years. The disease passed onto humans by female mosquitoes infected with one of four species of parasite.Together, the mosquito and the parasite are the most deadly couple in thehistory of the earth—and one of the most successful. Malaria has fivethousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resistnew drugs has made it nearly impossible to control. Studies show thatmosquitoes are passing on the virus more frequently, and there are moreoutbreaks in cities with large populations. Some of the disease's spread is dueto global warming.

    Fordecades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has beenchloroquine, a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, inmost parts of the world, malaria parasites have become resistant to it.Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available, butthey have been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugs should fail,nobody knows what would come next.

51. According toparagraph 1, many people don't seek care because___.

A. they are too poor

B. it is unusual to seek care

C. they can remain unaffected for long

D. there are too many people suffering from the disease

52. People sufferingfrom malaria___.

A. have to kill female mosquitoes

B. have ability to defend parasites

C. have their red blood cells infected

D. have sudden fever, followed by chills

53. Which of thefollowing may be the reason for the wide spread of the disease?

A. Its resistance to global warming.

B. Its ability to pass on the virus frequently.

C. Its outbreaks in cities with large populations.

D. Its ability to defend itself and resist new drugs.

54. It can be inferredfrom the passage that___.

A. no drugs have been found to treat the disease

B. the alternative treatment is not easily available tomost people

C. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites

D. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease

55. Which of the followingquestions has NOT been discussed in the passage?

A. How can we know one is suffering from malaria?

B. How many people are killed by malaria each year?

C. Why are there so many people suffering from malaria?

D. What has been done to keep people unaffected for long?

答案  51. A  52.C  53.D  54.B  55.D

Passage 37

(07·山东D篇)

Sports shoes that out whether their owner has enoughexercise to warrant time in front of the

television have beendevised in the UK.

The shoes — named Square Eyes — contain an electronicpressure sensor and a tiny

computer chip to recordhow many steps the wearer has taken in a day. A wireless transmitter

passes the informationto a receiver connected to a television, and this decides how much evening

viewing time the wearerdeserves, based on the day’s efforts.

The design was inspired by a desire to fight against therapidly ballooning waistlines among

British teenagers, saysGillian Swan, who developed Square Eyes as a final year design project at

Brunel University toLondon, UK. “We looked at current issues and childhood overweight really

stood out,” she says.“And I wanted to tackle that with my design.”

Once a child has used up their daily allowance gainedthrough exercise, the television

automatically switchesoff. And further time in front of the TV can only be earned through more

steps.

Swan calculated how exercise should translate to televisiontime using the recommended daily amounts of both. Health experts suggest that achild take 12,000 steps each day and watch no more than two hours oftelevision. So, every 100 steps recorded by the Square Eyes shoes equals

precisely one minute ofTV time.

Existing pedometers （计步器） normally cliponto a belt or slip into a pocket and keep count of steps by measuring suddenmovement. Swan says these can be easily tricked into recording steps throughshaking. But her shoe has been built to be harder for lazy teenagers to cheat.“It is possible, but it would be a lot of effort,” she says. “That was one ofmy main design considerations.”

71．Accordingto Swan, the purpose of her design project is to ________.

A．keep a record of the steps of the wearer

B．deal with overweight among teenagers

C．enable children to resist the temptation of TV

D．prevent children from being tricked by TV programs

72．Whichof the following is true of Square Eyes shoes?

A．They regulate a child’s evening TV viewing time.

B．They determine a child’s daily pocket money.

C．They have raised the hot issue of overweight.

D．They contain information of the receiver.

73．Whatis stressed by health experts in their suggestion?

A．The exact number of steps to be taken.

B．The precise number of hours spent on TV.

C．The proper amount of daily exercise and TV time.

D．The way of changing steps into TV watching time.

74．Comparedwith other similar products, the new design ________.

A．makes it difficult for lazy teenagers to cheat

B．counts the wearer’s steps through shaking

C．records the sudden movement of the wearer

D．sends teenagers’ health data to the receiver

75．Whichof the following would be the best title for the text?

A．Smart Shoes Decide on Television Time

B．Smart Shoes Guarantee More Exercise

C．Smart Shoes Measure Time of Exercise

D．Smart Shoes Stop Childhood Overweight

答案  71. B  72.A  73.C  74.A  75.A

Passage 38

(07·宁夏、海南、全国ⅠB篇)

Many animals recognize their food because they see it. Sodo humans. When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that theseare things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose yourfood. You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You maydislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice. Differentanimals use different senses to find and choose their food. A few animalsdepend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one sense.

Although there are many different types of food, someanimals spend their lives eating only one type. The giant panda（大熊猫）eats only one particular type of bamboo（竹子）. Other animals eat only one type of food even when giventhe choice. A kind of white butterfly（蝴蝶）will stay on theleaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in thegarden. However, most animals have a more varied diet（多样化饮食）. The bear eats fruits and fish. The fox eats smallanimals, birds and fruits. The diet of these animals will be differentdepending on the season.

Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food becausewe like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France andBritain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight,which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products,such as butter, can also be bad for the health. Choosing the right food,therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.

60. We can infer fromthe text that humans and animals _________.

   A. dependon one sense in choosing food       B.  are not satisfied with their food

   C. choosefood in similarways               D. eat entirely different food

61. Which of thefollowing eats only one type of food?

   A. Thewhitebutterfly.                      B. The small bird.

   C. Thebear.                               D. The fox.

62. Certain animalschange their choice of food when ___________.

   A. theseason changes                       B. the food color changes

   C. theymove to differentplaces               D. they are attracted by different smells

63. We can learn fromthe last paragraph that __________.

   A. food ischosen for a goodreason            B.French and British food is good

   C. somepeople have few choices of food       D. somepeople care little about healthy diet

答案  60. A   61. C   62. C     63.B   

Passage 39

(07·北京B篇)

The Book Of Life

So far,scientists have named about 1.8 millionliving species(物种),and that’s just a small number of whatprobably exists on Earth.With so many plants,animal,and other living thingscovering the planet,it can be tough to figure out what type of grass is growingby the roadside or what kind of bird just flew by.

A soon-to-be-started Web site might help.Aninternational team of researchers has announced the creation of Web-basedEncyclopedia(百科全书) of Life (EoL).The project aims to list everyspecies on Earth in a single,easy-to-use reference guide.

To get the encyclopedia started,the creatorswill use information from scientific databases(数据库)that alreadyexist.And eventually,in special sections of the site,non-scientists withspecialized knowledge will come to helf.Bird-watchers,for example, will be ableto input what birds they’ve seen and where. To make sure the encyclopedia isaccurate, scientists will review much of the information added to it.

As the EoL develops,you might findit useful for school. Projects,The site will feature    (以。。。。。。为特色) special pages for kids who are studying ecosystems intheir neighborhoods.Another convenient feature of the EoL is that you’ll beable to pick the level of detail you want to see to match yourinterests,age,and knowledgs.

It now takes years for scientists to collect allthe data they need to describes and analyze species.The creators of theEncyclopedia of Life hope that their new fool will speed up that process.

60.The Web based EoL aims to ___

A. fine out what covers the earth

B. list all living things on Earth

C.work out the number of birds

D.save the existing plants

61.One characteristic of the EoL is that ____

A. it is run by school students

B. it focuses on different types of grass

C. it provides different levels of information

D.it allows non-scientists to review its data

62. In the last paragraph,”that process”means ___

A. analyzing species                        B.creating a new tool

C. collectingdata                           D.describing species

答案  60. B  61.C   62.C

Passage 40

(07·天津D篇)

In meditation(冥想)，peoplesit quietly and focus their attention on their breath .As they breathe in andout ,they attend to their feelings .As thoughts go through their minds. theylet them go. Breathe. Let go. Breathe. Let go.

According to a recent study at the Insight MeditationSociety in Barre, Massachusetts, three months of training in this kind ofmeditation causes a market change in how the brain allocates(分配)attention. It appears that the ability to let go thoughts that come into mindfrees the brain to attend to more rapidly changing things and events in theoutside world. Expert mediators are better than other people at catching suchfast-changing stimuli( 刺激),like facial s.

The study provides evidence for changes in the workings ofthe brain with mental training. People can learn and improve abilities of allsorts with practice. everything from driving to playing the piano. The studyhas shown that meditation is good for the brain ,It appears to reduce pressureand promote a sense of well-being.

In an experiment ,17 volunteers with no meditationexperience in the experimental group spent three months meditating 10 to 12hours a day .A control group also with no meditation experience meditated for20 minutes a day over the same period .Both groups were then given the testswith two numbers in a group of letters. As both group looked for the numbers,their brain activity was recorded.

Everyone could catch the first number .But the brain recordings showed that the less experienced mediators tended to grasp the firstnumber and hang onto it ,so they missed the second number .Those with moreexperience gave less attention to the first number .as if letting it go ,whichled to an increased ability to grasp the second number ,This shows thatattention can change with practice.

Just ask Daniel Levision, who meditated for three months aspart of the study .”I am a much better listener,” he said. “I do not get lostin my own personal reaction to what people are saying.”

48.   Theunderlined word “them” in Paragraph 1 refers to ________.

A. feelings                B.minds                 C.people                        D.thoughts

49.   Meditationsmanage their daily tasks better because they ________.

A. are given less pressure                           B.allocate their attention better

C. have more stimuli for life                        D.practice them more frequently

50. In the experiment,volunteers doing meditation for longer hours ________.

A. were more likely to catch both of the members

     B.were used to memorizing numbers in groups

     C.usually ignored the first number observed

     D.paid more attention to numbers than to letters

51. The study provesthat ________.

   A.meditation improves one’s health

   B. brainactivity can be recorded

   C. humanattention can be trained

   D.mediators have a good sense of hearing

答案  48. D  49.B  50.A   51.C

Passage 41

(07·天津E篇)

When we think of leadership ,we often think of strength andpower .But what are these really ,and how do they operate?

Leadership today is not about forcing others to do things.If this is even possible, it is short-term, and tends to backfire. If you ordersomeone to do something against their will, they may do it because they feelthey must ,but the anger they feel will do more harm in the long-term ,Theywill also experience fear.

Fear causes the thinking brain to shut down, making theperson unable to function at his or her best .If they associate you with thisemotion of fear. They will become less functional around you ,and you will havesucceeded in not only shooting yourself in the foot .but possibly making a verygood employee or partner unable to perform effectively .Fear has no place inleadership.

The way we influence people in a lasting way is by our own character,and our understanding and use of emotion .We can order someone to do something,which may be part of the work day; or we can employ them at the emotionallevel ,so they became fully devoted to the projects and provide some of theirown motivation (积极性). Today’s work place is all about relationships

Anyone works harder in a positive environment in which theyare recognized and valued as a human being as well as a worker.. Everyoneproduces just a bit more for someone they like. Leaders understand the waythings work .They know the pay check is not the single most motivating factor (因素)in the work life of most people.

The true strength of leadership  is an inner strengththat comes from the confidence of emotional intelligence---knowing your ownemotions , and how to handle them ,and those of others . Developing your emotionalintelligence is the single best thing you can do if you want to develop yourrelationships with people around you, which is the key to the leadershipskills.

52. An employee mayhave a feeling of fear in the work place when ________.

A. he is forced to do things

B. be cannot work at his best

C. he feels his brain shut down

D. he thinks of his work as too heavy

53. Which of thefollowing is TRUE according to the passage?

A. People tend to associate leadership with fear

B. Working conditions affect people’s physical health

C. Good relationship is the key to business success

D. Smart people are more functional in the work place.

54.   Topositively influence employees a leader should first of all ________.

A. provide better suggestions                            B.develop his own personality

C. five his employees a pay raise              D.hide his own emotion of fear

55.   Goodleadership is mainly seen in a leader’s ability to ________.

A .provide a variety of project for employees

B. help raise employee’s living standards

C. give employees specific instructions

D. deal wisely with employees’ emotions

答案  52. A  53.C  54.B  55.D

Passage 42

(07·江苏D篇)

Thinking

u  Some scientists claim that we humans are the only living things that are conscious (有意识的) — we alone are aware that we are thinking.

u  No one knows how consciousness works — it is one of science’s last great mysteries.

u  All your thoughts take place in the cerebrum (大脑皮质), which is at the top of your brain, and different kinds of thought are linked to different areas, called association areas.

u  Each half of the cerebrum has four rounded ends called lobes (脑叶) — two at the front (frontal and temporal lobes) and two at the back (occipital and parietal lobes).

u  The frontal lobe is linked to your personality and it is where you have your bright ideas.

u  The temporal lobe is where you hear and understand what people say to you.

u  The occipital lobe is where you work out what your eyes see.

u  The parietal lobe is where you record touch, heat and cold, and pain.

u  The left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. The right half controls the left side.

u  One half of the brain is always dominant (in charge). Usually, the left brain is dominant, which is why 90% of people are right-handed.

68. Which part of yourcerebrum is most active when you are making a telephone call?

   A. Thefrontal lobe.                                                           B.The temporal lobe.

   C. Theoccipital lobe.                                                        D.The parietal lobe.

69. Which of thefollowing statements is true?

   A. One’spersonality has something to do with the frontal lobe.

   B. Brightideas come from the parietal lobe.

   C. Theoccipital and temporal lobes are at the back of the cerebrum.

   D. Theoccipital lobe is in charge of sound.

70. From the passage, we know the reason whyaround 10% of people are left-handed is that ________.

   A. theirfrontal lobe is usually dominant

   B. theirtemporal lobe is usually dominant

   C. theirright brain is usually dominant

   D. theirleft brain is usually dominant

答案  68.B 69.A  70.C

Passage 43

(07·重庆D篇)

The African elephant, the largest land animal remaining onearth , is of great importance to African ecosystem(生态系统). Unlike other animals, the African elephant is to a greatextent the builder of its environment. As a big plant-eater, it largely shapesthe forest-and-savanna(大草原)surroundings in which it lives, thereforesetting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in itshabitat(栖息地).

It is the elephant's great desire for food that makes it adisturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat. In its continuoussearch for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills smalltrees and underbushes, and pulls branches off big trees. This results innumerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands thatcover part of

the African savannas.In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth thatattract a variety of other plant-eaters.

Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state,the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth ofplants on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephantsmake open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor. In suchsituations, the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant-eaters to movearound and for small plant-eaters to get their food as well.

What worries scientists now is that the African elephanthas become an endangered species. If the elephant disappears, scientists say,many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna,greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.

67. What is the passagemainly about?

A. Disappearance of African elephants.

B. Forests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.

C. The effect of African elephants' search for food.

D. The eating habit of African elephants.

68. What does theunderlined phrase “setting the terms” most probably mean?

A. Fixing the time.                                                B.Worsening the state.

C. Improving the quality.                                D.Deciding the conditions.

69. What do we knowabout the open spaces in the passage?

A. They result from the destruction of rain forests.

B. They provide food mainly for African elephants.

C. They are home to many endangered animals.

D. They are attractive to plant-eating animals of differentkinds.

70. The passage isdeveloped mainly by.

A. showing the effect and then explaining the causes

B. pointing out similarities and differences

C. describing the changes in space order

D. giving examples

答案  67.C 68.D  69.D  70.A

Passage 44

(07·辽宁A篇)

What will people die of 100 years from now? If you thinkthat is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolutionthat is taking place in bio-technology(生物技术). With the helpof new medicine, the human body will last a very long time. Death will comemainly fom accidents, murder and war. Today’s leading killers, such as heartdisease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories.

In discussion of technological changes, the Internet getsmost of the attention these days. But the change in medicine can be the realtechnological event of our times. How long can humans live? Human brains wereknown to decide the final death. Cells(细胞) are the basicunits of all living things, and until recently, scientists were sure that the lifeof cells could not go much beyond l20 years because the basic materials ofcells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever. But the upperlimits will be broken by new medicine. Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicinewill have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so, people will beable to take medicine to repair their organs ( The medicine, made up of thebasic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, andso on—in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place ofold ones.

It is exciting to imaging that the advance in technologymay be changing the most basic condition of human existence, but many technicalproblems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.

56. According to thepassage, human death IS now mainly caused by____

A. diseases and aging                        B.accidents and war

C. accidents and aging                       D.heart disease and war

57. In the author’ sopinion, today’s most important advance in technology lies in____

A. medicine                              B.the Internet

C. brain cells                             D.human organ

58. Humans may livelonger in the future because_____

A. heart disease will be far away from us

B. human brains can decide the final death

C. the basic materials of cells will last forever

D. human organs can be repaired by new medicine

59. We can learn fromthe passage that ______

A. human life will not last more than 120 years in thefuture

B. humans have to take medicine to build new skin cells now

C. much needs to be done before humans can have a longerlife

D. we have already solved the technical problems inbuilding new cells

答案  56.A  57.A  58.D  59.C

Passage 45

(07·辽宁C篇)

Most rain forests lie close to the equator( where theclimate is often mild and there are long hours of sunshine. The warmth of the land heats the air above,causing it to rise and tiny drops of water to fall as rain. The rainfall canreach at least 98 inches a year. This wet, warm world with plenty of sunlightis perfect for plants to grow so the trees grow fast with green leaves all theyear round, The trees themselves also have an effect on the climate. Theygather water from the soil and pass it out into the air through their leaves.The wet air then forms clouds, which hang over the treetops like smoke. These cloudsprotect the forest from the daytime heat and nighttime cold of nearby deserts,keeping temperatures fit for plant growth

Rain forests slightly farther away from the equator remainjust as warm, but they have a dry season of three months or morn when littlerain falls. Tree leaves fall during this dry season and new leaves grow whenthe wet season or monsoon (雨季) begins. Thus these areas are known as the“monsoon forest”.

Another type of rain forest grows on tropical mountains. Itis often called the “cloud forest” because clouds often hang over the treeslike fog.

The rain forest is the ideal place for the growth of manydifferent trees. Most of them depend on animals to eat their fruits and spreadtheir seeds. When the fruits are eaten, the seeds inside them go undamagedthrough animals’ stomachs and arc passed out in their droppings. The seedslying on the forest floor then grow into new trees.

64. The climate of therain forests near the equator is______

A. mild, wet and windy

B. hot, rainy and foggy

C. hot, wet and cloudy

D. warm, wet and sunny

65. We can learn fromthe passage that_______

A. tree leaves are green all the lime in the monsoon forest

B. there is a dry season in the cloud forest on tropicalmountains

C. clouds help the plants in the rain forest near thedeserts to grow

D. the formation of climate in the rain forest has littleto do with the trees

66. According to thepassage,______ play with the most important role in the spreading seeds.

A. animals.            B.droppings         C. fruits              D.winds

67.This passage is mostlikely to be found in ______

A. a travel guide                            B.a story book

C. a technical report                         D.a geography book

答案  64.D 65.C  66.A  67.D

Passage 46

(07·福建C篇)

Scientists have foundwhat look like caves on Mars(火星), and say they could be protecting life fromthe planet’s terrible environment.

The first caves discovered beyond the Earth appear as sevenanysterious black dots on the pictures sent back by NASA’sMars Odyssey orbiter. Each as large as a football field, they may be openingsinto natural caves below the Martian suface.

“Ifthere is life on Mars, there is a good chance you’d find it incaves,” said Jut Wynne,one of the reseachers who noticed thefeatures while working on a US Geological Survey Mars Cave Detection Program.

Jonathan Clarke, a geologist with the MarsSociety of Australia, yesterday described the discovery as exciting.

One photo taken at night by an infrared imager(红外线成像器) showed one hole to be unusualy warm, suggesting hot airtrapped during the day is flowing out.

“Isaid:‘Wow, that’s a cave’” Dr. Clarke saidexcitedly. “People have been looking for these for a long time;now we have found them.”

He agreed such caves would be perfect places tohunt for life escaping from the bitterly cold,radiatiion-soaked(充满辐射的), dry surface.

“Tinydrops of water could collect inside,” he said. “Ifthere are gases coming out, they could provide energy for a whole range ofbacteria. A cave is also a protection from radiation; the surface of Mars isexposed to high levels of space radiation.”

The caves probably formed when tube-shaped laveflows(管状岩浆流) spread across the planet long ago. The outsideof the tubes cooled, forming solid walls, while something hotter inside allowedthe remaining have to flow out, forming caves.

64.Whatdoes the passage mainly talk about?

A.How the caves were formed on Mars.

B.How scientists found these caves on Mars.

C.Caves on Mars may be full of hot air or a signof life.

D.Scientiste have completely recognized thesurface of Mars.

65.Wecan learn from the passage that           .

A.water has already been found on Mars

B.the scientists found all the caves at night

C.it is certain that there is life in thesecaves

D.the surface of Mars is bitterly cold,radiation-soaked and dry

66.Accordingto the passage, Dr. Clarke was so excited because       .

A.such caves could provide energy for life

B.they had finally found the caves on Mars

C.such caves would be perfect places to hunt forlife

D.scientists had long been looking for thesecaves

67.Necessaryconditions for life on Mars mentioned in the passage may include        .

A.lava and energy

B.water and radiation from space

C.gases and lava

D.water and protection from radiation

答案  64.C 65.D  66.B  67.D

Passage 47

(07·福建E篇)

Dogs wag(摇摆)their tails in different directions depending on whether they are excited andwanting to move forward or threatened and thinking of moving back, a study hasfound.

         Researchersin Italy  examined the tail wagging behaviour of 30 dogs, catching theirresponses to a range of stimuli(刺激物) with video camems. To conduct the study theychose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one and six years. The dogswere all family pets whose owners had allowed them to take part in theexperiment at Bari Umversity. The dogs were placed in a large wooden box withan opening at the front to allow for them to view various stimuli. They weretested one at a time.

         Theresearchers led by Professor Giorgio Vallortigara of the University of Triestefound that when the dogs were shown their owners—a positiveexpenence—their tails wagged energetically to the rightside. When they were shown an unfamiliar human they wagged to the right, butwith somewhat less enthusiasm. The appears of a cat again caused a right-handside wag, although with less intensity again. The appearance of a largeunfamiliar dog, similar to a German shepherd, changed the direction of tailwagging to the left. Research ers supposed the dog was thinking of moving back.When the dogs were not shown any stimuli they tended to wag their tails to theleft, suggesting they preferred company. While the changes in the tail waggingwere not easily noticed without the aid of video, it was thought that thefindings could help people judge the mood (心情) of dogs.Computer and video systems, for example, could be used by professional dogtrainers to determine the mood of dogs that they were required toapproach.

71.The video cameraswere used to catch the dogs’ responses because      .

A.it was easier to catch the dogs’responsechanges in the tail wagging

B.the dogs were put in the wooden boxes and tested one at atime.

C.they enabled the dogs’owners to knowabout their dogs’habit

D.the dogs wagged their tails in different directions whenthey were in different moods

72.The underlined word“intensity”in the passage means        .

A.surprise                       B.worry                               C.excitement                     D.interest

73.When there are nostimuli, a dog will         .

A.wag to the left                                                        B.wag to the right

C.not wag at all                                                          D.wag to the left and then to the right

74.The underlined word “they”refers to         .

A.the dogs                      B.the trainers                    C.thesystems                   D.therescarchers

75.The purpose of doingthe experiment is         .

A.to train dogs for their owners                             B.to help people judge the mood of dogs

C.to help dogs find company                                   D.to help people choose their pet dogs

答案  71.A  72.C  73.A  74.B  75.B

Passage 48

(07·浙江A篇)

If you were to walk up to Arthur Bonner and say, “ Hey,Butterfly Man,” his face would break into a smile. The title suits him. And heloves it.

Arthur Bonner works with the Palos Verdes blue butterfly(蝴蝶),once thought to have died out. Today the butterfly is coming back — thanks tohim. But years ago if you’d told him this was what he’d be doing someday, hewould have laughed, “ You’re crazy.” As a boy, he used to be “ a little toughguy on the streets”.  At age thirteen, he was caught by police stealing.At eighteen, he landed in prison for shooting a man.

“ I knew it had hury my mom,” Bonner said after he got outof prison. “ So I told myself I would not put my mom through that pain again.”

One day he met Professor Mattoni, who was working to rebuildthe habitat(栖息地) for an endangered butterfly called El Segundoblue.

“ I saw the sign ‘Butterfly Habitat’ and asked, ‘ How can you havea habitat when the butterflies can just fly away?’” Bonner recalls. “Dr. Mattoni laughed and handed me a magnifying glass(放大镜) , ‘Look at the leaves.’I could see all these caterpillars(蝴蝶的幼虫) on the plant.Dr Mattoni explained, ‘ Without the plant, there are no butterflies.’”

Weeks later, Bonner received a call from Dr. Mattoni, whotold him there was a butterfly needed help. That was how he met the PalosVerdes blue. Since then he’s been working for four years to help bring thebutterfly back. He grows astragalus, the only plant the butterfly eats. Hecollects butterflies and brings them into a lab to lay eggs. Then he puts newbutterflies into the habitat.

The butterfly’s population, once almost zero, is now up to900. For their work, Bonner and Dr. Mattoni receiced lots of awards. But forBonner, he earned something more: he turned his life around.

For six years nowBonner has kept his promise to stay out of prison. While he’s bringing back thePalos Verdes blue, the butterfly has helped bring him back, too.

41. When he was young,Arthur Bonner _______.

   A. brokethe law and ended up in prison

   B. wasfond of shooting and hurt his mom

   C. oftenlaughed at people on the streeets

   D. oftencaught butterflies and took them home

42. Bonner came to knowthe Palos Verdes blue after he _______.

   A. foundthe butterfly had diedout              

B. won many prizes from his professor

   C. met Dr.Mattoni, a professor of biology        

D. collected butterflies and put them into a lab

43. From the lastsentence of the text, we learn that raising butterflies has _________.

   A. madeBonnerfamous                    B. changed Bonner’s life

   C. broughtBonnerwealth                   D. enriched Bonner’s knowledge

44. Which of thefollowing would be the best title for the text?

   A. APromise toMom                      B. A Man Saved by Butterflies

   C. A StoryofButterflies                    D. A Job Offered by Dr. Mattoni

答案  41.A 42.C  43.B  44.B

Passage 49

(07·浙江B篇)

People who have lost the ability to understand or use wordsdue to brain damage are called aphasics(失语症患者). Such patientscan be extremely good at something else. From the changing s onspeakers’ faces and the tones of their voices, they can tell lies from truths.

Doctors studying thehuman brain have given a number of examples of this amazing power of aphasics.Some have even compared this power to that of a dog with an ability to find outthe drugs hidden in the baggage.

Recently, scientists carried out tests to see if all thatwas said about aphasics was true. They studied a mixed group of people. Somewere normal; others were aphasics. It was proved that the aphasics were farahead of the normal people in recognizing false speeches — in most cases, thenormal people were fooled by words, but the aphasics were not.

Some years ago, Dr. Oliver Sacks wrote in his book abouthis experiences with aphasics. He mentioned a particular case in a hospital.Some aphasics were watching the president giving a speech on TV. Since thepresident had been an actor earlier, making a good speech was no problem forhim. He was trying to put his feelings into every word of his speech.

But his way of speaking had the opposite effect on thepatients. They didn’t seem to believe him. Instead, they burst into laughter.The aphasics knew that the president did not mean a word of what he was saying.He was lying!

Many doctors see aphasics as people who are not completelynormal because they lack the ability to understand words. However, according toDr. Sacks, they are more gifted than normal people. Normal people may getcarried away by words. Aphasics seem to understand human s better,though they cannot understand words.

45. What is sosurprsing about aphasics?

   A. Theycan fool otherpeople.                B.They can find out the hidden drugs.

   C. Theycan understand language better.        D.They can tell whether people are lying.

46. How did thescientists study aphasics?

   A. Byasking them to watch TV together.        B.By organizing them into acting groups.

   C. Bycomparing them with normal people.      D. By givingthem chances to speak on TV.

47. What do we learnfrom this text?

   A. Whatones says reflects how one feels.

   B.Aphasics have richer feelings than others.

   C. Normalpeople often tell lies in their speeches.

   D. Peoplepoor at one thing can be good at another.

答案  45.D 46.C  47.D

Passage 50

(07·湖北B篇)

How can a creature weighing over 5 tons and normally taking150 kilograms of food and 120 liters of water per day survive in a desertenvironment?

In the southwest African country of Namibia, and the Saharalands of Mali further north, the desert elephant does just that.

Although not regarded as a separate species from theAfrican elephant, the desert cousin differs in many ways. Their bodies aresmaller, to absorb less heat, and their feet are larger for easier walkingacross sandy surfaces. They are taller, to reach higher branches. They haveshorter tusks （象牙）， and most importantly, longer trunks to dig forwater in riverbeds.

Desert clephants can travel over 70 kilometers in searchfor feeding grounds and waterholes, and have a larger group of families, Theydrink only every 3-4 days, and can store water in a “bag”at the back of their throat, which is only used when badly needed. Desertelephants are careful feeders-they seldom root up trees and break fewer branches,and thus maintain what little food sources are available. Yong elephants mayeven eat the dung （粪便）of the female leader of a group when facing foodshortage.

During drought they are unlikely to give birth to theiryoung but with good rains the birthrate will increase greatly. Desert elephantshave sand baths, sometimes adding their own urine (尿液)to make them muddy!

As we continue tooverheat our weak planet, it can only be hoped that other animal species willadapt as extraordinarily well to change as the desert elephant.

65. The underlined partin Paragraph 2 means“     ”.

A.remains in the African countries

B.drinks 120 liters of water a day

C.manages to live in desert areas

D.eats 150 kilograms of food daily

66.Desert elephants arecalled careful feeders because they    .

A.tarely ruin trees

B.drink only every 3-4 days

C.search for food in large groups

D.protect food sources for their young

67.The author answersthe question raised in the first paragraph with    .

A.stories and explanation

B.facts and descriptions

C.examples and conclusion

D.evidence and argument

68.What can be inferredfrom the last sentence in the passage?

A.Overheating the earth can be stopped.

B.Not all animal species are so adaptable.

C.The planet will become hotter and hotter.

D.Not all animals are as smart as desert elephants.

答案  65.C 66.A  67.B  68.B

Passage 51

(07·湖北D篇)

Over the last 70 years,researchers have been studying happy and unhappy peopke and finally found outten factors that make a difference. Our feelings of well-being at any momentare determined to a certain degree by genes. However, of all the factors,wealth and age are the top two.

  Money can buy adegree of happiness. But once you can afford to feed, clothe and houseyourself, each extra dollar makes less and less difference.

  Researchers findthat, on average, wealthier people are happier. But the link between money andhappiness is complex. In the past half-century, average income has sharplyinereased in developed countries, yet happiness levels have remained almost thesame. Once your basic needs are met, money only seems to increase happiness ifyou have more than your friends, neighbors and colleagues.

“Dollars buy status, and status makes people feelbetter,” conclude some experts, which helps explain whypeople who can seek status in other ways-scientists or actors, for example-mayhappily accept relatively poorly-paid jobs.

In a research, Professor Alex Michalos found that thepeople whose desires-not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health-rosefurthest beyond what they already had, tended to be less happy than those whofelt a smaller gap (差距)。Indeed, the size of the gap predicted happinessabout five times better than income alone. “The gap measuresjust blow away the only measures of income.”says Michalos.

         Anotherfactor that has to do with happiness is age. Old age may not be so bad“Givenall the problems of aging, how could the elderly be more satisfied？”asksProtessor Laura Carstensen.

         Inone survey, Carstensen in tervicwed 184 people between the ages of 18 and 94,and asked them to fill out an emotions questionnaire. She found that old peoplereported positive emotions just as often as young people, Some scientistssuggest older people may expect life to be harder and learn to live with it, orthey’re more realistic abour their time running out, olderpeople have learned to focus on things that make them happy and let go of thosethat don’t.

         “Peoplerealize not only what they have, but also that what they have cannot lastforever,” she says. “A goodbye kiss to ahusband or wife at the age of 85, for example, may bring far more complexemotional responses than a similar kiss to a boy or girl friend at the age of20.”

72.According to thepassage, the feeling of happiness        .

         A.isdetermined partly by genes

         B.increasesgradually with age

         C.haslittle to do with wealth

         D.ismeasured by desires

72.Some actors wouldlike to accept poorly-paid jobs because the jobs      .

         A.makethem feel much better

         B.providechances to make friends

         C.improsetheir social position

         D.satisfytheir professional interests

74.Aged people are morelikely to feel happy because they are more       .

         A.optimistic                       B.successful                 C.practical                    D.emortional

75.Professor AlexMichalos found that people feel less happy if         .

         A.thegap between reality and desire is bigger

         B.theyhave a stronger desire for friendship

         C.theirincome is below their expectation

         D.thehope for good health is greater

答案  72.A 73.C  74.C  75.A

Passage 52

(07·湖北E篇)

lmagine you’re at a party full of strangers. You’re nervous.Who are these people? How do you start a conversation? Fortunately, you’ve gota thing that sends out energy at tiny chips in everyone’s name tag (标签).The chips send back name, job, hobbies, and the time available formeeting-whatever. Making new friends becomes simple.

         Thishasn’t quite happened in real life. But the world is already experiencing arevolution using RFID technology.

         AnRFID tag with a tiny ehip can be fixed in a produet, under your pet’s skin,even under your own skin. Passive RFID tags have no energy source-batteriesbecause they do not need it. The energy comes from the reader, a scanningdevice(装置),that sends out energy (for example,radiowaves)that starts up the tag immediately.

         Sucha tag carries information speeific to that object,and the data can beupdated.Already, RFID technology is used for recognizing each car or truck onthe road and it might appear in your passport. Doctors can put a tiny chipunder the skin that will help locate and obtain a patient’s medical records. Ata nightclub in Paris or in New York the same chip gets you into the VIP (veryimportant person)section and pays for the bill with the wave of an arm.

         Takea step back:10 or 12 years ago,you would have heard about the coming age ofcomputing. One example always seemed to surfact: Your refrigerator would knowwhen you needed to buy more milk. The comcept was that computer chips could beput everywhere and send information in a smart network that would make ordinarylife simpler.

         RFIDtags are a small part of this phenomenon. “The world is going tobe a loosely coupled set of individual small devices, connected wirelessly,”predictsDr.J.Reich. Human right supporters are nervous about the possibilities of suchtechnology. It goes too far tracking school kids through RFID tags, they say.We imagine a world in which a beer company could find out not only when youbought a beer but also when you drank it. And how many beers. Accompanied byhow many biscuits.

         WhenMarconi invented radio, he thought it would be used for ship-to-shorecommunication. Not for pop music. Who knows how RFID and related technologreswill be used in the future. Here’s a wild guess:Not for buying milk.

76.The artiele isintended to         .

         A.warnpeople of the possible risks in adopting RFID technology

         B.explainthe benefits brought about by RFID technology

         C.convincepeople of the uses of RFID technology

         D.predictthe applications of RFID technology

77.We know from thepassage that with the help of RFID tags,people           .

         A.willhave no trouble getting data about others

         B.willhave more energy for conversation

         C.willhave more time to make friends

         D.won’tfeel shy at parties any longer

78.Passive RFID tagschiefly consist of          .

         A.scanningdevices                                                  B.radio waves

         C.batteries                                                                      D.chips

79.Why are some peopleworried about RFID technology?

         A.Becausechildren will be tracked by strangers.

         B.Becausemarket competition will become more fierce.

         C.Becausetheir private lives will be greatly affected.

         D.Becausecustomers will be forced to buy more products.

80.The last paragraphimplies that RFID technology           .

         A.willnot be used for such matters as buying milk

         B.willbe windely used, including for buying milk

         C.willbe limited to communication uses

         D.willprobably be used for pop music

答案  76.D 77.A  78.D  79.C  80.B

Passage 53

(07·湖南A篇)

In June, 2007, a group of students from eight high schoolsin Winnipeg, the capital of Canada’s Manitoba province, will begintest-launching (试发射) a satellite the size of a Rubik’s cube.

   Theone-kilogram Win-Cub satellite, named for its home city and its shape, will beput into low orbit. Once in space, it can perform for a few months or up toseveral years, communicating information that could help find the signs ofearthquakes.

   There are80 similar satellite projects worldwide, but this is the first high-schoolbased program of its kind in Canada. 30 Manitoba high school students arehaving a hand in designing and building the satellite, in cooperation withaerospace (航空航天的) experts and 10 students from the University ofManitoba, and with support from two other organizations.

   TheWin-Cube project is not something that goes on a piece of paper; it isreal-world engineering, allowing high school students to have an opportunity tolearn more about the exciting world of engineering through their participationin this challenging program. It is also taken as a wonderful example of theunique partnerships within Manitoba. Designing, building and launching asatellite with high-school participation will bring this world-classeducational project into reality and Manitoba closer to space.

   “TheseManitoba high school students deserve congratulations for their enthusiasm,innovation (创新), and a strong love for discovery,” saidEducation, Citizenship and Youth Minister Peter Bjomson. “We want to makescience more relevant (相关的), interesting and attractive to high schoolstudents by showing them how classroom studies can relate to practicalexperience in the workplace or, in this case, in space,” Bjomson added.

   TheWin-Cube program is mainly named at inspiring a strong desire for discovery onthe part of the students. It also shows Manitoba’s devotion to research andinnovation and the development of a skilled workforce—all important drivers ofknowledge-based economic growth.

56. According to thepassage, the Win-Cube satellite is _________.

   A. namedafter Manitoba and itsshape               

B. intended for international communication

   C.designed like a Rubik’s cube both in shape and size

   D.challenged by university students around the world

57. According to Mr.Bjomson, ___________.

   A. thoseManitoba high school students are worth praising

   B. thestudy of space can be practically made in classrooms

   C.Manitoba high schools are famous for the study of space

   D.scientific research is too far away from high school students

58. The primary purposeof the project is to _________.

   A. findthe early signs ofearthquakes            

B. relate studies to practical

   C. helphigh school students study real-world engineering

   D. inspirea strong desire for discovery among the students

59. The best title forthis passage may be ________.

   A.Manitoba School       

B. Win-CubeProgram        

C. Space Co-operation

   D.Satellite Launching

答案  56.C 57.A  58.D  59.B

Passage 54

(07·江西D篇)

Brian Walker chews pens. He bites them so hard that hisboss has warned him to stop or buy his own. Kate’s weakness is moreacceptable-she is unalbe to walk past a cake shop without overeating SophinCartier finds her cigarette habit a headache, while Alice’s thumb-suckingdrives her boy friend crazy. Four people with very different habits, but theyall share a common problem anxiety disorder or, in serious cases. ObessiveCompulisive Disorder (OCD).

From nail-biting to too much hand-washing, overeating andinternet addiction（上瘾）,OCD is widespread in almost every workplace andcountless home. “It is a relatively common form of nxiety,”saysDr. Mootee. “Tbe main feature of OCD is the repetitin ofunwanted bosersive（过度的） thoughts such as worries that doors are leftunlocked , gas or electrical appliances are left on.”In order to fight against the an esasy chedcking door locks and gas orelectrical appliandces.

 Dr. Mootee says that repetitive washing, particularluof the hands, is the most common type of OCD. She hastreated many patients whowash their hands up to 30 times a day. The technique Mootee uses to treatpeople with OCD is called cognitive-behavioral therapy（认知行为疗法）.“It is based on the general idea that people havethe ability to change the way they think and behave,”saysMootee.

But when does a haibt become a problem?“It’spersonal,”says Mootee.“Everyone hassomething unusual,but if you can’t put up with it, then it’s a problem and youneed to do something to change it.”Mootee says manypeople reaist for treatmet because they fear they are“crazy”.But as people become more knoledgeable about these problems they will go andget help. The only way to coure is to coqnuer.

68.If a person suffersfrom OCD, be is likely to keep doing any of the following EXCEPT  .

 A.chewingpens                            B.hurtinghimself

C.sucking fingers                          D.bitingnails

69.According to thepassage, a person suffering from OCD    .

  A.reduceshis/her anxiety by taking drugs

B.gets into unwanted hagbits to relieve stress

C.has unwanted thoughts about habits

D.has unwanted thoughts because of illness

70.Dr. Mootee’streating lechnique is based ont eh idea that    .

  A.everyong hassomething different

B.people can put up with their problems

C.people can chag their way of thinking and action

D.people tend to repeat their obsessive actions

71.By saying “The onlyway to cure is to conquer.”Dr. Mootee suggests that an OCD sufferer  .

  A.has to be anextraordinary person

B.must cure his illness by himself

C.must overcome many physical illnesses

D.should have a right attitude towards the problem

答案  68.B 69.B  70.C  71.D

Passage 55

(07·四川D篇)

Sorry to say, our brains naturally start slowingdown at the Cruelty young age of 30. It used to be thought that this couldn'tbe helped, but new studies show that people of any age can train their brainsto work faster. "Your brain is a learning machine," says Universityof California scientist Dr. Michael Merzenich. Given the right tools, we cantrain our brains to act like they did when we were younger. All that's requiredis the practice designed just for the purpose: a few exercises for the mind.

Merzenich has developed a computer-basedtraining method to speed up the process(过程)                        in which the brain deals with information (positscience.com). Since much of thedata we receive comes through speech, the Brain Fitness Program works withlanguage and hearing to better speed and accuracy (准确性).

Over the course of training, the program startsasking you to distinguish (辨别) sounds (between "dog" and"bog", for example) at an increasingly faster speed. It's a bit liketennis instructor, says Merzenich, hitting balls at you ~faster and faster tokeep you challenged(受到挑战). You may start out slow, but before longyou're pretty quick.

The biggest finding in brain research in thelast ten years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic. If youask your brain to learn, it will learn. And it may even speed up while in theprocess.

To keep your brain young and plastic you can doone of a million new activities that challenge and excite you: playing tabletennis or bridge, doing crossword puzzles, learning a language.... "Whenit comes to preventing ageing, you really do 'use it or lose it' ," saysBarbara Sahakian, professor at Cambridge University.

67. Dr. Merzenich’s training method mainly depends on________.

A. speech training                                     B.computer languages

   C. the activities one joinsin                   D.the information being dealt with

68. By saying "the brain at anyage is highly plastic ", the writer probably means the brain can be______.

    A. used                B.mastered         C.developed              D.researched

69. What can we learn from the text?

    A. Practice makes a quick mind.

    B. Brain research started ten years ago.

    C. Dr. Merzenich is a scientist incomputer,

    D. People believed nothing could stopthe brain slowing down.

70. Which of the following agrees with the writer's idea?

    A. The training methods work better forthe old.

    B. People should use the brain to stopit from ageing.

    C. The training of the brain should startat an early age.

    D.  It's necessary to take part inas many activities as possible.

答案  67.A 68.C  69.D  70.B

Passage 56

(07·陕西B篇)

When people want toknow about the wcather, they usually go to there radios, TVs, pewspapers, or tothe Internet. However, you can also find many weather signs among wildlife,because of their highly developed senses. Drops in air pressure(压力)produce an effect on small animals in many ways. Mice and deer are good weatherindicators. People who spend a lot of time outdoors have observed that,before a storm, field mice come out of their holes and run around, Deer leavehigh ground and come down from the mountains.

         Birdsare especially good weather indicators because they also show the effect of aprcssure drop in many ways. For example, some birds become irritable(急躁的)and qusrrelsome and will fight over a picce of bread. Other birdschirp(叽叽喳喳)and sing just before a storm. It seems theyknow they won’t get snother chance for an bour on two. Birds also seek safeplaccs before a storm, You will sometimes see birds settling in trees orgathering together on a wire close to a building. Pre-storm low pressure makesthe are so thin that birds have difficulty flying.

         Itis unusual to see many birds flying overhead in the summertime, rather thanduring the periods in the spring or autumn. Watch for other weather signs ifyou see this. If they fly in the wrong direction,they may be flying abead of astorm.

         Bypaying closer attention to some important signs in nature, we can become betterprepared for any kind of weather.

45.The word“indicators”inparagraph I probably means        .                            

         A.maps                         B.services                           C.signs                          D.stations

46.There will be astorm if birds           .                                                                     

         A.makemore noise than usual                        B.fly in different directions

         C.comedown from tall trees                           D.share a piece of bread

47.How can birds sensethe coming of a storm?                                                         

         A.Byfeeling a drop in air temperature.

         B.Bynoticing the change of wind directions.

         C.Byfeeling a drop in air pressure.

         D.Bynotieing the movements of other animals.

48.The best title forthe text would be          .                                                            

         A.Signsof a Storm                                              B.Drops in Air Pressure

         C.Animals’SharpSenses                                    D.Nature’s Weather Signs

答案  45.C 46.A  47.C  48.D

Passage 19

(08·宁夏、海南、全国ⅠB篇)

More than 10 years ago, it was difficult to buya tasty pineapple．The fruits that made it to the UK were green onthe outside and, more often than not, hard with an unpleasant taste within．Thenin 1996, the Del Monte Gold pineapple produced in Hawaii first hit our shelves．

The new type of pineapple looked moreyellowy-gold than green．It was slightly softer on the outside and had alot of juice inside．But the most important thing about this new typeof pineapple was that it was twice as sweet as the hit-and-miss pineapples wehad known．In no time,the Del Monte Gold took the market bystorm, rapidly becoming the world’s best-selling pineapple variety,and deliveringnatural levels of sweetness in the mouth,up until then only found in tinnedpineapple．

In nutrition (营养) it was all goodnews too．This nice-tasting pineapple contained four timesmore vitamin C(维生素C)than the old green variety．Nutritionistssaid that it was not only full of vitamins,but also good against some diseases．Peoplewere understandably eager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit．Thenew type of pineapple was selling fast,and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidlybecame a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater．

Seeing the growing market for its winningpineapple, Del Monte tried to keep the market to itself．Butother fruit companies developed similar pineapples. Del Monte turned to law forhelp,but failed．Those companies argued successfully that DelMonte’s attempts to keep the golden pineapple for itself werejust a way to knock them out of the market．

60．Welearn from the text that the new type of pineapple is ________．

A．green outside and sweet inside

B．good-looking outside and soft inside

C．yellowy-gold outside and hard inside

D．a little soft outside and sweet inside

61．Whywas the new type of pineapple selling well?

A．It was rich in nutrition and tasted nice．

B．It was less sweet and good for health．

C．It was developed by Del Monte．

D．It was used as medicine．

62．Theunderlined word“fixture”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something________．

A．that people enjoy eating                            B．that is always present

C．that is difficult to get                                  D．that people use as a gift

63．Welearn from the last paragraph that Del Monte________．

A．allowed other companies to develop pineapples

B．succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itself

C．tried hard to control the pineapple market

D．planned to help the other companies

答案  60.D 61.A  62.B  63.C

Passage 20

(08·宁夏、海南C篇)

Do’s and Don’tsin Whale(鲸) Watching

The Department of  Fisheries and Oceans hasdeveloped guidelines for whale watching in Johnstone Strait,where killer whalesare found on a daily basis each summer．It is stronglyrecommended that vessel(船只) operators follow these guidelines for allkinds of whales．

●  Approach whales from the side,not from the front or theback．

●  Approach no closer than 100 metres,then stop the boat butkeep the engine on．

●  Keep noise levels down—no horns,whistles orracing of engines．

●  Start your boat only after the whales are more than 100 metresfrom your vessel．

●  Leave the area slowly,gradually moving faster when you aremore than 300 metres from the whales．

●  Approach and leave slowly,avoiding sudden changes in speedor direction．

●  Avoid disturbing groups of resting whales．

●  Keep at low speeds and remain in the same direction iftravelling side by side with whales．

●  When whales are travelling close to shore,avoid crowdingthem near the shore or coming between the whales and the shore．

●  Limit the time spent with any group of whales to less than30 minutes at a time when within 100 to 200 metres of whales．

●  If there is more than one vessel at the same observationspot,be sure to avoid any boat position that would result in surrounding thewhales．

●  Work together by communicating with other vessels,and makesure that all operators are aware of the whale watching guidelines．

64．Forwhom is this text written?

A．Tour guides．                                               B．Whale watchers．

C．Vessel operators．                                     D．Government officials．

65．Whenleaving the observation areas,the vessel should _____．

A．move close to the beach                        B．increase speed gradually

C．keep its engine running slowly              D．remain at the back of the whales

66．Whengoing side by side with whales, the vessel should       ．

A．keep moving in the same direction

B．surround the whales with other boats

C．travel closer and closer to the shore

D．take a good viewing position

67．Whatis the shortest safe distance from the whales?

A．400 metres．          B．300metres．         C．200metres．          D．100metres．

答案  64.C 65.B  66.A  67.D

Passage 21

(08·江苏B篇)

Weexperience different forms of the Sun’s energyevery day.We can see its light and feel its warmth.The Sun is the major sourceof energy for our planet.It causes the evaporation (蒸发) of water from the oceans and lakes.Sunlight also provides theenergy used by green plants to make their own food.These green plants thenprovide food for all organisms(生物) on theEarth.

Much ofthe energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in theupper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere,30% isreflected by clouds or the Earth’ssurface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet,causes water toevaporate,and provides energy for the water cycle and weather.Only a tinypart,approximately 0.023%,is actually used by green plants to produce food.

Many gasesfound in the atmosphere actually reflect heat energy escaping from the Earth’s surface back to the Earth.These gases act like the glass of agreenhouse in that they allow energy from the Sun to enter but prevent energyfrom leaving.They are therefore called greenhouse gases.

Whensunlight strikes an object,some of the energy is absorbed and some isreflected.The amount reflected depends on the surface.For example,you’ve probably noticed how bright snow is when sunlight falls onit.Snow reflects most of the energy from the Sun,so it contributes to the lowtemperatures of winter.Dark-coloured surfaces,such as dark soil orforest,absorb more energy and help warm the surrounding air.

59.According to the passage,the root cause for weather changes onthe Earth is         .

A.theatmosphere surrounding the Earth

B.waterfrom oceans and lakes

C.energyfrom the Sun

D.greenhousegases in the sky

60.Only a small partof the Sun’s energy reaches theEarth’s surface because

most of itis         .

A.absorbedby the clouds in the lower atmosphere

B.reflectedby the gases in the upper atmosphere

C.lost inthe upper and lower atmosphere

D.used toevaporate water from the oceans and lakes

61.We learn from thepassage that         .

A.allliving things on the Earth depend on the Sun for their food

B.a forestlooks dark in winter because it absorbs solar energy

C.only0.023% of the energy from the Sun is made use of on the Earth

D.greenhousegases allow heat energy to escape from the Earth’s surface

答案  59.C 60.C  61.A 

Passage 22

(08·北京B篇)

         Domestic (驯养的) horses now pullploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry people. But early horses weren’ttame (驯服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks.Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were fardifferent from those today.

Thousands of years ago, people killed the wildhorses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch theanimals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication.

As people began to tame and ride horses, theychose to keep those animals that had more desirable characteristics. Forexample, people may have chosen to keep horses that had a gentle personality sothey could be ridden more easily. People who used horses to pull heavy loadswould have chosen to keep stronger animals. Characteristics like strength arepartly controlled by the animals’ genes. So as the domesticated horsesreproduced, they passed the characteristics on to their young. Each newgeneration of horses would show more of these chosen characteristics.

Modern-day horse breeds come in a wide varietyof shapes and sizes. This variety didn’t exist in the horsepopulation before domestication. The Shetland horse is one of the smallestbreeds—typically reaching only one meter tall. With short, strong legs, theanimals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts (矿井)with low ceilings. Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around1700. People bred these heavy, tall horses to pull large vehicles used forcarrying heavy loads.

The domestication of horses has had greateffects on societies. For example, horses were important tools in theadvancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavyloads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ridehorses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people totravel far greater distances in much less time. That encouraged populationsliving in different areas to interact with one another. The new form of rapidtransportation helped cultures spread around the world.

59.Before domestication horses were ______.

A. caught for sports                                                      B.hunted for food

C. made to pull ploughs                                       D. used to carry people

60.The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show ______.

A. it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse

B. horses used to have gentle personalities

C. some horses have better shapes than others

  D. horses were of less variety before domestication

61.Horses contributed to the spread of culture by ______.

A. carrying heavy loads                                        B. changing farming methods

C. serving as a means of transport                   D. advancing agriculture in different areas

62.The passage is mainly about _______.

A. why humans domesticated horses

B. how humans and horses needed each other

C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes                                                                                     

D. how human societies and horses influencedeach other

答案  59.B 60.D  61.C  62.D

Passage 23

(08·辽宁D篇)

Far from the land ofAntarctica (南极洲), a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At theunderside of the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.

         Forforty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it livewhere most fish would freeze to death? It must have some secrets. The Antarcticis not a comfortable place to work and research has been slow. Now it seems wehave an answer.

         Researchwas begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studiedthe fish’s blood and measured its freezing point.

         Thefish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of -1.88℃and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it. The blood of the fish did not beginto freeze until its temperature was lowered to -2.05℃.That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezingtemperature of the ice-salt mixture.

         Thescientists’ next research job was clear: Find outwhat in the fish’s blood kept it from freezing. Their search ledto some really strange things made up of a protein(蛋白质) never before seen in the blood of a fish. When it was removed,the blood froze at seawater temperature. When it was put back, the blood againhad its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point.

         Studyshowed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugarmolecules(分子) held in special positions within each bigprotein molecule. Because of its sugar content，it is called a glycoprotein.So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein,or AFGP.

68. What is the text mainly about?

   A. The terrible conditions in theAntarctic.            B. Aspecial fish living in freezing waters.

   C. The ice shelf around Antarctica.                        D. Protection of the Antarctic cod.

69. Why can the Antarctic cod live at thefreezing temperature?

   A. The seawater has a temperatureof -1.88℃.

   B. It loves to live in the ice-saltmixture.

   C. A special protein keeps it fromfreezing.

   D. Its blood has a temperaturelower than -2.05℃.

70. What does the underlined word “it” inParagraph 5 refer to?

   A. A type of ice-salt mixture.                                         B.A newly found protein.

   C. Fish blood.                                                                    D.Sugar molecule.

71. What does “glyco-” in the underlined word“glycoprotein” in the last paragraph mean?

   A.Sugar.                                B.Ice.                                  C.Blood.                             D.Molecule.

答案  68.B 69.C  70.B  71.A

Passage 24

(08·湖北E篇)

Downing the last drop of an expensive famousbrand H2O as well as remembering to throw the empty bottle in therecycling bin, makes you feel pretty good about yourself, right? It shouldn’t.Evenwhen the bottles are recycled, there are all kinds of other consequences ofswallowing bottled water, says Melissa Peffers, the air-quality program managerfor Environmental Defense.

The containers are often filled in farawaylands, then shipped from abroad, and stored in refrigerators at your localstore.Compare that with the influence on environment of turning on your tap,filling a glass, and drinking up!

Anyone who is choosing bottled water for healthreasons is misguided, says Peffers, “Most bottled water is just tap water.” Andwhat comes out of your tap is carefully monitored to follow the strictrules.Consider another fact that bottled water is surprisingly expensive,especially when compared with the alternative, which is almost free, and it isastonishing that America’s desire for bottled water seems impossible tosatisfy, reaching nearly 30 billion bottles a year.

“My parents’ generation never hadbottled water,” says Isabelle Silverman, an Environmental Defense legaladviser.She has made a commitment to going bottle free.“You don’tneed to fetch it home from the store, and it’s cheaper,” sheadds.

Bottled water’s role as a statussymbol needs to change, Peffers points out.So when a waiter at an expensiverestaurant offers “And what’s your drink?” that’sno reason to forget your conviction（信念）.“Don’tbe afraid to say, ‘I’ll have tap.’Say it loud enoughthat the other tables nearby can hear you,” Peffers says.“And then spend thatmoney on a dessert.”

77.Inthe first paragraph, the underlined sentence “It shouldn’t.”suggests that people _______.

A.shouldn’t feel pleased withfinishing the water in the bottle

B.shouldn’t feel good aboutdrinking an expensive brand H2O

C.shouldn’t be content withjust recycling empty bottles

D.shouldn’t be satisfied withdrinking only bottled water

78.Accordingto the author, tap water is _______.

A.as safe as bottled water                                           B.more likely to be polluted

C.healthier than bottled water                          D.less convenient than bottled water

79.Theunderlined part “going bottle free” (in Para.4) means “_______”.

A.making bottled water free                              B.abandoning bottled water

C.recycling used water bottles                          D.providing free water containers

80.Whydoes Peffers ask people to say “I’ll have tap.” loudly?

A.To encourage them to set an example for othersto follow.

B.To advise them to save the money for one moredessert.

C.To remind them to be aware of their socialstatus.

D.To persuade them to speak confidently inpublic.

答案  77.C 78.A  79.B  80.A

Passage 25

(08·江西A篇)

Despite the fact that it has never been seen,almosteveryone is familiar with the legendary

unicorn（独角兽）．Descriptions of unicorns have been found dating fromancient times．The great philosopher Aristotle theorized thatthere were two types of unicorn— the so-called Indian Ass and the Oryx, a kindof antelope．Unicorns are often used in the logo of a noblefamily, town council or university as their special sign．EvenScotland is represented by a unicorn．

According to the legend, anyone attempting tocatch a unicorn had to be extremely cautious

asit has a reputation for being very fierce．A clever tricksuggested by unicorn-trappers, in order to catch this magnificent beast withoutbeing hurt by its horn, was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and thento move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged．Hopefully, thecreature could then be captured when its horn was stuck in the tree．

 When hollowed out and used as adrinking-cup, the unicorn’s horn was said to have the

powerto offer protection against poison．It was believed thatnobody could be harmed by drinking the contents of a unicorn’shorn．Right up until the French Revolution in 1789, the Frenchcourt was said to have used cups made of “unicorn” horn in order to protect theking.In addition, the horn was said to have medicinal value, so much so that itcould be sold for more than ten times the price of the same weight of gold．What,then, was “unicorn” horn? We know at times the rhino (犀牛)was confused with this legendary creature．A drinking-cupsupposedly made of “unicorn” horn was discovered to be made of the horn of arhino．

56．Whichof the following is TRUE of the unicorn?

A．It was not historically recorded.

B．Its horn was first used in France.

C．It was similar to the Indian Ass and the Oryx.

D．It could be the symbol of a university.

57．Tocatch a unicorn, the unicorn-trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT __  _  _．

A．tempting the unicorn toattack            B．makinguse of the tree as a protection

C．hiding quickly behind theunicorn          D．havingthe unicorn horn stuck in the tree

58．Thelast paragraph is mainly about __    __．

A．the properties of the unicornhorn       

B．the users of the unicorn horn

C．the price of the unicornhorn             

D．the comparison between the unicorn horn and therhino horn

59．Inthe last paragraph, the word “unicorn ” is in quotation marks (引号)because ____   _．

A．the cup is designed only for a royalfamily         

B．the unicorn does not exist in reality

C．the unicorn is the rarest animal in the world

D．the medicinal value of the horn is appreciated

答案  56.D 57.C  58.A  59.B

Passage 26

(08·江西E篇)

Most people, when they travel to space, wouldlike to stay in orbit for a few days or more．And this stands toreason, if you’re paying $20,000 for your trip to orbit! So inorder for tourism to reach its full potential there’sgoing to be a need for orbital accommodation—or space hotels．Whatwould a space hotel actually be like to visit? Hotels in orbit will offer theservices you expect from a hotel—private rooms, meals, bars．Butthey’ll also offer two unique experiences: impressive views—ofEarth and space—and the endless entertainment of living in zerogravity—including sports and other activities that make use of this．

  The hotels themselves will vary greatly—from being quite simple in the earlydays to huge luxury structures at a later date．It’sactually surprising that as later as 1997, very few designs for space hotelswere published．This is mainly because those who might beexpected to design them haven’t expected launch costs to come down far enoughto make them possible．

   Lots of people who’ve been to space have described vividly what it’slike to live in zero gravity．There are obviously all sorts of possibilitiesfor dancing, gymnastics, and zero-G sports．Luckily, you don’tneed to sleep much living in zero gravity, so you’ll have plenty oftime for relaxing by hanging out in a bar with a window looking down at theturning Earth below．

   Of course all good things have come to an end, unfortunately. And so after afew days you’ll find yourself heading back though you’llbe much more expert at exercising in zero gravity than you were when youarrived．You’ll be thinking howsoon you can save up enough to get back up again—or maybe you should changejobs to get to work in an orbiting hotel!

72．Whentraveling in space, most people would like to stay in orbit for a few daysbecause

_______．

A．It is expensive to travel in space

B．they would find the possible life in other starsystems

C．they could enjoy the luxury of space hotels

D．they want to realise the full potential oftourism

73．Whichof the following is a unique experience that space hotels will offer?

A．The gravitational pull.                              B．Thespecial views．

C．The relaxation in a bar．                                     D．Thespace walk．

74．Whichof the following is NOT discussed in the passage?

A．When was the space traveling made possible?

B．What are the unique experiences that spacehotels will offer?

C．Why were there not many published designs forspace hotels?

D．How can the travelers enjoy themselves in spacehotels?

75．Thispassage is mainly about ________．

A．traveling in space                                        B．the ways of living in space hotels

C．zero gravity and space hotels                   D．the description of space hotels

答案  72.A 73.B  74.A  75.D

Passage 27

(08·陕西D篇)

Runners in a relay(接力)race pass a stick in one direction. However, merchants passed silk, gold,fruit, and glass along the Silk Road in more than one direction. They earnedtheir living by traveling the famous Silk Road.

The Silk Road was not a simple trading network.It passed through thousands of cities and towns. It started from eastern China,across Central Asia and the Middle East, and ended in the Mediterranean Sea. Itwas used from about 200 B. C. to about A.D.1300, when sea travel offered newroutes(路线).It was sometimes called the world’slongest highway. However, the Silk Road was made up of many routes, not onesmooth path. They passed through what are now 18 countries. The routes crossedmountains and deserts and had many dangers of hot sun, deep snow and even battles.Only experienced traders could return safe.

The Silk Road got its name from its most prizedproduct. Silk could be used like money to pay taxes or buy goods. But thetraders carried more than just silk. Gold, silver, and glass from Europe weremuch found in the Middle East and Asia. Horses traded from other areas changedfarming practices in China. Indian merchants traded salt and other valuablegoods. Chinese merchants traded paper, which produced an immediate effect onthe West. Apples traveled from Central Asia to Rome. The Chinese had learned tograft(嫁接)　different trees together to make new kinds offruit. They passed this science on to others, including the Romans. The Romansused grafting to grow the apple. Trading along the Silk Road led to worldwidebusiness 2,000 years before the World Wide Web.

The people along the Silk Road did not sharejust goods. They also shared their beliefs. The Silk Road provided pathways forlearning, diplomacy(外交), and religion (宗教).

53.It’s probable that traders along the Silk Road needed         .

A. to remember the entire traderoute                       B.to know the making of products

C. to receive certain specialtraining                          D.to deal with a lot of difficulties

54.The Silk Road became less important because          .

A. it was made up of differentroutes                B.silk trading became less popular

C. sea travel provided easierroutes                 D.people needed fewer foreign goods

55.New technologies could travel along the Silk Road because people         .

A. learned from oneanother                     B. shared each other’sbeliefs

C. traded goods along theroute                  D.earned their living by traveling

56.What is the best title for the passage?

  A. The Silk Road:Past andPresent               B.The Silk Road:East Meets West

C. The Silk Road:Routes Full ofDangers        D. The Silk Road:Pathways forLearning

答案  53.D 54.C  55.A  56.B

Passage 28

(08·陕西E篇)

Did you know that women’sbrains are smaller than men’s? The average women’sbrain weighs 10% less than men’s. Since research has shown that the bigger thebrain, the cleverer the animal, men must be more intelligent(聪明的) than women. Right? Wrong. Men and women always score similarly onintelligence tests, despite the difference in brain size. Why? After years ofstudy, researchers have concluded that it’s what’sinside that matters, not just the size of the brain. The brain consistsof  “grey matter” and  “white matter”.       Whilemen have more of the latter ,the amount of “thinking” brain is almost exactly thesame in both sexs.

It has been suggested that smaller brain appearsto work faster, perhaps because the two sides of the brain are better connectedin women. This means that little girls tend to learn to speak earlier, and thatwomen can understand sorts of information from different sources at the sametime. When it comes to talking to the boss on the phone, cooking dinner andkeeping an eye on the baby all at the same time, it’swomen who come out on top every time.

  There are other important differences between two sexes. As white matter is thekey to spatial(空间的) tasks, men know better where things are inrelation to other things. “A great footballer always knows where he is inrelation to the other players, and he knows where to go,” says one researcher.That may explain one of life’s great mysteries:Why men refuse to ask fordirections … and women often need to!

  The differences begin when fetuses(胎儿) are about nineweeks old, which can be seen in the action of children as young as one. A boywould try to climb a barrier (障碍物) before him or push it down while a girl wouldattract help from others. These brain differences also explain the fact thatmore men take up jobs that require good spatial skills, while more women speechskills. It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先) ,among whomwomen needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatialskills to hunt, according to one research.

  If all this disappoints you, it shouldn’t. “The brain changesthroughout our lives according to what we do with it,” says a biologist.

57.Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?

  A. Women’s brain is 10% less than men’s.

  B. Grey matter plays the same role as white matter.

  C. Grey matter controls thinking in the brain.

  D. Both sexes have the same amount of white matter.

58.What can we infer from the second and third paragraphs?

  A. Women prefer doing many things at a time.

  B. Men do better dealing with one job at a time.                                                                                      

  C. Women do not need to tell directions.

  D. Men have weaker spatial abilities.

59. Which of the following do youagree with according to the fourth paragraph?

  A. Young boys may be stronger than young girls.

  B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skills.

  C. Women may have stronger feelings than men.

  D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.

60.What is the writer’s attitude in writing this passage?

A. Defensive.           B.Persuasive.         C.Supportive.               D.Objective.

答案  57.C 58.B  59.B  60.D

Passage 29

(08·天津C篇)

Michael Fish may soon be replaced as a weatherforecaster by something truly fishier—the shark(鲨鱼).

Research by a British biology student suggeststhat sharks could be used to predict storms.

Lauren Smith, 24, is close to completing herstudy on shark’s ability to sense pressure.

If her studies prove the theory, scientists maybe able to monitor the behaviour of sharks to predict bad weather.

Miss Smith had previously studied the behaviourof lemon sharks in the Bahamas.

She then used their close relatives, lesserspotted dogfish, for further research at Aberdeen University.

Her work—thought to be thefirst of its kind to test the pressure theory—resulted from theobservation that juvenile blacktip sharks off Florida moved into deeper waterahead of a violent storm in 2001.

Miss Smith said: “I’vealways been crazy about traveling and diving and this led me to an interest insharks.”

“I was delighted to have been able to researchin the area for my degree. I know there’s so much more weneed to understand—but it certainly opens the way to moreresearch.”

It has been discovered that a shark sensespressure using hair cells in its balance system.

At the Bimini Shark Lab in the Bahamas, MissSmith fixed hi-tech sensors to sharks to record pressure and temperature, whilealso tracking them using GPS (Global Positioning System) technology.

In Aberdeen, she was able to study the effectsof tidal(潮汐的) and temperature changes on dogfish—noneof which were harmed. She also used a special lab which can mimic(模拟)oceanic pressure changes caused by weather fronts.

She is due to complete her study and graduatelater this year. She says she will be looking for a job which will give her thechance to enrich her experience of shark research.

44.Thepassage is most probably taken from _____.

A. a short-story collection                              B. a popular science magazine

C. a research paper                                         D. a personal diary

45.What do we learn from the first four paragraphs of the passage?

A. Sharks may be used to predict bad weather.

B. Sharks’ behaviour can becontrolled.

C. Michael Fish is not qualified for his job.

D. Lauren Smith will become a weatherforecaster.

46.Lauren Smith conducted her research by _______.

  A. removing hair cells from a shark’s balance system

  B. measuring the air pressure of weather fronts

  C. recording sharks’ body temperature

  D. monitoring sharks’ reaction to weather changes

47.What is the passage mainly about?

  A. A popular way of forecasting weather.

  B. A new research effort in predicting storms.

  C. Biologists’ interest in the secrets of sharks.

  D. Lauren Smith’s devotion to scientific research.

答案  44.B 45.A  46.D  47.B

Passage 30

(08·全国ⅡD篇)

Somethingin chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines,sayUK researchers.

Theirstudy found that theobromine,found in cocoa,was nearly a third more effectivein stopping coughs than codeine,which was considered the best cough medicine atpresent.

TheImperial College London researchers who published their results online said thediscovery could lead to more effective cough treatments.“While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life,and thisdiscovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,”said Professor Peter Barnes.

Tenhealthy volunteers(志愿者) were giventheobromine,codeine or a placebo,a pill that contains no medicine,during theexperiment.Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received whichpill.The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin,which is used inresearch to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicines are stoppingcoughs.

The teamfound that,when the volunteers were given theobromine,the capsaicin needed toproduce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group.When theywere given codeine they needed only slightly higher levels of capsaicin tocause a cough compared with the placebo.

Theresearchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity(神经活动),which causes coughing.They also found that unlike some standardcough treatments,theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.

53.According toProfessor Barnes,theobromine         .

A.cannotbe as effective as codeine

B.can beharmful to people’s health

C.cannotbe separated from chocolate

D.can be amore effective cure for coughs

54.What was used inthe experiment to cause coughing?

A.Theobromine.              B.Codeine.               C.Capsaicin.             D.Placebo.

55.We learn from thetext that volunteers in the experiment         .

A.werepatients with bad coughs

B.weredivided into three groups

C.receivedstandard treatments

D.sufferedlittle side effects

56.Which of thefollowing would be the best title for the text?

A.Codeine:ANew Medicine

B.ChocolateMay Cure Coughs

C.CoughTreatment:A Hard Case

D.TheobromineCan Cause Coughs

答案  53.D 54.C  55.B  56.B

Passage 31

(08·重庆B篇)

While allmy classmates seem to be crazy about a one-way ticket to Mars(火星),

I’d rather say Mars is totally unsuitable for human existence.Peoplewon’t have enough food suppliesthere,and the terrible environment would make it impossible for them to live along life.Besides,the journey won’t besafe.Can anybody explain to me just why people would go to Mars,never toreturn?

Steve Minear,UK

Here arethe things you can think of:the desire to explore a foreign and uniqueenvironment,the excitement of being the first humans to open up a new world,theexpectation of fame and glory....For scientists there is another reason.Theirobservations and research will probably lead to great scientific achievements.

Donal Trollop,Canada

There arealready too many people on the Earth.I think that sometime before the end ofthe century,there will be a human colony(殖民地) onMars.It will happen when people finally realize that two-way trips to the redplanet Mars are unnecessary.Most of the danger of space flight is in thelaunches(发射) andlandings.Cutting the trip home would therefore reduce the danger ofaccidents,save a lot of money,and open the way to building an everlasting humansettlement in another world.

Enoughsupplies can be sent on ahead.And every two years more supplies and more peoplewill be sent to the new colony.Mars has all the materials for a colony toproduce or make everything it needs,and Mars is far more pleasant than the otherplanets in the outer space.

Paul Davies,USA

60.The main purposeof Steve Minear’s writing is         .

A.toreport his classmates’ discussion

B.toinvite an answer to his question

C.toexplain the natural state of Mars

D.to showhis agreement on going to Mars

61.Which of thefollowing best states Donal Trollop’s idea?

A.There isa plan to send humans to Mars.

B.Thereare many reasons for going to Mars.

C.Scientistsbecome famous by doing research on Mars.

D.It ispossible to build an Earth-like environment on Mars.

62.Paul Davies pointsout that         .

A.humansneed only a one-way ticket to Mars

B.two-waytrips to Mars will be made safe soon

C.it iseasy to reduce the danger and cost of flights to Mars

D.it ischeap to build an everlasting human settlement on Mars

63.What does PaulDavies think of human existence on Mars?

A.Humanswill have to bring all they need from the Earth.

B.Humanswill find Mars totally unsuitable for living.

C.Humanscan produce everything they need.

D.Humanscan live longer in the colony on Mars.

答案  60.B 61.B  62.A  63.C

Passage 32

(08·重庆D篇)

Seeing avolcano erupt(喷发) is a wonderfulexperience,and you can really feel the heat by climbing to the summit(山顶) of Pacaya for a close-up view.There are guided tours every dayup this highly active volcano from Antigua.Giving travelers a chance to seeMother Nature at her most powerful.

Pacaya isan easy drive from Antigua,a beautiful city with many colorful houses along itsold streets that are turned into art-works during its Holy Week festival.Nomatter when you come to Antigua,you won’t miss thePacaya-tour companies.

Butclimbing Pacaya is no easy job:it is 2,560 metres high,and reaching the summittakes two to three hours of seemingly one-step-forward and two-step-backmovements.As you climb,you hear the dull sounds of eruptions highabove.Steaming,hot remains from recent eruptions begin to line the path as younear the active summit:the McKenney Cone(火山锥).Just asthough you were going to walk over to the edge of the cone,the road turns tothe left and up to the relative safety of the old,inactive summit.

Many toursare timed so that you arrive at the cone of the volcano in plenty of time forsunset and the full contrast between the erupting red lava(熔岩) and the darkening sky.On a good day the view from the summit isextremely exciting.The active mouth boils,sending red lava over its sides,andonce in a while shoots hot streams up to 100 metres into the air.There is astrong bad smell in the air even if you take care to be upwind of the cone.Asevening turns deeper into the night,the burning lava quietly falls down theside of the volcano.For you,too,it is time to get down.

68.What is the mainpurpose of this passage?

A.Toattract tourists to Pacaya.

B.Todescribe the beauty of Pacaya.

C.Tointroduce guided tours to Pacaya.

D.Toexplain the power of nature at Pacaya.

69.Antigua is a city         .

A.wherepeople can enjoy cultural festivals

B.wherethe daring Pacaya tour starts

C.thatgives a close-up view of Pacaya

D.that isfamous for its tour companies

70.Climbing to theMcKenney Cone,people will         .

A.walkdirectly to the active summit

B.hear thecontinuous loud noise from above

C.makegreater efforts than to other summits

D.see apath lined with remains of earlier eruptions

71.Many tours aretimed for people to         .

A.get downthe mountain in time when night falls

B.avoidthe smell from the upwind direction of the cone

C.enjoythe fantastic eruption against the darkening sky

D.appreciatethe scenery of the 2,560-metre-high mountain

答案  68.A 69.B  70.D  71.C

Passage 33

(08·湖南B篇)

Most youngarchitects—particularly those inbig cities—can only dream aboutworking in a building of their own.And making that dream come true often meansfinding a building no one else seems to want,which is exactly what happened toDavid Yocum and his partner,Brian Bell.Their building is a former automobileelectrical-parts firm in Atlanta.From the outside,it looks too old,evensomething horrible,but open the door and you are in a wide,open courtyard,linedon three sides with rusting(生锈的) walls.

In2000,Yocum and Bell found this building in the city’s West End.Built in 1947,the structure had been abandoned yearsearlier and the roof of the main building had fallen down.But the price wasright,so Yocum bought it.He spent eight months of his off-hours on demolition(拆除),pulling rubbish out through the roof,because it was toodangerous to go inside the building.The demolition was hard work,but it gavehim time to think about what he wanted to do,and“to treasurewhat was there—the walls,therust,the light,”Yocum said.“Every season,more paint falls off the walls and more rustdevelops.It’s like an artinstallation(装置) in there—a slow-motion show.”

Since theback building had been constructed without windows,an all-glass front was addedto the building to give it a view of the courtyard,and skylights were installedin the roof.The back of the building is a working area and a living room forYocum and his wife.A sort of buffer(缓冲) zonebetween the front and the back contains a bathroom,a kitchen and a mechanicalroom,and the walls that separate these zones have openings that allow viewsthrough to the front of the studio and the courtyard beyond.

Yocum andBell,who have just completed an art gallery for the city,feel that theexperience from the decoration of their building,focusing on the inside ratherthan the outside,has influenced their work.It has also given these architects achance to show how they can make more out of less.

60.According to thepassage,it is         for mostyoung architects in big cities

to work ina building of their own.

A.easy                       B.unnecessary           C.unrealistic             D.common

61.Yocum bought theold building because         .

A.it was abargain to him

B.it wasstill in good condition

C.it waslocated in the city center

D.itlooked attractive from the outside

62.Working on the oldbuilding,Yocum and Bell         .

A.pulledrubbish out through the roof

B.removedthe skylights from the bathroom

C.presenteda slow-motion show in an art gallery

D.built akitchen at the back part of the old building

63.It can be inferredfrom the passage that Yocum and Bell         .

A.benefiteda lot from pulling down the roof

B.turnedmore old buildings into art galleries

C.gotinspiration from decorating their old building

D.paidmore attention to the outside of the art gallery

64.The main idea ofthe passage is that         .

A.peoplecan learn a lot from their failures

B.it isworthwhile to spend money on an old building

C.peopleshould not judge things by their appearance

D.creativepeople can make the best of what they have

答案  60.C 61.A  62.A  63.C  64.D

Passage 34

(08·福建D篇)

The globalenergy crisis is approaching.What can we do?Here are some steps you can take.

Coolingputs the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid（电网）.Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage,ayearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency andcomfort.Clean or replace filters monthly or as needed.

Forcentral air conditioning systems and room air conditioners,look for the ENERGYSTAR,the federal government’s symbolfor energy efficiency.For central air,purchase the system with the highestpossible Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio(SEER).

Useenergy-efficient ceiling fans either alone or with air conditioning. Ceilingfans do a great job of circulating air.When used with air conditioning,fansallow you to raise the thermostat（恒温器） and cutcosts.Ceiling fans cool people,not rooms,so before you leave,turn off theceiling fan.

Let aprogrammable thermostat“rememberfor you”to automaticallyadjust the indoor climate with your daily and weekend patterns to reducecooling bills by up to 10 percent.You can come home to a comfortable housewithout wasting energy and creating pollution all day while you are at work.

Try tomake your home airtight enough to increase your comfort,make your home quieterand cleaner and reduce your cooling costs up to 20 percent.

Cut yourair conditioning load,and reduce pollution by planting leafy trees around yourhome and fixing reflective bricks on your roof.

Closeblinds or shades on south- and west- facing windows during the day,fix shadingequipment to avoid heat build-up.

Turn offeverything not in use:lights,TVs,computers.And use fluorescent bulbs（荧光灯），which provide bright,warm light while using at least two-thirdsless energy,producing 70 percent less heat and lasting up to 10 times longerthan incandescent bulbs（白炽灯）.

Drive thecar that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than onevehicle.If you drive 12,500 miles a year,switching 10 percent of your tripsfrom a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save youmore than $65 per year.

Carpool.Theaverage U.S.commuter（乘车上班族）could saveabout $260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two other people in a carthat gets 20.1 mpg—assuming the threepassengers share the cost of gas.

68.According to thepassage,the thermostat is used to        .

A.makerooms quieter                                 B.control room temperature

C.turn offthe air conditioner                  D.reduce room air pollution

69.We can concludefrom the passage that the author probably discourages       .

A.plantingleafy trees around your home

B.turningoff the ceiling fan before you leave your house

C.keepingyour south-facing windows open during the day

D.usingfluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs

70.According to thepassage,you can save fuel by        .

A.usingenergy-efficient ceiling fans

B.sharingcars with others on workdays

C.turningoff everything not in use

D.reducing10% of your car trips every year

71.This passage ismainly about        .

A.energy-savingtips                                 B.fuel-saving tips

C.do ityourself tips                               D.environment-protecting tips

答案  68.B 69.C  70.B  71.A

Passage 35

(08·福建E篇)

A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen,commonly used toreduce the risk of skin cancer,actually increases the risk.

Researchersfrom the University of Iowa based their findings on a review of 18 earlierstudies that looked at the association between sunscreen use and melanoma（黑素瘤）.They said that  they  found flaws in studiesthat had reported associ-

ations betweensunscreen use and higher risk of melanoma.

Mosthealth experts believe that by protecting the skin from the harmful effects ofthe sun,sunscreen helps prevent skin cancer,which is increasing in incidence（发生率）faster than any other cancer in the United States.

Butquestions have been raised about sunscreen and whether it may have the oppositeeffect,perhaps by allowing people to remain exposed to the sun longer withoutburning.

Theresearchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that theyoften failed to take into account that those people most at risk for skincancer—people with fair skinand freckles（雀斑），for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result,it may appear thatsunscreen users get cancer more often.

Thestudies,which generally relied on volunteers to recall their sunscreen use,were also unable to prove how well the products had been applied,said the newstudy.

72.The underlinedword“flaws”in the 2ndparagraph most probably means        .

A.evidences                    B.facts                         C.faults                    D.failures

73.People with fairskin and freckles        .

A.seldomuse sunscreen                                  B.are more in danger of skin cancer

C.can befree from the harm of the sun          D.often expose themselves to the sun

74.We can learn fromthe passage that        .

A.sunscreenusers get skin cancer more often

B.thevolunteers have proved the effect of sunscreen

C.the newstudy was based on the experiences of volunteers

D.thenumber of skin cancer patients is increasing in America

75.Which of thefollowing can be the best title for this passage?

A.Sunscreento Prevent Skin Cancer                B.Sunscreen to Increase Skin Cancer

C.SkinCancer Caused by Sunscreen                 D.Skin Cancer Caused by Freckles

答案  72.C 73.B  74.D  75.A

2009年高考题

Passage 1

(09·上海C篇)

“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, aportable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: aprogram that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.

The program allows users to display alerts on the missingcomputer’s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software forstolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to bethe first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.

Owners must report their laptop missing by visiting awebsite, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen”sign appears on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version（版本）of the software, users can also send a spoken message.

The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, nomatter how many times the thief closes it.” One customer sent a messagesaying,’ You are being tracked. I am right at your door’,” said Carrie Hafeman,chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.

In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. Forexample, the laptop’s speakers will say: “Help, this laptop is reported lost orstolen. If you are not my owner, report me now.”

The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 but hasa free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs.Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password if they fear that thethief has also got hold of the access details.

If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop,Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, sothat the police can be alerted to its location.

Thousands of laptops are stolen every year form homes andoffices, but with the use of laptops increasing, the number stolen while theirowners are out and about has been rising sharply.

Other security software allows users to erase data remotelyor lock down the computer.

72. The “togive the thief a piece of their mind “can be understood as “_______”

A. to give the thief an alertmind         

B. to express the owners’ anger to the thief

C. to remind the thief of this conscience    

D. to make the thief give up his mind

73. Different fromother security software, Retriever can        .

A. record the stealingprocess          B. help recognizethe lost laptop

C. lock down the computer remotely    D. send a spoken message

74. One function of theprogram is that it allows the owner to          at a distance.

A. change some access details for switching on the laptop

B. turn on the laptop by using the original password

C. operate the laptop by means of and alternative password

D. erase the information kept in the stolen laptop

75. Which of thefollowing can best summarize the main idea of the passage?

A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen everyyear.

B. A new soft ware provides a means to reduce laptop theft.

C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost computers.

D. A new program offers a communication platform with thethief.

答案  72.B 73.D  74.A  75.B

Passage 2

(09·安徽C篇)

Sometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. For example, toabsorb heat from the sun to heat water, you need large, flat, black surfaces.One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially, on the roofs ofbuildings. But why go to all that trouble when cities are rub of black surfacesalready, in the form of asphalt （柏油） roads?

Ten years ago, this thought came into the mind of Arian deBondt, a Dutch engineer. He finally persuaded his boss to follow it up. Theresult is that their building is now heated in winter and cooled in summer by asystem that relies on the surface of the road outside.

The heat-collector is a system of connected water pipes.Most of them ran from one side of the street to the other, just under theasphalt road. Some, however, dive deep into the ground.

When the street surface gets hot in summer, water pumpedthrough the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one ofthe diving pipes. At a depth of 100 metres lies a natural aquifer （蓄水层） into which several heat exchangers （交换器） have been built. The hot water from the street runs throughthese exchangers, warning the ground-water, before returning to the surfacethrough another pipe. The aquifer is thus used as a heat store.

In winter, the working system is changed slightly. Water ispumped through the heat exchangers to pick up the heat stored during summer.This water goes into the building and is used to warm the place up. Afterperforming that task, it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heatkeeps the road free of snow and ice.

64. Which of thefollowing is true according to the first two paragraphs?

A. Arian de Bondt got his idea from his boss.

B. Large, flat, black surfaces need to be built in cities.

C. The Dutch engineer's system has been widely used.

D. Heat can also be collected from asphalt roads.

65. For what purposeare the diving pipes used?

A. To absorb heat from the sun.

B. To store heat for future use.

C. To turn solar energy into heat energy.

D. To carry heat down below the surface.

66. From the lastparagraph we can learn that __

A. some pipes have to be re-arranged in winter

B. the system can do more than warming up the building

C. the exchangers will pick up heat from the street surface

答案  64.D 65.D  66.B 

Passage 3

(09·安徽E篇)

A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with thetotal high rainfall spreading quite equally through the year and thetemperature rarely dipping below l6℃. Rainforests havea great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from thesun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover，theseareas would reflect more heat into the atmosphere，warming the restof the world. Losing the rainforests may also influence wind and rainfallpatterns，potentially causing certain natural disastersall over the world.

In the past hundred years，humans have begundestroying rainforests in search of three major resources（资源）：land for crops，wood for paper andother products，land for raising farm animals. This actionaffects the environment as a whole. For example，a lot of carbondioxide（二氧化碳）in the air comes from burning the rainforests.People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees butwe will suffer much more than we will benefit.

There are two main reasons for this. Firstly，whenpeople cut down trees，generally they can only use the land for a yearor two. Secondly，cutting large sections of rainforests mayprovide a good supply of wood right now，but in the long runit actually reduces the world’s wood supply.

Rainforests are often called the world’s drug store. Morethan 25％ of the medicines we use today come from plantsin rainforests. However，fewer than l％of rainforestplants have been examined for their medical value. It is extremely likely thatour best chance to cure diseases lies somewhere in the world’s shrinkingrainforests.

72. Rainforests canhelp to adjust the climate because they                .

A. reflect more heat into the atmosphere

B. bring about high rainfall throughout the world

C. rarely cause the temperature to drop lower than l6℃

D. reduce the effect of heat from the sun on the earth

73. What does the word “this”underlined in the third paragraph refer to?

A. We will lose much more than we can gain.

B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests.

C. People have a strong desire for resources.

D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests.

74. It can be inferredfrom the text that

A. we can get enough resources without rainforests

B. there is great medicine potential in rainforests

C. we will grow fewer kinds of crops in the gained land

D. the level of annual rainfall affects wind patterns

75. What might be thebest title for the text?

A. How to Save Rainforests

B. How to Protect Nature

C. Rainforests and the Environment

D. Rainforests and Medical Development

答案  72.D 73.A  74.B  75.C

Passage 4

(09·北京C篇)

How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings

Architects have long had the feeling that the places welive in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, But now scientists aregiving this feelings an empirical（经验的, 实证的）basis. They are discovering how to design spacesthat promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.

Researches show that aspects of the physical environmentcan influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University ofMinnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people tothink. Her research indicates that the higher callings encourage people tothink more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Lowceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.

In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by abuilding may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. NancyWells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kidswho experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family movemade the most gains on a standard test of attention.

Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay offacademically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner,head of the School Design ＆Planning Laboratory at         Universityof Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms withunblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores ontests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classroomsprimarily overlooked roads and parking lots.

Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim（暗淡的）light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally,keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation.Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture withrounded edges could help visitors relax.

So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings.“We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re almostlooking at the problem through a straw（吸管）, ”architect DavidAllison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and makebroad, generalized use of them? That’s what we're all strugglingwith. ”

64. What does JoanMeyers-Levy focus on in her research?

A. Light

B. Ceilings

C. Windows

D. Furniture.

65. The passage tellsus that____.

A. the shape of furniture may affect people, sfeelings

B. lower ceilings may help improve students’ creativity

C. children in a dim classroom may improve their grades

D. Students in rooms with unblocked views may feel relaxed

66. The underlinedsentence in the last paragraph probably means that _______.

A. the problem is not approached step by step

B. the researches so far have faults in themselves

C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect

D. research in this area is not enough to make generalizedpattens

67. Which of thefollowing shows the organization of the passage?

CP: Central Point   P: point  Sp: Sub—point（次要点）C: Conclusion

答案  64.B 65.A  66.D  67.C

Passage 5

(09·湖北B篇)

Three years ago, five parrots were set free in a wild placeof Arizona, thousands of miles from the Channel Islands in Jersey sher they hadbeen looked after by zookeepers. No evolutionary strategies informed them howto behave in this new Landscape of mountainous pine forest unoccupied by theirking for 50 years. To the researchers’ surprise, they failed to make contactwith a group of wild parrots imported from Mexico and set free at the sametime. Within 24 hours the reintroducing ended in failure, and the poor birds wereback in cages, on their way to the safety of the Arizona reintroductionprogramme.  

Ever since then, the programme has enjoyed great success,mainly because the birds now being set free are Mexican birds illegally caughtin the wild, confiscated （没收） on arrival north of the border, andraised by their parents in the safety of the programme. The experience showshow little we know about the behaviour and psychology（心理） of parrots, as Peter Bennett, a bird researcher, pointsout:” Reintroducing species of high intelligence like parrots is a lot moredifficult. People like parrots, always treating them as nothing more than persor valuable ‘collectables’. ”

Now that many species of parrot are in immediate danger ofdying out, biologists are working together to study the natural history and thebehaviour of this family of birds. Last year was an important turning point:conservationists founded the World Parrot Trust, based at Hayle in Cornwall, tosupport research into both wild and caged birds.  

Research on parrots is vital for two reasons. Forest, asthe Arizona programme showed, when reintroducing parrots to the wild, we needto be aware of what the birds must know if they are to survive in their naturalhome. We also need to learn more about the needs of parrots keot as pets,particularly as the Trust’s campaign does not attempt to discourage thepractice, but rather urges people who buy parrots as pets to choose birdsraised by humans.  

55. What do we knowabout the area where the five parrots were reintroduced?

A. Its landscape is new to parrots of their king.  

B. It used to be home to parrots of their kind.  

C. It is close to where they had been kept.  

D. Pine trees were planted to attract birds.  

56. The reintroducingexperience three years ago shows that man-raised parrots ______.  

A. can find their way back home in Jersey

B. are unable to recognize their parents

C. are unable to adapt to the wild

D. can produce a new species

57. Why are researcheson parrots important according to the passage?

A. The Trust shows great concern for the programme.  

B. We need to knows more about how to preserve parrots

C. Many people are interested in collecting parrots.  

D. Parrots’ intelligence may someday benefit people.  

58. According to thepassage, people are advised_______.  

A. to treat wild and caged parrots equally

B to set up comfortable homes for parrots

C. not to keep wild parrots as pets

D. not to let more parrots go to the wild

答案  55.B 56.C  57.B  58.C 

Passage 6

(09·四川E篇)

All too often, a choice that seems sustainable(可持续的)turns out on closer examination to be problematic.Probably the best example is the rush to produce ethanol(乙醇)for fuel from corn. Corn is a renewable resource —you can harvest it and growmore, almost limitlessly. So replacing gas with corn ethanol seems like a greatidea. 

   One mightget a bit more energy out of the ethanol than that used to make it, which couldstill make ethanol more sustainable than gas generally, but that’s not the endof the problem. Using corn to make ethanol means less corn is left to feedanimals and people, which drives up the cost of food. That result leads toturning the fallow land –including, in some cases, rain forest in places suchas Brazil—into farmland, which in turn gives off lots of carbon dioxide (CO) into the air. Finally,over many years, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for theforest loss. But by then, climate change would have progressed so far that itmight not help. 

   You cannotreally declare any practice “sustainable” until you have done a completelife-cycle analysis of its environmental(环境的) costs. Even then,technology and public keep developing, and that development can lead tounforeseen and undesired results. The admirable goal of living      sustainably requires plenty of thought on an ongoing basis.   

57. What might directlycause the loss of the forest according to the text? 

A. The growing demand for energy to make ethanol 

B. The increasing carbon dioxide in the air 

C. The greater need for farmland 

D. The big change in weather. 

58. The underlined word“it” in the second paragraph refers to “           ” 

A. the energybenefit                      B. the forest loss 

C. climatechange                        D. burning ethanol 

59. The author thinksthat replacing gas with corn ethanol is           . 

A.impractical         B.acceptable        C.admirable          D. useless 

60. What does theauthor mainly discuss in the text? 

A. Technology                            B.Sustainability  

C. Ethanol energy                         D.Environmental protection 

答案  57.C 58.A  59.A  60.B

Passage 7

(09·天津D篇)

Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cupof coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’reholding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drinkin hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practicallesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

Psychologists have known that one person’s perception（感知） of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in socialrelationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primaryconsideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable.Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, whenbabies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physicalsensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow,published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother”rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a foodbottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress theneed for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow intohealthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgmentsappear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh saysthat describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, andstudies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychologicalwarmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. Aresearch assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses（假设）, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a colddrink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: Thedrink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate thepersonality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who hadbriefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had heldthe iced drink.

“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when wethink abstractly,” says Bargh.

51. According toParagraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by ______.

A. the visitors to his office

B. the psychology lessons he has

C. his physical feeling of coldness

D. the things he has bought online

52. The author mentionsHarlow’s experiment to show that ______.

A. adults should develop social skills

B. babies need warm physical contact

C. caregivers should be healthy adults

D. monkeys have social relationships

53. In Bargh’sexperiment, the students were asked to ______.

A. evaluate someone’s personality

B. write down their hypotheses

C. fill out a personal information form

D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

54. We can infer fromthe passage that ______.

A. abstract thinking does not come from physicalexperiences

B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide

C. physical temperature affects how we see others

D. capable persons are often cold to others

55. What would be thebest title for the passage?

A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.

B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.

C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.

D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.

答案  51.C 52.B  53.A  54.C  55.D

Passage 8

(09·浙江C篇)

Plants can’t communicate by moving or making sounds, asmost animals do. Instead, plants

Produce volatilecompounds, chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower’ssweet

smell, for example, comes from volatile compounds that theplant produces to attract insects such as

Bugs and bees.

Plants can also detect volatile compounds produced by otherplants. A tree under attack by

Hungry insets, forinstance, may give off volatile compounds that let other trees know about the

Attack. In response,the other trees may send off chemicals to keep the bugs away ---- or even

Chemicals that attractthe bugs’ natural enemies.

    Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: achemical

Sensor（传感器）called an electronic nose. The “e-nose” can tell compoundsthat crop plants make

When they’re attackedScientists say the e-nose could help quickly detect whether plants are being

Eaten by insects. Buttoday the only way to detect such insects is to visually inspect individual

Plants. This is achallenging task for managers of greenhouses, enclosed gardens than can house

Thousands of plants.

    The research team worked with an e-nose than recognizes volatile compounds.Inside the

device, 13 sensorschemically react with volatile compounds Based on these interactions, the

e-nose gives off electronicsignals that the scientists analyze using computer software.

    Totest the nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepperand tomato

plants, all commongreenhouse crops. Then scientists collected samples of air around damaged

leaves from each type of crop, These plants had beendamaged by insects, or by scientists who made

holes in the leaves with a hole punch（打孔器）.

The e-nose, it turns out, could identify healthycucumber, pepper and tomato plants based on

The volatile compounds they produce, It could also identifytomato leaves that had been damaged.

But even more impressive, the device could tell which typeof damage ---- by insects or with a hole

Punch ---- had been done to the tomato leaves.

With some fine-tuning, a device like the e-nose could oneday be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. Adevice like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripeand ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at PurdueUniversity in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies smells of flowers and plants.Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits togreenhouse managers in the near future.

49. We learn from thetext that plants communicate with each other by____.

A. making somesounds                    B. waving their leaves

C. producing somechemicals                D. sending out electronic signals

50. What did thescientists do to find out if the e-nose worked?

A. They presented it with all common crops.

B. They fixed 13 sensors inside the device.

C. They collected different damaged leaves.

D. They made tests on damaged and healthy leaves.

51. According to thewriter, the most amazing thing about the e-nose is that it can___.

A. pick out ripe fruits

B. spot the insects quickly

C. distinguish different damages to the leaves

D. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves

52 We can infer fromthe last paragraph that the e-nose_____.

A. is unable to tell the smell of flowers

B. is not yet used in greenhouses

C. is designed by scientists at Purdue

D. is helpful in killing harmful insects

答案  49.C 50.D  51.C  52.B

Passage 9

(09·重庆C篇)

Sports can help you keep fit and get in touch with nature.However, whether you are on the mountains, in the waves, or on the grassland,you should be aware that your sport of choice might have great influence on theenvironment.

Some sports are resource-hungry. Golf, as you may know,eats up not only large areas of countryside, but also tons of water. Besides,all sorts of chemicals and huge amounts of energy are used to keep its courses（球场） in good condition. This causes major environmentaleffects. For example, in the dry regions of Portugal and Spain, golf is oftenheld responsible for serious water shortage in some local areas.

There are many environment-friendly sports. Power walkingis one of them that you could take up today. You don’t need any specialequipment except a good pair of shoes; and you don’t have to worry aboutresources and your purse. Simple and free, power walking can also keep you fit.If you walk regularly, it will be good for your heart and bones. Experts saythat 20 minutes of power walking daily can make you feel less anxious, sleepwell and have better weight control.

Whatever sport you take up, you can make it greener byusing environment-friendly equipment and buying products made from recycledmaterials. But the final goal should be “green gyms”. They are betterreplacements for traditional health clubs and modern sports centers. Members ofgreen gyms play sports outdoors, in the countryside or other open spaces. Thereis no special requirement for you to start your membership. And best of all,it’s free.

　64. Which of the following is the author mostprobably in favor of?

　　A. Cycling around a lake.

　　B. Motor racing in the desert.

　　C. Playing basketball in a gym.

　　D. Swimming in a sports center.

　65. What do we know about golf from the passage?

　　A. It is popular in Portugal and Spain.

　　B. It causes water shortages around the world.

　　C. It pollutes the earth with chemicals andwastes.

　　D. It needs water and electricity to keep itscourses green.

　66. The author uses power walking as an examplemainly because______.

　　A. it is an outdoor sport

　　B. it improves our health

　　C. it uses fewer resources

　　D. it is recommended by experts

　67. The author writes the passage to_______.

　　A. show us the function of major sports

　　B. encourage us to go in for green sports

　　C. discuss the major influence of popular sports

　　D. introduce different types of environment-friendlysports

答案  64.A 65.B  66.C  67.B

Passage 10

(09·重庆E篇)

A recent study, while showing a generally positive attitudetoward science, also suggests a widespread worry that it may be “running out ofcontrol”, This idea is dangerous.

　　Science can be a force for evil as well as forgood. Its applications can be channeled either way, depending on our decisions.The decisions we make, personally or collectively, will determine the outcomesof science. But here is a real danger. Science is advancing so fast and is sostrongly influenced by businesses that we are likely to believe whateverdecisions we come to will make little difference. And, rather than fighting forthe best possible policies, we may step back and do nothing.

　　Some people go even further. They say thatdespite the moral and legal objections(反对), whatever isscientifically possible will be done-somewhere , sometime. They believe thatscience will get out of control in the end. This belief is dangerous too,because it fuels a sense of hopelessness and discourages then from makingefforts to build a safer world.

　　In our interconnected world, the lack ofagreement in and out of the world of science can lead to the failure to controlthe use of science. Without a common understanding, the challenges of“controlling” science in this century will be really tough. Take human cloningfor example. Despite the general agreement among scientists on its possiblehuge impact(影响) on traditional moral values, some countriesstill go ahead with the research and development of its related techniques. Theoutcomes are hard to predict.

　　Therefore, discussions on how science is appliedshould be extended far beyond scientific societies. Only through the untiedefforts of people with hope, can we be fully safe against the misuse of scienceand can science best serve mankind in the future.

　　72. What can we conclude from the recent study?

　　A. People think highly of science.

　　B. People hold mixed opinions about science.

　　C. Science is getting dangerously out ofcontrol.

　　D. Science is used for both good and badpurposes.

　　73. According to the passage , what will happenif we hold that science is getting beyond control?

　　A. The development of science will hopelesslyslow down.

　　B. Businesses will have even greater influenceon science.

　　C. The public will lose faith in bringing abouta bright future.

　　D. People will work more actively to put scienceunder control.

　　74. The discussion should reach beyondscientific societies because_______

　　A. scientists have failed to predict theoutcomes

　　B. the ties between different areas needstrengthening

　　C. united efforts are necessary for thedevelopment of science

　　D. people need to work together to prevent thebad use of science

　　75. What is the main idea of the passage?

　　A. Science and its applications bring us manydangers.

　　B. The development of science mostly lies inpeople's attitudes.

　　C. Mankind can largely take control of sciencewith their efforts.

D. The future of science will be influenced by the dangerousideas.

答案  72.B 73.C  74.D  75.B

Passage 11

(09·福建D篇)

Find Which Direction Is South

Do you have a good sense of direction? If not, please takewith you a compass. But if you forget to take a compass, you can still findyour way.  

It’s never a good idea to imagine that the family memberwho was entrusted（委托）with the job of map-reading actually knows wherethe family is. You can tell by the slightly confused load on their faces thatnothing on the ground seems to match the map. Never mind. The shu is shiningand it’s still morning. If you don’t know the exact time, you can still findout where south is, but you’ll need to be patient.  

①Find a straight sickand put it in the ground in a place where you can mark its shadow.  

②Try to position the stickas vertically（垂直）as you can. You can check this by making asimple plumb line （铅锤线）with a piece of string and weight. You haven’tgot any string? OK, use a thread from your clothes with a button tied at theend to act as a weight.  

③Mark the end of theshadow cast by the stick.  

④Wait approximatelyhalf an hour and mark the end of the shadow again.  

⑤Keep doing this untilyou have made several marks.  

⑥The mark nearest thestick will represent the shortest shadow, which is cast at midday, when the sunis highest in the sky and pointing to the exact south.  

⑦Pick a point in thedistance along the line between the shortest shadow and the stick.  

⑧That point is southof where you are.  

⑨Now you can turn themap, like you did before, and find which way you should be travelling.  

68. To find thedirection, we ought to be patient probably because

A. it is not easy to find a properstick      B. it is not easy to position the stick

C. it takes hours to make themarks        D. it takes about half an hourto make the marks

69. The passage wouldprobably be most helpful to       .  

A. those who drawmaps           B. those whoget lost

C. those who makecompasses       D. those who do experiments

70. Which of thefollowing pictures best shows the way of finding the direction of south?

71. The author presentsthis passage by       .  

A. telling an interestingstory                B.describing an activity in a lively way

C. testing an idea byreasoning               D.introducing a practical method

答案  68.C 69.B  70.A  71.D

Passage 12

(09·湖南C篇)

People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoidbeing beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as aresult. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fishbehavior by a team of Australian scientists.

The research team have discovered that subordinate fishvoluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors. “In studyinggobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, hadbreeding （繁殖） rights within the group,” explains Marian Wong.“All other group members are nonbreeding females, each being 5-10% smaller thanits next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they maintain thisprecise size separation.”

The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once asubordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, itcauses a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away fromthe group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eatenup.

It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselvessmall in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did sovoluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research teamdecided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinategobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused theextra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoidfights, over having a feast.

The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view ofhow boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thoughtthat large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten theirsubordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping theircompetitors small.

While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious,Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss andsubordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical （等级的） societies remain stable.

The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting isa habit far from exclusive to humans. “As yet, we lack a complete understandingof how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature,” theresearchers comment. “Data on human dieting suggests that, while humansgenerally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does itimprove long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatterthan the females’ own ideal.”

65. When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size ofits larger competitor, it        .

A. faces danger                                                                B.has breeding rights

C. eats its competitor                                                    D.leaves the group itself

66. The underlinedwords “the evicted fish” in Paragraph 3 refer to        .

A. the fish beaten up                                                    B.the fish found out

C. the fish fattened up                                                  D. the fish driven away

67. The experimentshowed that the smaller fish        .

A. fought over a feast                                                                                      B.went on diet willingly

C. preferred some extra food                                       D.challenged the boss fish

68. What is the textmainly about?

A. Fish dieting and human dieting.

B. Dieting and health.

C. Human dieting.

D. Fish dieting.

答案  65.A 66.D  67.B  68.D

Passage 13

(09·湖南D篇)

Andrew Ritchie, inventor of the Brompton folding bicycle,once said that the perfect portable bike would be “like a magic carpet…Youcould fold it up and put it into your pocket or handbag”. Then he paused: “Butyou’ll always be limited by the size of the wheels. And so far no one hasinvented a folding wheel.”

It was a rare — indeed unique — occasion when I was able toput Ritchie right. A 19th-century inventor, William Henry James Grout, did infact design a folding wheel. His bike, predictably named the Grout Portable,had a frame that split into two and a larger wheel that could be separated intofour pieces. All the bits fitted into Grout’s Wonderful Bag, a leather case.

Grout’s aim: to solve the problems of carrying a bike on atrain. Now doesn’t that sound familiar? Grout intended to find a way of makinga bike small enough for train travel: his bike was a huge beast. And importantly,the design of early bicycles gave him an advantage: in Grout’s day, tyres weresolid, which made the business of splitting a wheel into four separate partsrelatively simple. You couldn’t do the same with a wheel fitted with aone-piece inflated （充气的） tyre.

So, in a 21st-century context, is the idea of the foldingwheel dead? It is not. A British design engineer, Duncan Fitzsimons, hasdeveloped a wheel that can be squashed into something like a slender ellipse （椭圆）. Throughout, the tyre remains inflated.

Will the young Fitzsimons’s folding wheel make it intoproduction? I haven’t the foggiest idea. But his inventiveness shows twothings. First, people have been saying for more than a century that bike designhas reached its limit, except for gradual advances. It’s as silly a concept nowas it was 100 years ago: there’s plenty still to go for. Second, it is in thefield of folding bikes that we are seeing the most interesting inventions. Youcan buy a folding bike for less than ￡1,000 that can be knocked down so smallthat it can be carried on a plane — minus wheels, of course — as hand baggage.

Folding wheels would make all manner of things possible.Have we yet got the magic carpet of Andrew Ritchie’s imagination? No. But it’sprogress.

69. We can infer fromParagraph 1 that the Brompton folding bike        .

A. was portable

B. had a folding wheel

C. could be put in a pocket

D. looked like a magic carpet

【答案】A

【解析】逻辑推理题。从文章第一段AndrewRitchie, inventor of the Brompton folding bicycle, once said that the perfectportable bike would be “like a magic carpet…ou could fold it up and put it intoyour pocket or handbag”.

70. We can learn fromthe text that the wheels of the Grout Portable        .

A. were difficult to separate

B. could be split into 6 pieces

C. were fitted with solid tyres

D. were hard to carry on a train

71. We can learn fromthe text that Fitzsimons’s invention        .

A. kept the tyre as a whole piece

B. was made into production soon

C. left little room for improvement

D. changed our views on bag design

72. Which of thefollowing would be the best title for the text?

A. Three folding bike inventors

B. The making of a folding bike

C. Progress in folding bike design

D. Ways of separating a bike wheel

答案  70.C 71.A  72.C

Passage 14

(09·江苏A篇)

When women sit together to watch a movie on TV,they usually talk simultaneously（同时的）about a variety ofsubjects, including children, men, careers and what' s happening in theirlives. When groups of men and women watch a movie together, the men usually endup telling the women to shut up. Men can either talk or watch the screen --they can' t do both -- and they don' t understand that women can. Besides,women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good timeand develop relationships -- not just to sit there like couch potatoes staringat the screen.

During the ad breaks, a man often asks a womanto explain the plot and tell him where the relationship between the charactersis going. He is unable, unlike women, to read the subtle body language signalsthat reveal how the characters are feeling emotionally. Since women originallyspent their days with the other women and children in the group,  theydeveloped the ability to communicate successfully in order to maintainrelationships. For a woman, speech continues to have such a clear purpose: tobuild relationships and make friends. For men, to talk is to relate the facts.

Men see the telephone as a communication toolfor sending facts and information to other people, but a woman sees it as ameans of bonding. A woman can spend two weeks on vacation with her girlfriendand, when she returns home, telephone the same girlfriend and talk for anothertwo hours.

There is no convincing evidence that socialconditioning, the fact that girls' mothers talked them more, is the reason whygirls talk more than boys. Psychiatrist Dr Michael Lewis, author SocialBehaviour and Language Acquisition, conducted experiments that found motherstalked  to and looked at, baby girls more often than baby boys. Scientificevidence shows parents res the brain bias of their children. Since a girl' sbrain is better organized to send and receive speech ,

we therefore talk to them more. Consequently,mothers who try to talk to their sons are usually pointed to receive only shortgrunts in reply.

56.While watching TV with others, women Usually talk a lotbecause they

A. are afraid of awkward silence with theirfamilies and friends

B. can both talk and watch the screen at theSame time

C. think they can have a good time and developrelationships

D. have to explain the plot and body language totheir husbands

57. After a vacation with hergirlfriend, a woman would talk to her again on the phone for hours in order to              .

A. experience the happy timeagain            B. keepa close tie with her

C. recommend her a new scenic spot           D.remind her of something forgotten

58. What does the author want to tell us most?

A. Women' s brains are better organized forlanguage and communication

B. Women love to talk because they are moresociable than men.

C. Men do not like talking because they relymore on facts.

D. Social conditioning is not the reason whywomen love talking.

59. Which of the following would be the best title for thepassage?

A. Women Are Socially Trained toTalk        B. Talking MaintainsRelationships

C, Women Love toTalk                    D. Men Talk Differently from Women

答案  56.C 57.B  58.A  59.C

Passage 14

(09·江苏D篇)

Have you ever noticed the colour of the water ina river or stream after a heavy rainfall? What do you think caused this changein colour? It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank orfrom t}le nearby fields．

Components of Soft

Soil is made up of a number of layers（层），each having its own distinctive colour andtexture．The upper layer is known as the litter．Itacts like a blanket．limiting temperature changes and reducing waterloss．The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rockmixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus（腐殖质），which is black and gives the topsoil its darkcolour．This layer is usually rich in nutrients，oxygen，andwater．Below the topsoil is the subsoil，alayer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter．Thislayer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus．Beneaththe soil lies a layer of bedrock．

Soil forms from the bottom up．Overtime bedrock is attacked by rain, wind，frost, and snow．Itis gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering．Plantsbegin to grow，and rotten materials enrich the topsoil．Mostof the soil in Eastern Canada．for example．Was formed fromweathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared l2．000years ag0．

Water Beneath the Soil

Surface water collects and flows above theground in lakes．ponds．and rivers．Oncein the soil or rock，it is called groundwater．Gravitypulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation（渗透）．Eventually the water reaches a layer called thewater table．Under this is bedrock through which water cannotpercolate．

As water percolates downward，itdissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them todeeper layers．This causes a serious problem because plantsrequire these nutrients for growth.

Soil pH

Soil can be acidic．neutral．orbasic．The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock

from which it was formed．andby the nature of t}le plants that grow and rot in it．

The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH ofthe groundwater that enters the soil．By burning fossilfuels such as coal，oil and gasoline，humans have beencontributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils．Whenfossil fuels are burned．gases are released into the air and then fallback to earth as acid rain．Acid soil increases出eproblem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels．Asnutrients are removed，soil is less fertile．Plantsgrow more slowly in acidic soil，and also become easily attacked by diseases．

67．The layer of soil that provides necessarynutrients for plant growth is called．

A．1itter            B．topsoil           C．humus         D．subsoil

68．According to the text．whichof the following is NOT true?

A．Soil forms from weathered rock on the earthsurface．

B．The deeper layer of soil is darker in colourthan t}le surface soil．

C．Air pollution is partially responsible for acidsoil．

D．Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients forplant growth．

69．We can infer from the passage that the watertable lies       ．

A．between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer

B．in the subsoil layer above bedrock

C．between the subsoil layer and bedrock

D．in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil

70．The underlinedword “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and mineralsfrom soil are          ．

A．rushed away into the river

B．cleaned and purified by water

C．destroyed and carried away by water

D．mixed with water and become part of it

答案  67.B 68.B  69.C  70.D

Passage 16

(09·江西B篇)

The surprising experiment I am about to describe provesthat air is all around you and that it proves down upon you. Air pressure is awonderful force. When you swim underwater, you can feel water push down yourbody. The air all around you does the same. However, your body is so used to itthat you do not notice this. The pressure is caused by a layer of air calledthe atmosphere. This layer surrounds the Earth, extending to about fivekilometers above the Earth’s surface.

The following experiment is an easy one that you can do athome. But make sure that you are supervised, because you will need to usematches. Now foe the experiment！

What you need

·A hard-boiled egg without the shell

·A bottle with a neck slightly smaller than the egg

·A piece of paper

·A match

Metheod

1） Check that the paper will sit firmly on theneck of the bottle.

2） Tear the paper into strips and put the stripsinto the bottle.

3） Light the paper by dropping a burning matchinto the bottle.

4） Quickly sit the egg on the neck of the bottle.

Result

Astonishingly, the egg will be sucked into the bottle. Yourfriends will be amazed when you show them the experiment. But be careful whenyou handle matches.

Why it happened

As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen （air）in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more aircan get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The airpressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. Theoutside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into thebottle! The proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on it.

60. Why is there theneed to take care when you are doing the experiment?

A. The bottle could break.

B. You need to light the paper with a match.

C. The egg needs to be shelled.

D. The egg has to be perfectly placed on the neck of thebottle.

61. In the experiment,the burning inside the bottle can___.

A. equalize the air pressure inside and outside

B. make a seal in the neck of the bottle

C. finish up the oxygen inside the bottle

D. produce more oxygen inside the bottle

62. How did the egg putinto the bottle？

A. The oxygen inside the bottle sucked the egg in.

B. It became salt without the shell.

C. The neck of the bottle was wide enough.

D. The outside air pressure forced it into the bottle.

63. The experiment iscarried cut to prove ______.

A. water pushes on your body when you swim underwater.

B. the earth is surrounded by a layer of air called theatmosphere.

C. the pressure of air around us has a powerful force.

D. the air pressure is not equalized around us.

答案  60.B 61.C  62.D  63.C

Passage 17

(09·辽宁C篇)

Avolcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe.Airlines have stoppedor changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.  

Grirmsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoesin Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier（冰川） of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up theice above it, which then forms a layer（层）of water betweenthe glacier and the volcano This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano,keeping it stable, As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressurelifts. The lava（岩浆） from the volcano then comes up to the surface.This is exactly what happened today.  

Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so asnot to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM. one ofEurope’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it.Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines,causing damage to the plane.  

The eruption has also caused problems for animals inIceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over thecountryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eatingash- covered grass to the sharp object.  

64. What makes Grimsvom different from othervolcanoes? 

A. It is below ice.  

B. It lies under the sea 

C. It is the largest volcano 

D. It is lava affects the airlines 

65. What keeps Grimsvotn still? 

A. The slow flow of water 

B. The low water temperature 

C. The thick glacier 

D. The water pressure 

66. Which of the following is the result of the volcaniceruption? 

A. People stop traveling in Europe 

B. Airlines suffer from the loss of planes 

C. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside 

D. Farmers have lost many of their animals 

67. This text is most probably taken from_ 

A. a research paper 

B. a newspaper report 

C. a class presentation 

D. a geography textbook.  

答案  64.A 65.D  66.C  67.B

Passage 18

(09·全国ⅡC篇)

GUATEMALA CITY （Reuters）– A fish that lives in mangrove swamps（红树沼泽）across theAmericas can live out of water for months at a time, similar to how animalsadapted（适应）to land millions of years ago, a new studyshows.  

The Magrove Rivulus, a type of small killifish, lives insmall pools of water in a certain type of empty nut or even old beer cans inthe mangrove swamps of Belize, the United States and Brazil. When their livingplace dries up, they live on the land in logs（圆木），said Scott Taylor,a researcher at the Brevard Endangered Lands Program in Florida.  

The fish, whose scientific name is Rivulus marmoratus, cangrow as large as three inches. They group together in logs and breathe airthrough their skin until they can find water again.  

The new scientific discovery came after a trip toBelize.  

 “We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowdingout,” Taylor told Reuters in neighboring Guatgemala by telephone. He said hewill make his study on the fish known to the public in an American magazineearly next year.  

In lab tests, Taylor said he found the fish can live up to66 days out of water without eating.  

Some other fish can live out of water for a short period oftime. The walking catfish found in Southeast Asia can stay on land for hours attime, while lungfish found in Australia, Africa and South America can live outof water, but only in an inactive state. But no other known fish can be out ofwater as long as the Mangrove Rivulus and remain active, according to PatriciaWright, a biologist at Canada’s University of Guelph.  

Further studies of the fish may tell how animals changedover time.  

 “These animals live in conditions similar to thosethat existed millions of years ago, when animals began making the transition（过渡）from water onto land,” Wright said.  

49. The MangroveRivulus is a type of fish that _______.  

A. likes eating nuts 

B. prefers living in dry places 

C. is the longest living fish on earth 

D. can stay alive for two months out of water 

50. Who will write up areport on Mangrove Rivulus? 

A. PatriciaWright                          B.Researchers in Guatemala 

C. Scientists from Belize                     D.Scott Taylor 

51. According to thetext, lungfish can________ 

A. breathe through its skin 

B. move freely on dry land 

C. remain alive out of water 

D. be as active on land as in water 

52. What can we sayabout the discovery of Mangrove Rivulus? 

A. It was made quite by accident 

B. It was based on a lab test of sea life 

C. It was supported by an American magazine 

D. It was helped by Patricia Wright 

答案  49.D  50.D  51.C  52.A

2010年高考题

Passage 1

(10·安徽B篇)

Have you ever wondered?

1.      Why do airplanes takelonger to fly west than east?

It can take five hours to go west-east from New York(NY) toLondon bur seven hours to travel east-west from London to NY. The reason forthe difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet(喷射)stream. The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from thewest to the east across the Atlantic. The planes moving at a constant air speedthus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with the windthan in the opposite direction.

2.      What would happen ifthe gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off?

Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Wouldbuildings and other structures(建筑物) float away? What happened would depend on howstrongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Earth is moving at quite aspeed, moving at over a thousand miles per hours. If you turn something aroundyour head on a string（细绳）, it goes around in a circle until you let go ofthe string. Then it flies off in a straight line. ‘Switching off’ gravity wouldbe like letting go of the string. Things not attached to the Earth would fly offin a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards ata great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly offinto space.

         60.Whatinformation can we get from the first passage?

A.It is jet stream that affects how fast airplanes fly

B.Planes go slower when they are moving with the wind

C.It takes more time to fly from NY to London than fromLondon to NY

D.The yet stream always blows from the east to the westacross the Atlantic

61.Theword”shoot”underline in the 2nd passage probably means “         ”

A.send for        B.movequickly    C.come out     D.grrow quickly

62.It can be inferredthat without gravity             .

A.buildings and other structures would float away

B.trees and buildings would not easily fly off

C.something around your head would not fly away

D.everything outside buildings would fly off into space

63.Where can we mostprobably read in the text

A.In a reseach paper    B.In a short story

C.In a travel magazine  D.In a student’s book

答案：60—63 ABBD

Passage 2

(10·安徽E篇)

The need to feed a growing population is puttingmuch pressure on the word’s supply of water.With 97% of the word’s water toosalty to be drunk or used in agriculture,the wordwide   supply ofwater needs carefull management，especially in agriculture .Although the idea ofa water shortage(短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough tolive in a high rainfall country,many of the word’s agriculture industriesexperience constant water shortages.

Although dams can be built to store water foragriculture use in dry areas and dry seasons,the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high.Not only is there the cost of theengineering itself,but there is also an envitonmental cost to beconsidered.Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams,houses are lost andwildlife homes destroyed.Besides,water may flow easily through pipes tofields,but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to theother.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water tosuply its farming requirements.

This is particularly troubling for countrieswith agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).InTexas,farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction ofthe water stores.In the Central Vally area of southwestern USA,a huge waterengineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys,but much of thewater use has been poorly managed.

73.SaudiArabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of hugequantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is norainfall in these areas, such reseWhich of the folloeing is true?

A.The waterstores in Texas have been reduced by 75％.

B.Most industries inthe world suffer from water shortages.

C.The underground watetin Saudi Arabia might run out in 50 years.

D.Good management ofwater use resulted from the project in the Central Valley.

74.What is mostlikely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

A.Steps toimproving water use management.

B.Ways to reduce thecost of building dams.

C.Measures to deal withworldwide water shortages.

D.Approaches tohandling the pressure on water supply.

WWW.       The text is mainlyabout________.

A.water supplyand increasing population

B.warer use managementand agriculture

C.water redistributionand wildlife protection

D.water shotages andenvironmental protection

rves can only decrease,and it is believed thatfifty years of pumping will see them run dry.

72.From the first two paragraphs we learn that         .

A.much of the word’s water is available for use

B.people in high rainfall countries feel lucky

C.the costs of water redistribution should be considered

D.water can be easily carried through pipes across rhe world

答案：72—75 CCAB

Passage 3

(10·江苏D篇)

Imagine，one day，getting out of bed inBeijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours，andthen，after a full day of work，going back home toBeijing and having dinner there．

Sounds unusual，doesn't it? But it'snot that unrealistic，with the development of China’s high—speedrailway system．And that’s not a11．China has an evengreater high—speed railway plan—to connect the country with Southeast Asia，andeventually Eastern Europe．

China is negotiating to extend its own high·-speed railwaynetwork to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years，eventuallyreaching London and Singapore．

China has proposed three such projects．Thefirst would possibly connect Kunming with  Singapore via Vietnam andMalaysia．Another could start in Urumqi and go throughKazakhstan and Uzbekistan，and possibly to Germany．Thethird would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then intoWestern Europe．

If China’s plan for the high-speed railway goes forward，peoplecould zip over from London to Beiling in under two days．

The new system would still follow China’s high—speedrailway standard．And the trains would be able to go 346kilometers an hour，almost as fast as some airplanes．

   China’s bullet train(高速客车)，the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou，alreadyhas the   World’s fastest average speed．It covers 1,069kilometers in about three hours．

Of course，there are some technical challenges to overcome．Thereare so many issues that need to be settled，such as safety，railgauge(轨距)，maintenance of railway tracks．So，it’simportant to pay attention to every detail．

But the key issue is really money．Chinais already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on  domestic railwayexpansion．

China prefers that the other countries pay in naturalresources rather than with capital  investment．Resourcesfrom those countries could stream into China to sustain development．

It’11 be a win-win project. For other countries，therailway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourismand so on，not to mention the better communication amongthose countnes．

For China，such a project would not only connect it withthe rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources，butwould also help develop China’s far west．We foresee that inthe coming decades，millions of people will migrate to the westernregions，where the land is empty and resources unused．Withhigh-speed trains，people will set up factories and businesscenters in the west once and for a11．And they’11 tradewith Central Asian and Eastern European countries．

67．China’snew high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because     ．

  A．Chinawill get much-needed resources and develop its western regions

  B．Chinaand the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways

  C．Chinawill develop its railway system and communication with other countries

D． the foreign countries involved will developtheir railway transportation，business and tourism

选B在文章倒数第二段中有明确答案

68．Accordingto the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speedrailway plan is      ．

A．technicalissues   

B．safetyof the system

C．financialproblems 

D．maintenanceof railway tracks

选C . 在文章第8段看到 There are so many issues that need to besettled...及第9节中 But the key issue is really money

69．Whichof the following words best describes the author’s attitude towards China’shigh-speed  railway plan?

 A．Critical．   B．Reserved．    C．Doubtful    D. Positive．

选D . 尽管在文章第8，9段中 提到存在的问题，但从最后两段中不难看出作者是持支持的态度

70．Whichof the following might be the best title for the passage?

A．NewRailway Standards   

B．BigRailway Dreams

C．High—speedBullet Trains

D．InternationalRailway Network

选B. 贯穿全文须知这只是一个梦想

Passage 4

(10·全国ⅠC篇)

Along the river banksof the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly,flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and hasclaws(爪)on its wings when young .They build their homes about 4.6mabove the river ,an important feature(特征)for the safety ofthe young. It is called the hoatzin.

    Inappearance，the birds of both sexes look very much alikewith brown on the back and cream and red on the underside .The head is small, witha large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearestrelatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature ,though, isonly found in the young.

    Babyhoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end ofeach wing tip .Using these four claws ,together with the beak(喙),theycan climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must havedone. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly ,they lose their claws.

During the drier monthsbetween December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together insmaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.

63．Whatis the text mainly about?

    A．Hoatzinsin dry and rainy seasons.

    B．Therelatives and enemies of hoatzins.

    C．Primitivebirds and hoatzins of the Amazon.

    D．Theappearance and living habits of hoatzins.

64．Younghoatzins are different from their parents in that       ．

    A．theylook like young cuckoos

    B．theyhave claws on the wings

    C．theyeat a lot like a cow

    D．theylive on river banks

65．Whatcan we infer about primitive birds from the text?

    A．Theyhad claws to help them climb.

    B．Theycould fly long distances.

    C．Theyhad four wings like hoatzins.

    D．Theyhad a head with long feathers on the top.

66．Whydo hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?

    A．Tofind more food.

    B．Toprotect themselves better.

    C．Tokeep themselves warm.

    D．Toproduce their young.

答案：

63.选D。考查文章主题大意。纵观全文，文章主要讲的是hoatzin麝雉，这种鸟类的外貌以及生活习性。

64.选B。根据第一段has claws(爪)on its wings when young,和第三段可知，hoatzin在幼年期是有爪子的，而长大学会飞之后就没有了。

65.选A。关键是primitive“原始的，早期的”的意思。第三段第二句话。

66.选D。最后一段最后一句话。

Passage 5

(10·湖南C篇)

People from East Asia tend to have moredifficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial s — and a new report published online in Current Biology explainswhy.

     Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanningevenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fixtheir attention on the eyes.

     "We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features toread facial s," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes andthe mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略)the mouth."

     According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that humancommunication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result,facial s that had been considered universally recognizable cannot beused to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.

     The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facials by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 EastAsian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put theminto categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.They compared how accurately participants read those facial s usingtheir particular eye movement strategies.

     It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes andmade significantly more errors than did Westerners. "The culturaldifference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection ofcultural difference in facial s," Jack said. "Our datasuggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easternersuse the eyes more and mouth less."

      Inshort, the data show that facial s are not universal signals of humanemotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified thesebasic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise,when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners andWesterners will find themselves lost in translation.

66. The discovery showsthat Westerners         .

    A.pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth

    B.consider facial s universally reliable

    C.observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways

    D.have more difficulty in recognizing facial s                                                                       

67. What were thepeople asked to do in the study?

A. To make a face at each other.                  B.To get their faces impressive.

C. To classify some face pictures.                  D.To observe the researchers' faces.                      

68. What does theunderlined word "they" in Paragraph 6 refer to?

A. The participants in the study.

B. The researchers of the study.

C. The errors made during the study.

    D.The data collected from the study.                                                                                                        

69. In comparison withWesterners, Easterners are likely to         .

A. do translation more successfully

B. study the mouth more frequently

C. examine the eyes more attentively

D. read facial s more correctly                                                                                                

70. What can be thebest title for the passage?

    A.The Eye as the Window to the Soul

B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions

C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills

D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding                                                                                 

【语篇解读】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍了最新的科学研究发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表情。

66. 答案：A

考点：细节理解题

解析：根据第三段 “Westerners look at the eyes and themouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略)the mouth.” 可以得出答案

67. 答案：C

考点：细节理解题

解析：根据第五段 “…by recording the eye movements of 13Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressivefaces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted,angry, or neutral.”可以判断选C

68. 答案：A

考点：词义猜测

解析：根据定语从句 “that they show”所修饰的 eye movements 在研究中为the participants 所作（从the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asianpeople”可知）可判断选A

69. 答案：C

考点：细节理解题

解析：根据第六段 “It turned out that Easterners focusedmuch greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than didWesterners.”可判断选C

70. 答案：B

考点：主旨大意题

解析：文章首先指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂人的面部表情。之后更具体地介绍研究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不同的文化背景使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为B

Passage 6

(10·江西D篇)

Modern inventions have speeded up people’s loves amazingly.Motor-cars cover a hundred miles in little more than an hour, aircraft crossthe world inside a day, while computers operate at lightning speed. Indeed,this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced whichgo even faster and each new computer boats (吹嘘) of saving preciousseconds in handling tasks.

All this savestime, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across theworld in an airplane, our bodies tell us so.  We get the uncomfortablefeeling known as jet-lag; our bodies feel that they have been left behind onanother time zone. Again, spending too long at computers results in painfulwrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers, according to somescientist; too much use may transmit harmful radiation into our brains, aconsequence we do not like to think about.

However, what dowe do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We areso accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothingor even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are long gone when wemight listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us intoanother world.

There was a timewhen some people’s lives were devoted simply to the cultivation of the land orthe care of cattle. No multi-tasking there; their lives went on at a muchgentler pace, and in a familiar pattern. There is much that we might envy abouta way of life like this. Yet before we do so, we must think of the hard tasksour ancestor faced: they farmed with bare hands, often lived close to hunger,and had to fashion tools from wood and stone. Modern machinery has freed peoplefrom that primitive existence.

68. The newproducts become more and more time-saving because        .

A. our love ofspeed seems never-ending

B. time islimited.

C. the pricesare increasingly high.

D. themanufactures boast a lot.

答案：A

题目: 新发明变得越来越省时, 是因为？

A. 我们对速度的热爱从未停止。 可回原文定位never-ending（因为有连词符号）。原文第一段说到Indeed, thislove of speed seems never-ending.事实上, 我们对速度的热爱从未停止。A选项是对原文的同意改写。

B. 时间有限。原文未提及。

C. 价格日渐攀升。原文未提及价格因素。

D. 生产商大肆吹嘘。回原文定位Boast(因为有中文注释).第一段最后一句说Every year motor-cars are produced which go even faster and each newcomputer boats (吹嘘) of saving precious seconds inhandling tasks.

解析：每年都有更高速的新车出产, 而且新电脑也吹嘘能节省宝贵的每一秒钟。可见, 题目和选项矛盾。越来越省时是事实, 不是因为吹嘘而变得省时了。

 69. Whatdoes “the days” in Paragraph 3 refer to ?

A. Imaginarylife                            B. Simple life in the past.

C. Times ofinventions                       D. Time for constant activity.

答案：B

题目: 第三段的“the days”指的是什么？

A: 想象的生活

B: 过去的简单生活

C:  发明的时间

D:  连续活动的时间

解析： 回原文定位第三段该句Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to astory on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.也许, 我们静静聆听广播里的故事节目, 任想象插上翅膀肆意翱翔的日子, 已经一去不返了。根据前后一句可得知, 文章重点是说的高速生活和简单生活的对比。故:B选项是对原文的正确解读。而A选项的理解有偏差, 重点转移了。

 70. Whatis the author’s attitude towards the modern technology?

A.Critical            B. Objective.     C. Optimistic.      D.Negative.

答案：B

题目: 作者对现代科技的态度是？

A:  批判的  B: 客观的  C:  乐观的  D: 消极的

解析： 根据文章结构,第一段陈述事实, 说现代高科技省时省力。第二段说高速生活的弊端。第三段说对简单生活的向往, 但最后第四段却说高科技对现代生活的积极影响。所以, 作者的观点是不偏不倚的。

 71. Whatdoes the passage mainly discuss?

A. The presentand past times.

B. Machinery andhuman beings.

C. Imaginationsand inventions.

D. Moderntechnology and its influence.

答案：D

题目: 这篇文章主要说的是什么？

A: 过去与现在

B: 机器和人类

C: 想象力和创造力

D: 现代科技和它的影响

解析： 根据文章首尾段的大意可知, 文章重在分析高科技的利与弊。

Passage 7

(10·辽宁C篇)

Too much TV-watching can harm children’s abilityto learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studiessuggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.

One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northernCalifornia third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eightpoints lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.

A second study ,looking at nearly 1000 grown-upsin New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26-year –olds who hadwatched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don’t prove that TV is thecause and  don't ride out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人）may watch lots of TV.

   Their study measured the TV habits of 26-year-olds between ages5 and 15. Thesewith college degrees had watch an average of less than two hours of TV per weeknight during childhood, compared with an average of more than 2 1/2 hours forthose who had no education beyond high school.

   In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer athome scored the lowest while those with no bedroom TV but who had homecomputers scored the highest.

   While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores,it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn't have TVs in theirbedrooms

 64. According to the California study, the low-scoring group might _________.

   A. have watched a lot of TV

   B. not be interested ted in math

   C. be unable to go to college

   D. have had computers in their bedrooms

64.A。细节理解题。根据第二段中Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored abouteight points lower on math and language arts tests than children withoutbedroom TVs.可得出答案。

65.What is the researchers' understanding of the New Zealand study results?

   A. Poorly motivated 26-year-olds watch more TV.

   B. Habits of TV watching reduce learning interest.

   C. TV watching leads to lower education levels of the 15-year-olds.

   D. The connection between TV and education levels is difficult to explain

65.D。细节理解题。根据第三段But the results don’t prove that TV is the causeand  don't ride out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人）may watch lots of TV.可以确定答案。

66.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?

   A. More time should be spent on computers.

   B. Children should be forbidden from watching TV.

   C. 'IV sets shouldn't be allowed in children's bedrooms,

   D. Further studies on high-achieving students should be done

66.C。推理判断题。注意最后一段开头的while是“尽管”的意思，所以这两段都是围绕儿童卧室不应该放电视机的问题。

67.What would be the best title for this text?

   A. Computers or Television

   B. Effects of Television on Children

   C. Studies on TV and College Education

   D. Television and Children's Learning Habits

 67. B。主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，所以B项作为标题是最佳的。

Passage 8

(10·山东D篇)

Batteries can power anything from smallsensors to large systems. While scientists are finding ways to make themsmaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries aremuch larger and heavier than the devices themselves. University of Missouri(MU)researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter andmore efficient.

“To provide enough power, we need certainmethods with high energy density(密度)”，said Jae Kwon, assistantprofessor of electrical and computer engineering at MU. “The radioisotope(放射性同位素) battery can provide powerdensity that is much higher than chemical batteries.”

Kwon and his research team have beenworking on building a small nuclear battery, presently the size and thicknessof a penny, intended to power various micro / nanoelectromechanreal systems(M/NEMS). Although nuclear batteries can cause concerns, Kwon said they aresafe.

“People hear the word ‘nuclear’ and thinkof something very dangerous,” he said, “However, nuclear power sources havealready been safely powering a variety of devices, such as pace-makers, spacesatellites and underwater systems.”

His new idea is not only in the battery’ssize, but also in its semiconductor(半导体). Kwon’s battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solidsemiconductor.

“The key part of using a radioactivebattery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the radiation energy candamage the lattice structure(晶体结构)of the solid semiconductor,” Kwon said, “By using a liquid semiconductor, webelieve we can minimize that problem.”

Together with J. David Robertson,chemistry professor and associate director of the MU Research Reactor, Kwon isworking to build and test the battery. In the future, they hope to increase thebattery’s power, shrink its size and try with various other materials. Kwonsaid that battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair.

71. Which of the following is true of JaeKwon?

A. He teaches chemistry at MU. 

B. He developed a chemical battery.

C. He is working on a nuclear energysource.

D. He made a breakthrough in computerengineering.

解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的叙述可知Kwon在研究一种原子能电池，所以C项正确。

答案:C

72. Jae Kwon gave examples in Paragraph4_________.

A. to show chemical batteries are widelyapplied.

B. to introduce nuclear batteries can besafely used.

C. to describe a nuclear-powered system.

D. to introduce various energy sources.

解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知Kwon举例的目的是为了说明原子能电池是安全的，所以B项正确。

答案:B

73. Liquid semiconductor is used to_________.

A. get rid of the radioactivewaste  

B. test the power of nuclear batteries.

C. decrease the size of nuclear batteries

D. reduce the damage to lattice structure.

解析：细节理解题。根据By using a liquidsemiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem可知D项正确。

答案:D

74. According to Jae Kwon, his nuclearbattery _______.

A. uses a solid semiconductor       

B. will soon replace the present ones.

C. could be extremelythin          

D. has passed the final test.

解析：细节理解题。根据Kwon said that battery could bethinner than the thickness of human hair可知C项正确。

答案:C

75. The text is most probably a ________.

A. science newsreport        B. bookreview   

C. newspaperad          D. science fictionstory

解析：推理判断题。本文讲述了Kwon的原子能电池的有关情况，文章体裁应属于科普文章，所以A项正确。

答案:A

Passage 9

(10·上海C篇)

The 2012 LondonOlympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added -a communications blackout caused by solar storms.

    After a period of calmwithin the Sun, scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle of sunspotsthat could peak in 2012, just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.

    Now scientists believe thatthis peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions oftons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms thatcould jam the telecommunications satellites and interact links sending fiveOlympic broadcast from London.

    "The Sun's activityhas a strong influence on the Earth. The Olympics could be in the middle of thenext solar maximum which could affect the functions of communicationssatellites," said Professor Richard Harrison, head of space physics at theRutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire. 

    At the peak of the cycle,violent outbursts called coronal mass ejections (日冕物质抛射)occur in the Sun's atmosphere, throwing out great quantities ofelectrically-charged matter. " A coronal mass ejection can carry a billiontons of solar material into space at over a million   kilometres per hour. Such events can expose astronauts to a deadly amount, candisable satellites, cause power failures on Earth and disturb communications,"Professor Harrison added. The risk is greatest during a solar maximum whenthere is the greatest number of sunspots.

    Next week in America, NASAis scheduled to launch a satellite for monitoring solar activity called theSolar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which will take images of the Sun that are 10times clearer than the most advanced televisions available.

    The Rutherford AppletonLaboratory helped to make the high-tech cameras that will capture images of thesolar flares (太阳耀斑) and explosions as they occur.

    Professor Richard Holdaway, the lab's director, said that the SDO should be able to provide earlywarning of a solar flare or explosion big enough to affect satellitecommunications on Earth "If we have advance warning, we'll be able toreduce the damage. What you don't want is things switching off for a week withno idea of what's caused the problem," he said.

72. The phrase"communications blackout" in paragraph 1 most probably refersto      during the 2012 Olympics.

   A. the extinguishing of theOlympic torch

   B. the collapse of broadcastingsystems

   C. the transportation breakdownin London

   D. the destruction of weathersatellites

73. What can be inferred about the solaractivity described in the passage?

   A. The most fatal matter from thecorona falls onto Earth.

   B. The solar storm peak occurs inthe middle of each cycle.

   C. It takes several seconds forthe charged matter to reach Earth.

   D. The number of sunspotsdeclines after coronal mass ejections.

74. According to the passage, NASA will launcha satellite to _________.

   A. take images of the solarsystem         B. provide early warningof thunderstorms

   C. keep track of solaractivities            D.improve the communications on Earth

75. Which of the following might be the besttitle of the passage?

   A. Solar Storms: An InvisibleKiller

   B. Solar Storms: EarthEnvironment in Danger

   C. Solar Storms: Threatening theHuman Race

   D. Solar Storms: Human Activitiesto Be Troubled

72. B. 此题线索为第二三段的内容。
73. D.
74. C. 可从文章第六段直接得出答案。
75. D. 通读全文可知整篇文章讨论的是太阳运动所可能会带来的困扰。

Passage 10

(10·四川B篇)

Boilerrooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is clean and cool. Fox Point isa very new47-unit living building in South Bronx, one of the city’s poorest areas.Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid bythe government. The rest are low-income families.  The boiler room hasspecial equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat. It reusesheat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions(碳排放)while also cutting costs.

 FoxPoint is operated by Palladia, a group that specializes in providing housingand services to needy, people. Palladia received support from EnterpriseCommunity Partners (ECP), which helps build affordable housing by providingsupport to housing developers. w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m

ECP hascreated national standards for healthy, environmentally (环境方面) clever and affordable homeswhich are called, the Green Communities Standards. These standards includewater keeping, energy saving and the use of environmentally friendly buildingmaterials.  Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. Even the positioning ofa window to get most daylight can help save energy.

Michael.Bloomberg, New York's mayor, plans to create 165,000 affordable housing unitsfor500,000 New Yorkers. Almost 80% of New York City’s greenhouse-gas emissionscome from buildings, and 40% of those are caused, by housing.. So he recentlyannounced that the city’s Department of Housing and Preservation andDevelopment (DHPD) , whose duty is to develop and keep the city’s supply ofaffordable housing, will require all its new projects to follow ECP’s greenstandards. w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_om

Similarmeasures have been taken by other cities such as Cleveland and Denver, but NewYork’s DHPD is the largest city developer of affordable housing in the country.

45. What is the purpose ofdescribing the boiler room in the first paragraph? w_w w.k#s5_u.c o*m

A. To explain the measures the city takes to care for poor people. 

B. To suggest that affordable housing is possible in all areas.

C. To show how the environment-friendly building works.

D. To compare old and new boiler rooms.

46.What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?

A. Lower running costs.w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m

B. Costing less in construction.   

C. Less air to be lost in hot days.

D. Better prices for homeless people.

47. Itcan be learned from the textthat,           

A. New York City is seriously polluted w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m

B. people’s daily life causes many carbon emissions in New York City

C. a great number of people in New York City don't have houses to live in

D. some other cities have developed more affordable housing than New York City

48. What is the main purpose ofthis text? w_ww. k#s5_u.c o*m

A. To call on people to pay more attention to housing problems.

B. To prove that some standards are needed for affordable housing.

C. To ask society to help homeless people and low-income families.

D. To introduce healthy, environmentally clever-and affordable housing.

语篇解读：本篇文章为科技说明文。作者以Fox Point居住群的boiler rooms为切入点，阐述此类房子的环保节能的优点，以及各城市特别是纽约队建造此类建筑的积极响应。

45. 答案：C

考点：作者的写作意图

解析：从第一段最后两句，作者描述开水房仅是从一个侧面展示整个建筑群的节能，环保，可以得出答案。

46. 答案：A

考点：细节理解

解析：依据文章第三段倒数第二句：Meeting the standards increases housingconstruction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs.可得到答案。句意为“达到这一标准会将建筑成本提高2%，但很快会被它的低成本运行成本补回”

47. 答案：B

考点：细节理解

解析：依据文章第四段第二句：Almost 80% of New York City’sgreenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused, byhousing..可得出答案

48. 答案：D

考点：作者的写作目的

解析：本文主要让读者了解这类健康、环保、经济类住房。

Passage 11

(10·浙江C篇)

The term “multitasking” originally referred to acomputer’s ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people,multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, someexcellent mental aerobic exercises (大脑训练) involve engagingthe brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checkinge-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second naturefor some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, ratherthan more. And studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increasedstress, anxiety and memory loss.

   In order to multitask, the brainuses an area known as the prefrontal cortex (前额叶脑皮层). Brianscans of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shiftfrom task to task, this front part of the brain actually takes a moment of restbetween tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex “moment of rest”yourself if you’ve ever dialed (拨电话) a phone number and suddenly forgotten who youdialed when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between thedialing and the answering, your mind shifted to anther thought or task, andthen took that “moment” to come back. Research has also shown that for manyvolunteers, job efficiency (效率) declines while multitasking, as compared towhen they perform only one task at a time.

   Multitasking is easiest when atleast one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most people don’tfind it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, whentwo or more attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimesmake mistakes.

   We often don’t remember things aswell when we’re trying to manage several details at the same time. Withoutmental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, soit never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons weforget people’s names---even sometimes right after they have introducedthemselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checkstheir e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off asabsent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlookkey information being passed on to them.

   本篇文章是一篇说明文。

49. Why are some mental aerobic exercises designed toengage people in multitasking?

    A.To make them more productive.        B. To reduce their stress and anxiety.

C. To develop their communication skills.  D. To helpthem perform daily tasks more easily.    

答案：A

解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者提出：“In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises (大脑训练) involve engaging the brain in two or more challengingactivities at a time.”，之后用although引出转折，这种训练有时并不能productive。所以选择A。有部分人认为这种大脑的训练能够帮助他们高效的工作。

50. According to Paragraph 2, why may a person suddenlyforget who has called?

 A. He may leave his prefrontal cortex temporarilydamaged.

 B. He is probably interrupted by another task.

 C. He is probably not very familiar with the personhe has called.

 D. He may need a rest between dialing and speaking.

答案：B

解析：细节理解题。主要根据“thisfront part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks”，可以推断出之后的“if you’ve ever dialed (拨电话) a phone numberand suddenly forgotten who you dialed when the line is answered”的情况，所以选择B。

51. People tend to make mistake when ____.

   A. they perform several challenging tasks at atime.

   B. new messages are processed one afteranother

   C. their relationships with others areaffected

   D. the tasks require little thought

答案：A

解析：细节理解题。根据第三段内容，特别是最后一句话可知当人在同时从事两项或多项需要花费精力的工作时，常常会出错。故选择A。

52. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Multitasking has become a way of life.

B. Multitasking often leads to efficiencydecline.

C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved.

D. Multitasking enables people to rememberthings better.

答案：B

解析：主旨大意题。最后一段中作者继续描述了之前的观点：一个人同时从事多项工作会出现很多问题。回到整篇文章，作者主要观点就是告诉大家：多项工作不能产生高效的结果，故选择B。

1.（2011·陕西卷）D

Ever since they were first put on the market inthe early 1990s, gentically mondified (GM, 转基因) foods havebeen increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the word,mainlyon the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GMtechnology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would ,is it the bestsolutiorr?

  Despite what it promiises,GM  technology actually has not increasedthe production potential    of any corp. In fact

  Studiesshow that the most  crown GM croo.

GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity.For instance, a report than analysed nearly two decades of research on mojor GMfood crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase UScrop production.

Something else, however, has been on the rise,While GM seeds are expensive, GM companics tell farmers that they will makegood profits by saving money on pesticides（杀虫剂）. On thecontrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced anoverall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “ The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But netheris true,” said Bill Christison, President of the US National Farm Coalition.

At the same time, the authors of the book WorldHunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in theworld and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problemsin food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money.Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops forfuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report.

As a matter of fact ,scientists see better waysto feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops havelittle to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, becausebetter ways out are available, among which “green” farming is supposed to bethe first choice.

57.Theauthor develops the second paragraph mainly       .               【C】

A.byclassification                      B. by comparison

C.byexample                             D. by process

58.What does the underlined word “boost ” in the third paragraph probably mean? 【D】

A.Control.       B.Evaluate            C.Obtain.          D. Increase.

59.GM companies promise farmers that they will benefit from ______________.  【B】

A.practicing “green”farming            B.use of less chemicals

C.fair distribution of theircrops          D. using more cropsfor fuel

60.Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author towards GMtechnology?

【C】

A.Optimistic     B.Defensive        C.Disapproving      D. Casual

2.（2011·重庆卷）C

Getting rid of dirt, in theopinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed aboutattitudes to dirt.

In the early 16thcentury, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open upthe skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in publicbaths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. Sodid the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and thepoor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, wasfamously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the kingordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the meritof dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighborever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning awaydirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical meansof preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have movedbeyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white,cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone toofar?

Attitudes to dirt still differhugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their childrenoff touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On thecontrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourageschildren to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latterposition is gaining some ground.

64. The kings of France and England in the 16thcentury closed bath houses because       .

A. they lived healthily in a dirty environment.

B. they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in

C. they believed disease could be spread in public baths

D. they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease

65.Which of the following best describes Henry IV’s attitudeto bathing?

A. Afraid.                     B.Curious.

C. Approving.                  D. Uninterested.

66. How does the passage mainly develop?

A. By providing examples.

B. By making comparisons.

C. By following the order of time.

D. By following the order of importance.

67. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A. To stress the role of dirt.

B. To introduce the history of dirt.

C. To call attention to the danger of dirt.

D. To present the change of views on dirt.

【答案】CA CD

3.（2011·湖南卷）C

A recent study of ancient and modern elephantshas  come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant isdivided into two distinct (不同的) species

Thediscovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when theywere examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth andmastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and Africansavanna elephant

Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列)from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team compared themwith DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modernforest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephantsand mammoths.

The scientists used detailed genetic analysis toprove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants havebeen distinct species for several million years. The divergence of thetwo species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants andwoolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.

There has long been debate in the scientificcommunity that the two might be separate species but this is the mostconvincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.

Previously, many naturalists believed that Africansavanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the samespecies despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savannaelephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephanthas an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs betweensix and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But thefact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are differentspecies. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.

Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the departmentof Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We now have to treat theforest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we knowthe forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephantshould become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purpose .”

66.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.

A. the Asian elephant                  B.the forest elephant

C. the savanna elephant                D.the mastodon elephant

67.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4means “________”

A. evolution        B.exhibition       C. separation         D.examination

68. The researcher’s conclusion was based on a study of the Africanelephant’s ____________

A. DNA           B.height          C. weight            D.population

69. What were Alfred Roca’s words mainly about?

   A. The conversation of African elephants.      

B. The purpose of studyingAfrican elephants

   C. The way to divide African elephants into twounits

   D. The reason for the distinction of Africanelephants

70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

   A. Naturalist’s Belief aboutElephants.        B. Amazing Experimentabout Elephants

  C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants    D. A Long scientificDebate about Elephants

C 科普说明文：Africanelephant 有两个不同的种类

　　66. fossils 定位，找到第三段第一句，有两种fossils，mam和mas，选项D

　　67. 文中divergence of the two species指代前文theAse and the Afe have been distinct species, divergence与distinct同义替换，对应选项C

　　68. conclusion, basedon定位，找到倒数第二段最后一句lay in 与based on 同义替换，答案：A

　　69. AR定位，找到倒数第一段，从AR的话中，第一句for conservationpurpose, 最后一句for conservation purpose确定A

　　70.文章首句点明全文主旨，答案：C

4.（2011·江西卷）D

Why should mankind explorespace? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researchingsomething with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on spacerather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that,understandably, are very often asked.

     Perhaps the best answer lies in ourgenetic makeup(基因构成) as human beings. What droveour ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possibleareas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better itschance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetictendency to expand wherever possible.

Nearly every successfulcivilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surroundingareas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may becompletely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.

    Exploration also allows minerals and otherpotential (潜在的) resources to be found. Evenif we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later.Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques havebeen acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical applicationswhich can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefitedfrom other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, insatellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Evennon-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品)  of technological developments inthe space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.

While many resources are spenton what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, braveand intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us.While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe wasformed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledgecan help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space,the chance to save ourselves might not exist.

While Earth is the only planetknown to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us tolive on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, buthuman life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in thefuture.

71. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?

         A. Toexpress his doubts.

         B. Tocompare different ideas.

         C. Tointroduce points for discussion.

         D. Todescribe the conditions on Earth.

72. What is the reason for exploring space based onParagraph2?

         A. Humansare nature-born to do so.

         B. Humanshave the tendency to fight.

         C. Humansmay find new sources of food.

         D. Humansdon’t like to stay in the same place.

73. The underlined word“spin-offs” in Paragraph 4 probablyrefers to______.

         A. survivalchances                                               B.potential resources

         C.unexpected benefits                                       D.physical possessions

74. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?

         A. O urgenetic makeup.                                     B.Resources on the earth..

         C. Theadaptive ability of humans.                   D.By-products in space exploration.

75. Which of the statements can best sum un the passage?

         A. Spaceexploration has created many wonders.

         B. Spaceexploration provided the best value for money.

         C. Spaceexploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.

解析：

71. 推理判断题。答案选C。文章是典型的议论说明文，是提出问题，分析问题的套路。第一段通过提出一系列关于太空探索利弊的问题引发讨论。并不是真的有这些怀疑，也没有鲜明的正反观点，所以AB不对。D偏差较远。

72. 主旨题。答案选A。第二段是典型的总分总结构，主旨句在段首段尾。Perhaps the best answer lies inour genetic makeup as human beings. 主要原因在于人类基因。Perhaps the best reason for exploringspace is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible. 而B选项错在fight这个词。CD没提及。

73. 词义猜测题。选C。根据spin off 前面的we have already benefited from other spinoff 关键词 benefit，受益。而spin off后面的including … 说的全是获得的利益，如improvements in earthquakeprediction. 地震预测的进步等等，而不是什么生存机会，或者潜在资源。所以选C。

74. 细节题。答案选C。按照问题顺序一致原则，答案应当出现在最后两段。在最后一段的首句我们找到了一个极端词用以定位。While earth is the only planetknown to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us tolive on other planets.直接由翻译可知，人类的适应能力使我们在其他星球的居住成为可能。

75. 推理判断题。选D。除去前两段引入，第三段主旨句（首句）的意思是每个文明都会探索周围文明以减低危险，第四段主旨句（首句）说的是探索使得我们能够发现潜在能源。第五段主旨句（首句）说的是探索使得很多人发现解决问题的有用资源。总的来说，就可归结为，太空探索可以帮助我们很多，避免很多问题。

5.（2011·江苏卷）A

We know the famous ones—theThomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells —but what about theless famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light andthe windshield wiper(雨刮器)？Shouldn’t we know who they are?

Joan Mclean think so. Infact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels sostrongly about this matter that she’s developed a course on the topic. Inaddition to learning “who”invented”what”, however, Mclean also likes herstudents to learn the answers to the”why” and ”how” questions. According toMclean,”When students learn the answers to these questions, they are betterprepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to giveinventing a try.”

So,just what is thestory behind the windshield wiper? Well,Mary Anderson came up with the idea in1902 after a visit to Mew York City.The day was cold and stormy, but Andersonstill wanted to see the sights ,so she jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing thatthe driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the winshield,shefound hersefe wondering why there couldn’t be a buolt-in devic for cleaing thewindow. Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham,Alabama, Anderson started drafting out solutions. One of her ideas, a lever(操作杆)on the inside of a vehicle that would contral an arm on the outside,became the first windshield wiper.

    Todaywe benefit from countless inventions and innovations，It’shard to imagine driving without Garrett A.Morgan’s traffic light. It’s equallyimpossible to picture a world without Katherine J.Blodgett’s innovation thatmakes glass invisible, Can you picture life without clear windows andeyeglasses?

56.By mentionong “trafficlight”and “windshield wiper”,the author indicates thatcountless inventions are       .

A.beneficial,becausetheir inventors are famous

B. beneficial,thoughtheir inventors are less  famous

C.not useful, becausetheir inventors are less famous

D. not useful, thoughtheir inventors are  famous

57.Professor Joan McLean’scourse aims to_____.

A. add colour andvariety to students’ campus life

B. inform students ofthe windshield wiper’s invention

C. carry out therequirements by Mountain University

D. pre[are students totry theie own invention

58．TommyLee’s invention of the unbreakable umbrella was _________.

A. not eventuallyaccepted by the umbrella producer

B. inspired by the storybehind the windshield wiper

C. due to his dream ofbeing caught in a rainstorm

D. not related toProfessor Joan McLean’s lectures

59.Which 0f the following can best serve as the title of this passage?

A How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers?

B How to Design a Built-in Dervice for Cleaning the Window?

C Shouldn’t We Know Who Inventd the Windshield Wiper?

D Shouldn’t We Develop Invention Courses in Universities?

56.B  推理判断题。根据第一段内容结合下文可推断，作者提到交通信号灯、雨刮器等发明，是想说无数的发明对人类十分有益，虽然它们的发明者没有太大的名气。

57.D  细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，John McLean教授开设这门课程的目的就是让学生有足够的准备去尝试自己发明东西。

58.B  细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，Tommy Lee发明的“不会折断的雨伞”就是受到了雨刮器背后的故事的激励。

59.C  主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章的第一段就是主题段，特别是第一段最后一句充分体现了作者想要表达的心声，接下来的内容都是围绕第一段展开并为第一段服务的。

6.（2011·江苏卷）C

According to the US government,wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricityevery year.Unfortunately,the water there is far too deep for even the tallestwindmills(see picture)to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast ofNorway,however,could help put them anywhere.

The project, calledHywind,is the world’s first large-scale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机).Although it uses a fairly standard 152-ton,2.3-megawatt turbine,Hywindrepresents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above thewater on a floating spar(see picture),a technology Hywind’s creator,theNorwegian company StatoilHydro,has developed recently. The steel spar, which isfilled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to theocean floor by three cable(缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent theturbine from moving up and down in the waves.Hywind’s stability(稳定性)in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners ofthe ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbinewill start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norwayas early as September.

To produce electricityon a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines thanHywind does, but it’s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so highon a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier,the whole spar’s to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades (see picture )

Hywind is a test run,but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farm technology could be extremelylarge. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore,where all existing offshore windmills are planted. Deep-sea farms are invisiblefrom land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If thetechnology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet’s surface toone of the best low-carbon power sources available.

63. The Hywind projectuses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _______.

A. the cables which tiethe spar to the ocean floor

B. the spar which isfloating in deep-sea water

C. the blades driven bystrong and steady sea wind

D. the stones filled inthe spar below the sea surface

64. To balance a biggerturbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed withits gearbox sitting ____________.

A. on the sea floor      B. on the spar top

C. at sealevel           D. behind theblades

65. Wide applications ofdeepwater wind power technology can ____________.

A. solve the technicalproblems of deepwater windmills

B. make financialprofits by producing more turbines

C. settle the argumentsabout environmental problems

D. explore low-carbonpower resources available at sea

63.B  细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第三句可知，该工程采用了全新的技术，是为了确保漂浮在深海水域中的圆材的稳定。

64.C  细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，为了使较大的涡轮发电机能在圆材上保持平衡，公司计划设计新的发电机，其变速箱在海平面上。

65.D  细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，深海风能技术的广泛应用可能会在海洋上开发出可使用的低碳能源。

7.（2011·湖北卷）B

    Howling is a behavior commonly observed among a wolf nark. An animals, wolveswork together to hunt and rely on howling was an important means of communicationeach other. There are different explants of a wolf’s howl and it appears thatthere may be more to discover.

    One theory is that wolves howl to bend better together. It’s almost as ifhowling together helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar topeople feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a songtogether . But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harington, aprofessor who studies wolf behavior.

   Indeed, there have been tines when wolves have been seen one moment howling ina exhorts, and the next, quarreling anions each other. It appears that usuallythe lowest-tanking menthes of the pack may actually be “punished” for Joiningin the churs at times. So is howling a way to strcagthen a social boad or justa way to reconfirm status among its members? ——Why do welveshowl for sure?

What is cleat, however, is that howling is oftenused among packmates to locate each other. Hunting grounds are distant and ithappens that woloves may separate from one another at times. When this happens,howling appcars to be an ercellent means of gathering.

 Howling, interestingly, is a contagiousbehaviour. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. Thisis often seen to occat in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sotr of “rollrall”where wolves all howl togeter to howl, very likely otherswill follow. This is often seen to occar in the morning, as if wolves weredoing w some sotr of “roll call”where wolves all howltogether to repotr their pteence.

55.What the por similarity between wolves’ howhumaes ting in chorus?

A.The act of calling each other.

B.the sense of accomplishment.

C.The act of hunting for something.

D.The sense of belonging to a group.

56.Why does Harrington think the“secialboad”theory may be wrong?

A.Wolves separate from each other after howling.

B.Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds.

C.Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howlingtogether.

D.Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join inthe chorus.

57.Reseatchers are sure that wolves often howlto______.

A.show their ranks

B.

C.repotr the missing ones

D.express their lonelingess

58.“Howling… is acontagious behaviour”(in the last paragraph)means_______.

A.howling is a signal for hunting

B.howling is a way of communication

C.howling aften occurs in the morning

D.howling spreads from one to another

【答案】DCBD

8.（2011·湖北卷）E

Which are you more likely to have wath you atsny given mement—your cell phone or your wallet? Soon you may beable to throw your wallet away and pay for things with a quick wave of yoursmart phone over an electroue scannet.

In January, Starbucks announced that customerscould start using their phones to buy coffee in 6,800 of its states. This isthe first pay by phone practice in the U.S., but we’re likely to see morewiteless payment alternatives as something called ucar fieldcommuncation(NFC)GETS IN TO America’s consumet electanies. Last Deccmbet somenew smart phanes which cantain an NFC chip were introduced to the midlit.

Already in use in part of Asia and Europe,NFCtheir plan a few incees live a payment tetminal a one a few ptaht need to beworked out, like who will get to collect the profitable trunsacian(交易)fees.Although some credit card providers have been experimenting with wave and paysystems that use NFC enabled credit cards, cellphone service providers truaytry to mused their way into the point of sale (POS)market. Three big gellphoneservice providers have formed a joinf tenture(合资企业)that will gointo opention over the next i15 months. Its goal is“tolead the U.S. payments industry from cards to mobile phone.”

The other big NFC sue, apart from how paymeatswill be processed, is security, For instance, what’s to stop a thief fromdigitally pickpocketing you? “We’re still not at the point where an attackercan just brush against yee in a crowd and steal all the money out of yourphone,”says Jimmy Shah. A mobile security rescarcher, “Useramay also be able to set transaction timeits,requiring a password to be entecedfor larger putchases.

Bus siness? Keep in mund you lost your smartphone, it can be located on a located on a map and remotely ned Plus, yourphone can be password protected, Your wallet isn’t.

67.What is predicted to happen in the U.S.?

A.Theexpansion of cellphone companices.

B.The boom of pay by phone business.

C.The dissppearanceof credit cards.

D.The increase of Starbucks sales.s

68.TheNFC technology can be used to________.

A.ensure the safety of shoppers

B.collect transaction fees easily

C.make purchase faster  and smpler

D.improve the quality of cellphones

69.Threecellphone service providers form a joint venture to__________.

A.strengthen their relationship

B.get a share in the payments industry

C.sell more cellphones

D.test the NFC teehnoingy

70.Accordingto the what can users do if they lose their smart phones?

A.Stop the luneting of niet phones.

B.Stop a passwant.

C.Cat all the money out of their phones.

D.Can large purchases.

【答案】BCBA

9.（2011·广东卷）B

Can dogs and cats live inperfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dogas a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent researchhas found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat isadopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two petswill get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported apositive relationship between their cat and dog.

However, it wasn’t allsweetness and light. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in25% of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of thehomes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals werejust opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it signalsaggression, while a dog doing the same  signals submission.

In homes with cats and dogsliving peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behaviour. They arelearning how to talk each other’s language. It is a surprise that cats canlearn how to talk ‘dog’, and dogs can learn how to talk ‘Cat’.

What’s interesting is that both cats and dogshave appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn to read each other’sbody signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than waspreciously suspected. Once familiar with each other’s presence and bodylanguage, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, andenjoy sleeping together in the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowland in some cases groom(梳理) each other.

The significance of this research on cats anddogs may go beyond pets----to people who don’t get along, including neighbors,colleagues at work, and even world superpowers. If cats and dogs can learn toget along, surely people have a good chance.

31. The underlined word swimmingly in paragraph1is closest in meaning to______.

A. early  B.sweetly C.quickly   D. smoothly

32. Some cats and dogs may fight when_________.

A. they are cold to each other 

B. they look away from each other

C. they misunderstand each other’s signals

D. they are introduced at an early age

33. What is found surprising about cats anddogs?

A. They eat and sleep together

B. They observe each other’s behaviors

C. They learn to speak each other’s language

D. They know something from each other’s voice

34. It is suggested in paragraph 4 that cats anddogs_______.

A. have common interests  

B. are less different than was thought

C. have a common body langage

D. are less intelligent than was expected

35. What can we human beings learn from cats anddogs?

A. We should learn to live in harmony

B. We should knows more about animals

C. We should live in peace with animals

D. We should learn more body languages

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。通过科学研究表明猫和狗在一定的情况下是能够和平相处的。如果先收养猫并且猫不到6个，狗不到一年，他们就能顺利地和平相处。通过观察他们不能和平相处的原因是他们之间误解了彼此的身势语而造成的。但有趣的是猫和狗能够相互学习彼此的身势语，这样他们就能和平相处。

31.D考查推测词义。如果先收养猫并且猫不到6个，狗不到一年，他们就能顺利的和平相处。2/3被采访的家庭也表明这样的结果。

32.C考查细节理解。根据第二段while aggression and fightingwere observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some oftheir body signals were just opposite.可知选C。

33.C考查细节理解。根据文章第三段In homes with cats and dogs livingpeacefully, researchers observed a surprising behaviour. They are learning howto talk each other’s language.可知C正确。

34.B考查细节理解。根据文章第四段中的They can learn to read each other’s bodysignals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than was preciouslysuspected.可知B正确。

35.A考查推理判断。根据文章的最后一段可知，在动物王国，人们公认的猫和狗都能和平相处，何况人呢？

10.（2011·浙江卷）A

Oneevening in February 2007 . a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to astop on a remote in Wales . She got out to open a metal gate that blocked herpath . That's when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train.HerRenault Clio parked across a railway line. Second later,she watched  thetrain drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks.

     Ceely's  nearmiss  made the news because she blamed it on her GPS device(导航仪).She had never driven the route before .It was dark and raining heavily. Ceely was relying on her GPS. But it made no mention of the crossing ."Iput my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of aspeeding train ,"she told the BBC.

   W ho is to blame here ? RickStevenson ,who tells Ceely's story in his book When Machines Fail US, finger atthe limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, he says,

     but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled withsmall  problems. And it’s not just GPS devices: Stevenson takes us on atour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wirelesskey boards.

    The problem with his argument in the book is that it’s  not clear why heonly focuses digital technology,while  there may be a number of otherpossible  causes. A map-maker might have left the crossing off a papermap. Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention. perhaps the railwayauthorities are at fault for poor signaling system. Or maybe someone hasstudied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specificwrong with the CPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn’t say.

It’s a problem that runs through the book. In asection on cars, Stevenson gives an accout of the advanced techniques thatcriminals use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars. He offers twoindependent sets of figures on car theft; both show a small rise in some partsof the country. He says that once once again not all new locks have provedreliable. Perhaps, but maybe it’s also due to the shortage of policemen on thestreets. Or changing social circumstances. Or some combination of these factors.

The game between humans and their smartdevices  is complex. It is shaped by economics and psychology and thecultures we live in. Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be way a wiser use of technology.   

If there is such a way, it should involve morethan just  an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines. After all, wehave lived with them for thousands  of years. They have probably beenfooling us for just as long .

 41 .What did Paula Ceely think was the cause of her accident?           

 A. She was not familiar with the road.           

 B. It was dark and raining heavily then.   

C. The railway works failed to give the signal.

D. Her GPS device didn’t tell her about the crossing

   42.The phrase”near miss” (paragraph 2 ) can best be replaced by _______.             

A. close bit                    B. heavy loss             C.narrowescape         D. big mistake      

  43.Which of the following would Rick Stevenson most probably agree with?             

A.Modern technology is what we can’t live without.            

B. Digital technology often fallsshort of out expectation.            

C. Digital devices are more reliable than they used to be.             

D. GPS error is not the onlycause for Celery’s accident. 

44.Inthe writer’s opinion, Stevenson’s argument is________.

A. one-sided     B.reasonable     C.puzzling      D.well-based

45.Whatis the real concern of the writer of this article?

A.The major causes of traffic accidents and carthefts.

B.The relationship between humans and technology

C. The shortcomings of digitaldevices we use.           

D. The human unawareness  of technical problems.

【答案】DCBAB

11.（2011·上海卷）(C)

         Humanremains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a lawthat threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group ofleading archaeologists(考古学家) says. I a letter addressed to the justicesecretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespreadconcern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry ofJustice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Walesto be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision meansscientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains ofnational and cultural significance.

         “Yourcurrent requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should bereburied, whether after a standard period of two years or further specialextension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientificresearch and of museum practice,” they write.

         Thelaw applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, includingthe remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give themmore time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.

         Thearrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such asHappisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery ofstone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were foundat Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the firstindication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the lawthose remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.

         Before2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones ofsufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied tomore recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two yearsago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.

         MikeParker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologistshave been extremely patient because we wee led to believe the ministry wassorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”

         Theministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or onwhat records should be kept.

72.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because_________.

         A.it is only a temporary measure on the human remains

         B.it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific research

         C.it was introduced by the government without their knowledge

         D.it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains

73.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

         A.Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.

         B.Human remains of the oldest species wee dug out at Happisburgh.

         C.Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.

         D.Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.

74.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?

         A.The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.

         B.The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.

         C.The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.

         D.The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.

75.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

         A.New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.

         B.Research time should be extended, scientists require.

         C.Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.

         D.Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archaeologists warn.

【答案】ＢＣＤＤ

12.（2011·上海卷）(B)

Humpback whales

Quick Facts

Size:  14m-18m in length;

      30-50 tons in weight

Living: Open ocean and

shallow coastline

waters

Environment: From warm tropical(热带的) waters, where they breed, to cold

    polar waters, where they eat

Diet:  Shellfish, plants and

fish of small size

Hunting: Sometimes in groups, in which several whales form a circle under the water, blowing bubbles that form a “net” around a school of fish. The fish are then forced up to the surface in a concentrated mass.

Current state; endangered; it

 is estimated that there

 are about 5000-7500

humpback whales

 worldwide

Blowhole         dorsal fin

tail

flukes

                                              Pectoralfin

         Humpbackwhales are sometimes called performers of

theocean. This is because they can make impressive

movementswhen they dive. The name “humpback”, which

isthe common name for this whale, refers to the typical

curveshape the whale’s back forms as it dives.

         Sometimesthe humpback will dive with a fantastic

movementknown as a breach. During breaching the whale

usesits powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its

bodyout of the water in a giant leap. A breach might also

includea sideways twist with fins stretched out like wings,

asthe whale reaches the height of the breach.

         Ahumpback whale breathes air at the surface of the

Waterthrough two blowholes which are located near the top

ofthe head. It blows a double stream of water that can rise

upto 4 meters above the water.

         Thehumpback has a small dorsal fin located towards

thetail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back.

otherdistinguishing features include large pectoral fins,

whichmay be up to a third of the body length, and unique

blackand white spots on the underside of the tail flukes.

Thesemarkings are like fingerprints: no two are the same.

         Humpbackwhales live in large groups. They

communicatewith each other through complex “songs”.

69.According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale _____.

         A.cannot survive in waters near the shore    B. doesn’t live inthe same waters all the time

C. lives mainly on underwater plants               D.prefers t work alone when hunting food

70.To make a breach, a humpback whale must _____

         A.use its tail flukes to leap out of the water  B. twist its body sideways tjump high

         C.blow two streams of water                                    D.communicate with a group of humpbacks

71.From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ________.

         A.has its unique markings on its tail flukes    B. has black andwhite fingerprints

         C.gets its name from the way it hunts            D.is a great performer due to its songs

【答案】BAA

13.（2011·全国II）B

 For those who study the development ofintelligence（智力）in the animal world, self-awareness is animportant measurement. An animal that is aware（意识）of itself has ahigh

levelof intelligence.

Awareness can be tested by studying whether theanimal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image（反射出的影像）．Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying verylittle attention to the reflected image. Only humans, and some intelligentanimals like apes and dolphins, have been shown to recognize that the image inthe mirror is of themselves.

Now another animal has joined the club. In theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that an Asianelephant has passed the mirror self-reflection test. "We thought thatelephants were the next important animal," said Diana Reiss of theWildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M. Plotnikand Fans B．M. de Waal of Emory University.With their large brains, Reiss said, elephants "seemed like cousins toapes and

dolphins."

The researchers tested Happy, Maxine and Patty,three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put

an8-foot-square mirror on a wall of the animals' play area (out of the sight ofzoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built inthe mirror.

The elephants used their long noses to find whatwas behind it, and to examine parts of their bodies.

 Of the three, Happy then passed the test,in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell themark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch themark with her long nose.

Diana Reiss said, "We knew elephants wereintelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a betterway."

45. What can mirror tests tell us about animals?

    A. Whether they have largebrains.

    B ．Whetherthey have self-awareness.

    C. Whether they enjoy outdoorexercises.

    D. Whether they enjoy playingwith mirrors.

46. Why does the author mention apes anddolphins in the text?

    A. They are most familiar toreaders.

    B ．Theyare big favorites with zoo visitors.

    C. They are included in thestudy by Reiss.

    D. They are already known tobe intelligent.

47. What made Happy different from Maxine andPatty?

    A. She used her nose tosearch behind the mirror.

    B. She recognized her ownimage in the mirror.

    C. She painted a mark on herown face.

    D. She found the hiddencamera.

【答案】BDB

14.（2011·四川卷）C

The poundnew Library of Birmingham（LoB）will be the most visible sign of the waythe city is accepting the digitalization（数字化）of everyday life.

Set toopen in 2013, the ￡188m LoB is already beginning to tale shape next to theBirmingham Repertory Theatre, with which it will share some equipment.

As digital media（媒介）is important to its idea.the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new localcompanies working at the new technologies.

Brian Gambles, the LoB projectdirector, says it is about giving people the right tools for learning,“The aim is to mix the physical with thedigital. Providing 24-hour services which can be used through, many differentways. It is important to enable us to reach more people, more effectively.”

The digital library will, hesays, be as important as the physical one, allowing the distant use of theservices, making sure that it is never closed to the public.

Even before the LoB iscomplete, the public has been able to go online to visit the Virtual（虚拟的）LoB, designed by Baden, theBirmingham virtual worlds specialists. Not only have the public been able tolearn about LoB, but the virtual one has also enabled those working on the LoBto understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.

Two other smallBirmingham-based digital companies are working on the LoB projects. Substrat, adigital design company, is developing what it calls an example of an “enlarged  reality”project. It is about the use of an exciting smart phone, an important part ofthe  which is the early stages of development  is an online libraryof figures of the city being built up by a content company in Cahoots, in whichusers with the encouraged to add to and comment on the material.

    Gamblessays: “Technology will enable us to make the library’s  and services opento citizens as sever before.”

49.The underline part “itsidea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of____

   A. theequipment                    B.  the project

   C. the digitalmedia                  D.  the physical library

50.While visiting the VirtualLoB, the public can_____

   A. get a generalidea of the LoB

   B. meet moreworld-famous experts

   C. learn how toput up a library building

   D. understand howthe specialists work on the project

51.Which of the following istrue of the LoB when it opens?

a. It offers better learning tools

b. It reaches users in different ways                     

c. It provides users with smart phone

d. It allows users to enrich its material

e. It gives non-stop physical and digital services

A. a, b, d          B. a, c ,e            C.b, c, d            D. b, d, e

52.This ext more from                 .

A. a putbook                        B. a library guide

C. ahandbook                       D. newspaper report

【答案】BA AD

15.（2011·福建卷）E

The  internet will open up new vistas (前景),creatthe global village- -you can make new friends all around the world. That,atleast, is what it promised us. The difficulty is that

It did not take the human mind into account. Thereality is that we cannot keep relationship than a limited number of people. Nomatter how hard the internet tries to put

You in communication, its best efforts will bedefeated by your mind.

The problem is twofold（双重的）. First, there is a limit on the number of people we canhole in mind and have a meaningful relationship with. That number is about 150and is set by the size of our brain. Second, the quality of your relationshipsdepends on the amount of time you invest （投入） in then. Weinvest a lot in a small number of people and then distribute what’s left amongas many others as we can. The problem is that if we invest little time in aperson, our engagement with that person will decline （减弱）until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”.

This is not, of course, to say that the internetdoesn’t serve a socially valuable function. Of course it does. But the questionis not that it allows you to increase the size of your social circle to includethe rest of the world, but that you can keep your relationships with yourexisting friends going even though you have to more to the other side of theworld.

In one sense, that’s a good thing. But it alsohas a disadvantage. If you continue to invest in your old friends even thoughyou can no longer see then, then certainly you aren’t using your time to makenew friends where you now live. And I suspect that probably isn’t the best useof your time. Meaningful relationships are about being able to communicate witheach other, face to face. The internet will slow down the rate with which relationshipsend, but it won’t stop that happening eventually.

72.What is stressed in the first paragraph?

A.The present situation of the internet.

B.The difficulty in communication on the internet.

C.The socially valuable function of the internet.

D.The role of the humanmind in the internet communication.

73.The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “____”.

A.appointment   B. connection   C.interview    D. agreement

74.According to the passenger, the author holds the view that____.

A.the internet fails to play so valuable a role in communication as it promised

B.the internet determines the quality of social relationships

C.the internet greatly increases the size of social circles

D.the internet communication is no less effective than the

face-to-facetalk

75.What is the author’s attitude towards the use of the internet to strengthenrelationships?

A.He is uncertain about it.     B. He is hopeful of it.

C.He approves ofit.            D. Hedoubts it.

【答案】DBAD

3.【2012辽宁卷】

D

Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe, So All May Eat(SAME) in downtown Denver ,the spirit of generosity(慷慨)is instantly noticeable :A donation box stands in place of a cash register. Customers here pay only what they can afford, no questions asked. A risky business plan, perhaps, but SAME Café has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years: Open only at midday, the restaurant provides poor local can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses, and dishwashers, or took after the buildings and equipment for the cafe.
“It’s based on trust, and it’s working all right” , says co-owner Brad Birky , who started the café in 2006. With his wife Libby. Previously volunteering at soup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there. “We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable ,regardless of their circumstances,” Birky says. SAME’s special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers. The café now averages 65 to 70 customers (and eight volunteers) a day. And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading. In early 2007,one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys,” He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane clear up,” says Birky. 68.What can we learn about the soup kitchens the Birkys previously worked for? 

68. What can we learn about the soup kitchens the Birkysprcviously worked for?

A. .          Theyrefused to have volunteers.

B.   Theyoffered low quality food.

C.    Theyprovided customers with a good environment.

D.    Theyclosed down because of poor management.

69.  According tothe passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A. . The customers whocannot pay can word as volunteers in stead.

B.    Morevolunteers will go to new Orleans for the hurricane cleanup.

C.    Manynew cafes will be opened to offer free lunches in the town.

D.    Thelunch menu has remained the same since the café was started.

70.  The author’sattitude towards running such a café is_______

A.    unfavorable

B.    approving[

C.    doubtful 

D.    cautious

【考点】日常生活类—记叙文

【文章大意】本文向我们介绍了SAME Café的经营模式。

68.【答案】B

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Previouslyvolunteering at soup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the oftenunhealthy meals they served there.”可知，他们是对向他们提供的不健康的食物不满意，所以选B。

【难度】一般

69.【答案】A

【试题解析】判断正误题。根据第二段第三句“Thoseunable to pay for their meals can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses, anddishwashers, or look after the buildings and equipment for the Café.”那些付不起钱的人可以代替志愿者做服务员，或洗碗工，或看楼和设备。可知，A项正确。

【难度】一般

70.【答案】B

【试题解析】观点态度题。通读全文可知，作者对这种经营模式是赞同的。

【难度】中等

【长难句解析】

4.【2012浙江卷】

A

Easter(复活节  ) is still a great day for worship, randyin baskets and running around the yard finding eggs, but every year it getsquite a bit worse for bunnies.

And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. The culpritis climate change, and some researchers found that rising temperatures archaving harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.

Take the Lower Keys March rabbit, for instance. Anendangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys, this species ofcottontail is a great swimmer — it lives on the islands! — but it is alreadyseverely affected by development and now by rising levels. According to theCenter for Biological Diversity, an ocean level rise of only 0. 6 meters willsend these guys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9-meter rise would wipe outtheir habitat (栖息地) completely.

The snowshoe hare, on the other hand, has a color issue.Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime tobrown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators（捕食者）.  As the number of days with snow decreases allacross the country, however, more and more bunnies arc being left in white furduring brown dirt days of both fall and spring, making them an easier mark forpredators. Researchers know that the color change is controlled by the numberof hours of sunlight, but whether the rabbit will be able to adapt quick enoughto survive is a big question. The National Wildlife Federation has reportedthat hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.

American pikas or rock rabbits, a relative of rabbits andhares, might be the firs' of these species to go extinct due to climate change.About 7-8 inches long, pikas live high in the cool, damp mountains west of theRocky Mountains. As global temperatures rise, they would naturally migrate (迁徙)to higher ground — but they already occupy the mountaintops. They can't go anyhigher. The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be able tostand the new temperatures as their habitat beats up.

The volcano rabbit has the same problem. These rabbits liveon the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico, and recent studies have shown that thelower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters, butthere are not suitable plants for them to move higher, so they are stuck in themiddle. Scientists are concerned about their populations.

Native to the US, pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound andlive in the American West. They are believed to be the smallest rabbits in theworld. Their habitats have been destroyed by development. Several populations,such as the Columbia Basin pygmy, almost went extinct and were saved by zoobreeding programs. Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnelsthrough the snow to escape predators, but lesser snowfall is leaving themexposed.

All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a giantbunny costume this Easter.

41 The writer mentions Easter at the beginning of thepassage in order to_______.

A. show the importance of Easter Day      B.introduce the issue about bunnies

C. remind people of Easter traditions  D. discuss therelationship between Easter and bunnies
42. The word "culprit" ( Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to______.

A. criminal                B.judge                       C.victim                       D.producer

43.  According tothe passage, some rabbits can now be easily Uncovered by predators becausethey_______

A.    areexposed lo more skillful hunters

B.         havemoved to habitats with fewer plants

C.         haven'tadapted themselves to climate change

D.         can'tchange their fur color into white in the fall and the spring

44,  The problemfaced by volcano rabbets and rock rabbits is that________.

A. both are affected by1ess snow                   B.both are affected by rising sea levels

C neither can findenough food                         0.neither can migrate to higher places

45 Which best describesthe writer's tone in the postage?

A. Approving.                  B.Concerned.            C.Enthusiastic.          D.Doubtful.

【考点】日常生活类—环境话题小品文

【文章大意】每年复活节可爱兔子给大家带来了多少欢乐，然而随着全球温暖趋势的加剧，这种给我们带来的愉悦兔子也不可避免地受到了一定的影响。不久的将来，复活节上兔子的服饰也会因此而有所变化。

41.【答案】B

【试题解析】目的意图题。根据第一段在全文中的作用可以看出，本段主要目的是导入主题，即：关于兔子的问题。

42.【答案】A

【试题解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句后半句：but every year it gets quite a bit worse forbunnies.和第二段的第一句：And no, not because the kids like to pull theirears.可知答案A，罪过，符合文意。

43.【答案】C

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的整体理解和倒数第二句but whether the rabbit will be able to adaptquick enough to survive is a big question.的总结，可知答案C符合文意。

44.【答案】D

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段的第三句they would naturally migrate (迁徙)to higher ground — but they already occupy the mountaintops. They can't go anyhigher.和倒数第二段第二句的后半部分but there are not suitable plants for them tomove higher,可知，故答案D符合文意。

5.【2012江苏卷】

B

Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees anepidemic (流行病) sweeping across Americas farmland. It haslittle to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices andcrop-eating insects. The country's fanners are getting older, and there arefewer people standing in line to take their place. National agricultural census(普查) figures show that the fastest-growing group of fanners isthe part over 65. Merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher whenthe 2012 statistics are completed.

Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops atuniversities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to thinkabout careers in agriculture. Aside from trying to stop the graying of.America's farmers, her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that putagriculture at No.1 on a list of "useless" college degrees. Topfederal agriculture officials are talking about the posting, and it has theattention of agricultural organizations across the country.

“There couldn't beanything that's more incorrect," Merrigan said. "We know that therearen't enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there inAmerican agriculture.

In addition, a growingworld population that some experts predict will require 70% more food productionby 2050, she said.

“I truly believe we'reat a golden age of agriculture. Global demand is at an all-time record high,and global supplies are at all-time record lows," said Matt Rush, directorof the Texas Farm Bureau. "Production costs are going to be valuableenough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved inagriculture. "

The Department ofAgriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interestin locally grown food. The National Young Farmers' Coalition has also beenpushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.

Ryan Best, president ofFuture Fanners of America, has been living out of a suitcase, traveling thecountry and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture.The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this is a new time inagriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics.Never before have we had the innovations ( 创新) in technologywhich have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it hasever been,” he said. “there’s really a place for everybody to fit in.”

59. What is the newchallenge to American agriculture?

A. Fewer and olderfarmers.            B. Higherfuel prices.

C. More naturaldisasters.                D.Lower agricultural output.

60.Why is Merrigan visitinguniversities across the country?

A.   To drawfederal agriculture officials' attention.

B.   Toselect qualified agriculture graduates.

C.   Toclarify a recent blog posting.

D.  To talk morestudents into farming careers

61.  According toMatt Rush, American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because__________.

A.          thegovernment will cover production costs

B.          globalfood supplies will be even lower

C.          investmentin agriculture will be profitable

D.          Americawill increase its food export

62.  What do theunderlined words "to turn around the statistics" in the lastparagraph mean?

A.          Tore-analyze the result of the national census.

B.          Toincrease agricultural production.

C.          Tobring down the average age of farmers.

D.          Toinvest more in agriculture.

【考点】科技类—说明文

【文章大意】本文是一篇科技文，主要介绍了美国在农业方面临农民人数少，年龄偏大的问题，同时还缺少专业大学生从事农业生产。该怎么样解决这个问题。

59.【答案】A

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“The country’s farmers are getting older, and there are fewer peoplestanding in line to take their place”可知，A项正确。

【难度】一般

60.【答案】D

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中“…is making stops at universities across the country in hopesof encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture”可知，D项正确。

【难度】一般

61.【答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中“Global demand is at an all-time recordhigh, and global supplies are atall-time record lows”可推断Matt Rush认为，全球对农业的需要达到了最高，而全球的供应则达到了最低，故在农业上投资肯定会获利，即C项正确。

【难度】一般

62.【答案】C

【试题解析】句意理解题。根据最后一段第二句中“…this is a new time in agriculture —will motivate the next generation…”可推断此处表示的是“农业的新时机将会激励下一代来参与，即农民的平均年龄将会年轻化”，故C项正确。

【难度】一般

【长难句解析】

1.DeputyAgriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic (流行病) sweeping across Americas farmland.

本句是see sb. / sth.doing sth.的复合结构。

2.Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities acrossthe country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers inagriculture.

本句是介词短语in hope ofdoing sth. 希望……。

3.The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this is a new time inagriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics.

本句是his message 的同位语从句

4.Never before have we had the innovations ( 创新) in technologywhich have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it hasever been,”

本句never 否定词放在句首，后面用部分倒装，the innovations的定语从句，which是关系代词。

6.【2012天津卷】

C

    Thepractice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboardis a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers andsmartphone, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and moretechnology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are stillnecessary for students to be successful---both in school and in life.

Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology atthe University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teachinghandwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.

Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that lookedat the ability of students to complete various writing tasks---both on acomputer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writingwith a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more completesentences and had a faster word production rate.

In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what rolespelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well childrenspell is tied to know well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinkingparts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaningand concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.”Berninger said.

Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in theirmind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in themind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeingthe words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas intowords, says Berninger, but also to spot(发现) spelling mistakeswhen they write the words down and to correct then over time.

“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’thave to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until achild has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’thave the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given bythe computer.”

46. What makes writingby hand a thing of the past?

      A.The absence of blackboard in classroom.                     B.The use of new technologies in teaching.

      C.The lack of practice in handwriting.                               D.The popular use of smartphones.

47. Berninger’s studypublished in 2009 ___________.

      A.focused on the difference between writing by hand and on a computer.

      B.indicated that students prefer to write with a pen and paper.

      C.found that good essays are made up of long sentences.

      D.discussed the importance of writing speed.

48. Which of thefollowing best shows the role of spelling?

      A.Spelling improves one’s memory of words.                          

      B.Spelling ability is closely related to writing ability.

      C.Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas.

      D.Spelling slows down finding exact words to express ideas.

49. What does “mind’seye” in paragraph 5 mean?

      A.Window.                             B.Soul                                         C.Picture.                              D.Imagination.

50. What conclusioncould be drawn from the passage?

      A.Computers can help people with their choice of words.

      B.Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching.

      C.Handwriting still has a place in today’s classrooms.

      D.Functional spellingability develops fast in the fifth grade.

46---50 BABDC

7.【2012北京卷】

D

Wilderness

“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This isa famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers ofenvironmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heateddebate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart ofwhat is to be preserved.  

As John Sauven ofGreenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, theuntouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many peoplevalue most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched isstrong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions thathumans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. ToMr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.

Lee Lane, a visitingfellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges thatwildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But thatis not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercialand industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and theyreasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely strugglefor survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still agrowing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them inabundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services thosewildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to doso. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above allothers.

I look forwards to seeingthese views taken further, and to their being challenged by the otherparticipants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases needto take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there isa practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.

This is a topic that callsfor not only free of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. Whatposition wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviouslydeserves much more serious thinking.

67. John Sauven holds that_____.

   A. many people value nature too much

   B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful

   C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities

   D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services isstrong

68. What is the main idea of Para. 3?

   A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.

   B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of rawmaterials.

   C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reasonfor no exploitation.

   D. All the characteristics concerning theexploitation should be treated equally.

69. What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?

   A.Objective.                      B.Disapproving.

   C. Sceptical.                 D. Optimistic.

70. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

       A.                            B.

       C.                         D.

CP: Central Point               P:Point                Sp:Sub-point(次要点)        C:Conclusion

67.B  第二段中， The urge to leave thesubject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation bringsto such landscapes is real.

68.C  Heacknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, but that is not areason to avoid all human presence.

69.A  Thisis a topic that calls for not only free of feelings, but also theguidance of reason……deserves much more serious thinking.

70.D  总分总的结构类型

8.【2012湖南卷】

C

        Harvard researchers have created a tough, low-cost,biodegradable (可生物降解的) material inspired by insects’ hard outershells. The material’s inventors say it has a number of possible uses andsomeday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.The material, made from shrimp (虾) shells and proteins produced from silk, iscalled “shrilk.” It is thin, clear, flexible and strong.
        A major benefit fo the material is itsbiodegradability. Plastic’s toughness and flexibility represented a revolutionin materials science during the 1950s and ’60s. Decades later however,plastic’s very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate itis for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods,used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they willdegrade for centuries. What is the point of making something that lasts 1,000years?
        Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill, but itsbasic components are used as fertilizer (肥料), and so willenrich the soil.
        Shrilk has great potential, the inventors said.Materials from which is made are plentiful in nature, found in everythingranging from shrimp shells, insect bodies to living plants. That makes shrilklow cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for productsdemanding a lot of material.
        Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab. Theinventors said the material becomes flexible when wet, so they’re exploringways to use it in wet environments. They’re also developing simpler productionprocesses, which could be used for non-medical products, like for computercases and other products inside the home. They’re even exploring combining itwith other materials, like carbon fibers, to give it new properties.

66. Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilk’s ____.
    A. remarkable design
    B. interesting name
    C. major features
    D. basic elements
67. What has become a concern about plastic?
    A. Using it properly.
    B. Producing it cheaply.
    C. Developing its properties quickly.
    D. Evaluating its contributions fairly.
68. According to the inventors, shrilk has great potential partly because ____.
    A. it can help plastic degrade
    B. it can be found in living things
    C. its mass production has been realized
    D. its raw materials are abundant in nature
69. What are they inventors doing in the lab?
    A. Replacing carbon fibers with shrilk.
    B. Testing shrilk’s use in wet conditions.
    C. Making shrilk out of used household goods.
    D. Improving shrilk’s flexibility for medical purpose.
70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
    A. Recent Progress in Environmental Protection
    B. Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research
    C. The Harm of One-time Products
    D. A Possible Alternative to Plastic
[2012湖南高考真题C]
参考答案：CADBD
答案详解：
66. 主旨大意题。本段为总分总结构，所以很容易得出答案。
67. 细节理解题。从plastic’s very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time productssuch as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a fewyears and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries.可得出答案。
68. 细节理解题。从Materials from which is made are plentiful innature可得出答案。
69. 细节理解题。从ork on shrilk is continuing in the lab. Theinventors said the material becomes flexible when wet, so they’re exploringways to use it in wet environments. 可得出答案。
70. 主旨大意题。标题。本文为总分结构。从第一段可知答案。

9.【2012湖北卷】

E

Brrriiinnng. The alarmclock announces the start of another busy weekday in the morning. You jump outof bed, rush into the shower, into your clothes and out the door with hardly amoment to think. A stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing.Once at the office, you glance through the newspaper with depressing storiesor reports of disasters. In thatsort of mood, who can get down towork, particularly some creative, original problem-solving work?

The way most of us spend our mornings is exactlyopposite to the conditions that promote flexible, open-minded thinking. Imaginativeideas are most likely to come to us when we’re unfocused. If you are one of thoseenergetic morning people,your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed.Sleepy people’s lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving.By not giving yourself time to tune into your wandering mind, you’remissing out on the surprising solutions it may offer.

The trip you take to work doesn’t help, either.The stress slows down the speed with which signals travel between neurons(神经细胞), making inspirations less likely to occur. And while weall should read a lot about what’s going on in the world, it would not make youfeel good for sure, so put that news website or newspaper aside until after theday’s work is done.

So what would our mornings look like if wewanted to start them with a full capacity for creative problem solving? We’dset the alarm a few minutes earlyand lie awake in bed, following our thoughts where they lead. We’d stand alittle longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thinking about tasksin favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. We’d take some deep breaths onour way to work, instead of complaining about heavy traffic. And once in theoffice—after we get a cup of coffee—we’d click on links not to the news of theday but to the funniest videos the web has to offer. 

67. According to the author, we are more creative when weare _______.

A. focused

B. relaxed

C. awake

D. busy

68. What does theauthor imply about newspapers?

A. They are solution providers.

B. They are a source of inspiration.

C. They are normally full of bad news.

D. They are more educational than websites.

69. By “tune into your wandering mind” (in Para. 2), the author means “_______”.

A. wander into the wild

   B. listen to a beautiful tune

   C. switch to the traffic channel

   D. stop concentrating on anything

70. The author writes the last paragraph in order to_______.

   A. offer practical suggestions

B. summarize past experiences

   C. advocate diverse ways of life

D. establish a routine for the future

E

【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究表明，放松心情更有利于提高工作效率，更有利于解决创造性的解决问题；压力阻滞了神经细胞信号的传输，只会导致工作效率下降。

67.B【命题立意】细节理解题。难度中等.

【解题思路】根据第二段第三句中“…your most inventivetime comes in the early evening when you are relaxed.”以及下文对压力阻滞了神经细胞信号的传输可知，放松使我们更具有创造性，故B项正确。

提早起身、洗热水澡、做深呼吸等等，故A项正确。

10【2012江西卷】

D

　　For those who make journeys across the world,the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages．Distancesbetween them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once facedmen as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one endof the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of ahundred years ago.

　　Yet some people wonder if the revolution intravel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服)of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sightsand sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakesand forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create agrand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however,there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of theairplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the onlyworld you know, and the hours progress slowly.

　　 Then there is the time spent being “processed”at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage isweighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passengermove again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes,but the hours devoted to being “processed” at departure and arrival in airportsare luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winningback passengers from the airlines.

　　Man, however, is now a world traveler and cannot turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people dependupon it; whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. Theholiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busyairports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and evendays, relaxing in the sun. speed controls people’s lives; time saved, in workor play, is the important thing—or so we are told. Perhaps those firsthorsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a betterworld than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock wasnot their master.

71．Whatdoes the writer try to express in Paragraph1?

         A．Travelby plane has speeded up the growth of villages．

         B．Thespeed of modern travel has made distances relatively short．

         C．Thefreedom of movement has helped people realize their dreams．

         D．Manhas been fond of travelling rather than staying in one place．

72．Howdoes the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2?

         A．Bygiving instructions．                                         B．Byanalyzing cause and effect．

         C．Byfollowing the order of time．                          D．Bygiving examples．

73．According to Paragraph 3, passengers are turningback to modern high-speed trains because______．

         A．theypay less for the tickets                         

B．they feel safer during the travel

         C．theycan enjoy higher speed of travel           

D．they don’t have to waste time being “processed”

74．Whatdoes the last sentence of the passage mean?

         A．Theycould enjoy free and relaxing travel．                                            

B．They needed the clock to tell the time．

         C．Theypreferred travelling on horseback．    

D．They could travel with their master．

75．Whatis the main idea of the passage?

         A．Airtravel benefits people and industries．

         B．TrainTravel has some advantages over air travel．

     C．Great changes havetaken place in modern travel.

         D．Thehigh speed of air travel is gained at a cost.

71.题答案:B考点：细节理解题

解析：由文章第一段第二句得知：比起从前需要步行从一个村庄走到另一个村庄的人，对于一个现代旅游者来说，国与国之间的距离显得不是那么远。A做飞机旅行加速了村庄的增长；B现代交通工具的速度使得地理距离相对减短；C移动的自由帮助人们实现他们的梦想；D人们喜欢旅游而不是呆在一个地方。答案选B。

72.题答案：D考点：细节推断题

解析：根据文章第二段第四句到最后一句得知，作者描写到了坐船、坐火车和坐飞机的各自特点。所以作者是以D举例子来支持划线观点的。A通过介绍B分析原因结果C根据时间顺序。

73.题答案：D考点：细节推断题

解析：根据文章第三自然段得知：在现代的飞机场，人们得花一定时间在走道上、行李称重、反复检票上；尽管花在离开和到达机场的时间被节省掉，传统的火车和船都会花费更多时间。难怪，现代高铁从飞机那里赢得了更多旅客。所以答案选D。

74.题答案：A考点：语意猜测题

解析：最后一句话的意思是：人们可以随心去旅行而不用担心时间。A他们可以享受自由而放松的旅行B他们需要时钟来告知时间C他们更喜欢在马背上旅行D他们可以和他们的主人旅行。所以选A。

75.题答案：D考点：主旨大意题

解析：文章最后一段得出，飞机带来高速的同时也带来了一些负面影响：太多人的工作生活需要依靠飞机这个行业，一些新型的企业也是根据飞机的设计和操作而被建立的；旅行者也不得不忍受拥挤的机场和有限的空间。A飞机旅行使得人们和企业受益；B火车旅行有一些胜过飞机旅行的优点；C现代旅行发生了巨大的变化；D飞机旅行的高速是有代价的。选D。

11.【2012山东卷】

D

For thosewho are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machinethat can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app(application).

Strangethough it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a common response amongattendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer ElectronicsShow (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing toinstall (安装) a largenumber of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”.

Last year,it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundrymachines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.

Thewashers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphonethrough a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remotecontrol, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at workor on the bus.

Samsungsays it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has somepractical uses.

“If youstarted to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can goto your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so yourclothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.

Thecompany also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machinesare used can help save money.

Perhaps,but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enablelaziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, userswill instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.

72.What can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the CES?
A. The machine will be a big success.
B. their wives like doing the laundry.

C. Themachine is unrelated to their life.

D. Thiskind of technology is familiar to them.

73.What can we learn about the new laundry machines?
A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing
B. They can be controlled with a smartphone
C. They are difficult to operate
D. They are sold at a low price

74.We can conclude form Samsung’s statements that ___________.
A. the app connection makes life easier
B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning

C.smartphone can shorten the drying time
D. we should refresh clothes back at home

75.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The laundry should be frequently checked
B. Lazy people like using such machines
C. Good technologies also cause problems

D.Television may help do the laundry.

【文章大意】本文是一篇科技说明文。介绍了一种可以用智能手机控制的洗衣机。手机安装下载的洗衣机应用程序，然后，手机就可以成为遥控工具，你在公共汽车上或是在上班都可以开、关洗衣机。

72.【答案】C

【解析】根据文章第二段中的… “my wife already does that” was a common response…可以推断，大多人对于这种新型洗衣机不大感兴趣，因为大多都是妻子洗衣服。

【考点定位】考查推理判断题。

73.【答案】B

【解析】根据第一段中的…when your laundry is done via a smartphone app.可知，这种洗衣机是由智能手机操控的，因此选B。

【考点定位】考查细节理解。

74.【答案】A

【解析】根据第六段Samsung的发言人的举的例子可以推断，这种生活能让我们的生活更简单。所以选A。

【考点定位】考查推理判断。

75.【答案】C

【解析】从最后一段…iswhat all good technologies do—enable laziness可以得知，这种新型洗衣机和其他科技一样，也能让我们变懒，这是一个弊端。

【考点定位】考查文章的主旨大意。

12.【2012安徽卷】

E

Welcome to your future life!

You get up in the morning and look into the mirror. Your face isfirm and young-looking. In 2035, medical technology is better than ever. Manypeople your age could live to be 150,so at 40, you’re not old at all. And yourparents just had an anti-aging(抗衰老的)  treatment. Now, all three oflook the same age !

You say to your shirt , ”Turn red.” It changes from blue to red.In 2035, “smart clothes” contain particles(粒子) much smaller than thecells in your body. The particles can be programmed to change clothes’color orpattern.

You walk into the kitchen . You pick up the milk ,but a voice says,” You shouldn't drink that!” Your fridge has read the chip (芯片)that contains information about the milk , and it Knows the milk is old . In2035, every article of food in the grocery store has such a chip .

It’s time to go to work . In 2035, cars drive themselves. Justtell your “smart car” where to go. On the way , you can call a friend usingyour jacket sleeve . Such “smart technology” is all around you.

So will all these things come true? “For new technology tosucceed,” says scientist Andrew Zolli ,”it has to be so much better that itreplaces what we have already.” The Internet is one example what will be thenext?

72.We can learn from the text that in the future__________.

A.people will never getold             B.everyonewill look the same

C. red will be the most popular color    D.clotheswill be able to change their pattern

73. What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?

A. Milk will be harmful to health.

B. More drinks will be available for sale.

C. Food in the grocery store will carry electronic information.

       D. Milk in the grocery storewill stay fresh much longer.

74. Which of the following is mentioned in the text?

A. Nothing can replace the Internet.

B. Fridges will Know what people need.

C. Jacket sleeves can be used as a guide.

D. Cars will be able to drive automatically.

75.What is the text mainly about?

A. Food and clothing in 2035.

B. Future technology in everyday life.

C. Medical treatments of the future.

D. The reason for the success of new technology.

【答案】DCBD

2013年高考英语试题分类汇编之科普类阅读理解

【重庆卷】   C

Almost every machinewith moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel wasinvented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.

The oldest knowntransport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old.Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn't become popular for a while,though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carryingfarming tools and humans around.

But it could also bebecause of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces,roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there wasplenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, butthis difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had beenno important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modemroad design.

In the mid-1700s, aFrenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsmanimproved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface becamea reality. At around the same lime, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel)came into being, followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846.Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance oftarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got fasterand faster.

64. What might explainwhy transport wheels didn't become popular for some time?

A. Few knew how to usetransport wheels.

B. Humans carriedfarming tools just as well.

C. Animals were a goodmeans of transport.

D. The existence oftransport wheels was not known.

65. What do we knowabout roaddesign from the passage?

A. It was easier thanwheel design.

B. It improved afterbig changes in vehicle design.

C. It was promoted byfast-moving vehicles.

D. It providedconditions for wheel design to develop.

66. How is the lastparagraph mainly developed?

A. By giving examples.

B. By makingcomparisons.

C. By following timeorder.

D. By makingclassifications.

67. What is the passagemainly about?

A. The beginning ofroad design.

B. The development oftransport wheels.

C. The history ofpublic transport.

D. His invention offast-moving vehicles.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是车轮。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

every machine with moving parts has wheels、they existed over 5,500 years ago

每个能移动的机器都有轮子，轮子已经有很久的历史了。

第二部分（Para. 2-3）

didn’t become popular、animals did a perfectly good job、also be because of a difficult situation、wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces、difficult situation appeared again

轮子并未普及，因动物表现不错，还有就是道路状况影响轮子的进一步发展。

第三部分（Para. 4）

In the mid-1700s, in the 1820s, in 1846, in 1967

不同时期道路设计的发展促进轮子(包括轮胎)的发展。

【解析】

64. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。题干关键词为didn’t become popular，定位第二段。根据This could bebecause animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humansaround.（这或许是因为动物在拉运农具人们的方面做得不错。）可知由于当时动物使用的方便让轮子没能够普及。

解题思路：

干扰项排除：考生易选C项，根据squirming excitedly来判断。这里尤其要注意excitedly，只是表达人物的心理，和调皮是没有关系的。选quiet，是忽略了squirmingexcitedly的表达。

65. D。推理判断题。难度：较难。根据题干关键词road design，定位第3段 There had been no important changes in wheeland vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.（在现代道路设计之前，轮子和交通工具的设计都没有重大变化）。第4段接着讲述了随着道路设计的进步，各种新型的轮子(包括充气轮胎)随之发展，而且也促进了车辆的发展。由此可知，道路设计的发展促进了车轮的发展。

干扰项排除：考生一定要先抓住关键词所在的句子，有的考生选B、C项意义相近，而A项文中根本没有提及。

66. C。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第四段时间数字，In the mid-1700s、in the 1820s、in1846、in 1967，只有C项符合。

67. B。主旨大意。难度：中等。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响，故选C项。

解题思路：

【难句学习】

1. Almost every machinewith moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel wasinvented or what it was used for.

翻译：几乎每台有活动部件的机器都有轮子，然而没有人知道第一个轮子究竟是什么时候发明的或者当时是作什么用途的。

分析：本句的主干是every machine has wheels。When和what位于knows之后引导两个并列的宾语从句；with moving parts为介词短语作定语修饰machine。

2. Evidence suggeststhat wheels for transport didn’t become popular for a while, though.

翻译：证据表明，不过当时轮子用于运输并没有普及。

分析：本句的主干是Evidence suggests that。That引导宾语从句，此处suggest意为“暗示、表明”，从句中用陈述语气。句末though是副词，意为“不过、然而”。

3. While wheels need toroll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren’t going to beconstructed until there was plenty of demand for them.

翻译：尽管轮子需要在平滑的表面上滚动，但是有着光滑路面的道路并没有铺设直到后来对此需求越来越多。

分析：本句的主干是roads weren’t going to be constructed。While引导让步状语从句，with smooth surfaces为介词短语作定语修饰roads，until引导时间状语从句。

【浙江卷】B

Below is a selectionfrom a popular science book.

If blood is red, why are veins (静脉) blue?

Actually, veins are not blue at all. They are more of a clear, yellowish colour. Although blood looks red when it's outside the body, when it's sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin, it's more of a dark reddish purple colour. At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison.

Which works harder, your heart or your brain?

That kind of depends on whether you are busy thinking or busy exercising. Your heart works up to three times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker. But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when you’re sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five tunes as much blood to feed it.

Why do teeth fall out, and why don't they grow back in grown-ups?

Baby (or "milk") teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult teeth later on. Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by bacteria. Once this second set of teeth has grown in, you're done. When they're gone, they’re gone. This is because nature figures you're set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off.

Do old people shrink as they age?

Yes and do. Many people do get shorter as they age. But, when they do, it isn't because they're shrinking all over. They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects, of gravity (重力). Many (but not all) men and women do lose height as they get older. Men lose an average of 3-4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5 cm or more. If you live to be 200 years old, would you keep shrinking till you were, like 60 cm tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people don't really shrink! It is not that they are growing backwards 一 their legs, arms and backbones getting shorter. When they do get shorter, it's because the spine has shortened a little. Or, more often, become more bait and curved.

Why does spinning make you dizzy (眩晕的)?

Because your brain gets confused between what you're seeing and what you're feeling. The brain senses that you’re spinning using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your inner ear, which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable. But when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks you're moving while you're Dot!

Where do feelings and emotions come from?

Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system. All mammals have this brain area — from mice to dogs, cats, and humans. So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure. But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.

If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?

Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them. And as far as your body is concerned, it’s "use it, or lost it”! It's not that exercise makes you healthy; it's more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.

46. What is the colourof blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?

A. Blue.            B.Light yellow.

C. Red.             D.Dark reddish purple.

47. Why do some oldpeople look a little shrunken as they age?

A. Because their spineis in active use.

B. Because they aremore easily affected by gravity.

C. Because they keepgrowing backwards.

D. Because their spinebecomes more bent.

48. Which of thefollowing statements about our brain is true?

A. In the long run, ourbrain probably works harder than our heart.

B. When our brainsenses the spinning, we will fell dizzy.

C. The brains of theother mammals are as complex as those of humans.

D. Our feelings andemotions come from the most developed area in our brain.

49. What is the mainpurpose of the selection?

A. To give advice onhow to stay healthy.

B. To provideinformation about our body.

C. To challenge newfindings in medical research.

D. To report the latestdiscoveries in medical science.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

Para 1.

A selection from a popular science book

畅销科普书的节选

Para 2.-14.

Why are veins blue; which works harder; why do teeth fall out; old people shrink; why does spinning makes you dizzy; where do feelings and emotions come from; how can exercise be good for you

静脉是蓝色的原因；

大脑比心脏的工作强度更大；

人为什么会换牙；

人老了为什么会变矮；

为什么旋转会让人头晕；

认得情感来自哪里；

锻炼的好处

46.D． 细节理解题。难度：容易。从第三段第二行when its sitting in the vein near the surfaceof the shin, its more of a dark reddish purple colour. 可知选项D正确

47.D． 细节理解题。难度：容易。从第九段的when they do get shorter, it’snot because the spine has shortened a little. Or more often, become more bentand curved.可知老年人变矮不是因为他们的脊柱变短，更多的原因是因为他们的脊柱变弯曲。所以D选项正确。A选项的内容文中没有提及；B选项不符合文中的内容They simply lose height as their spine（脊柱）becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and theeffects of gravity（重力）；C选项的内容与文中的描述相反。

48.A． 细节理解题。难度：中等。从文中but in the long run,, your brain probably tipsit, because even when you’re sitting still your brain is using twice as much asenergy as your heart,可知选项A正确。

第十一段的第一句就说明了人感到眩晕的原因是因为大脑分不清我们所看到的和所想的东西，排除B；从第十三段的描述but since human feelings also involve other,newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animalson the planet.可知C选项错误；从第十二段的副标题和十三段的第一句mostly from an ancient part of the brain calledthe limbic system 可知D选项错误。

49.B． 主旨大意题。难度：容易。从文章的副标题可知这篇文章解释了七个我们既熟悉又陌生的有关人体知识的问题，所以选项B正确，A、C和D选项在文中均没有提及。

                             【天津卷】B

Us, night's meteor (流星)shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers.According to Gabe Rothschild. Emerald Valley's mayor, people gathered in thesuburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightlyburning meteors passing through the sky What they found instead was a sky sobrightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteorspassing overhead.

"My family was sofrustrated." admitted town resident Daune Cosby.” We wanted to make thisan unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”

Astronomers—scientistswho study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem fordecade, They say that light pollution prevents from seeing objects in the skythat they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and thegovernment to take measures to fight against it.

There is yet apopulation besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers evenmore from light pollution. This population consist of birds, bats, frogs,snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lightedbuildings and towers.”

Countless more animalcasualties(伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting.Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but somescientists think it can be harmful to humans, too. They worry that exposure tolight while sleeping can increase a person's chances of getting cancer.

Emerald Valley is onlyone community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of lightpollution. For years. Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations inits city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similarefforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us toturn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can sharethe night.

41. It happened lastnight that ______.

A. the city's lightsaffected the meteor watching

B. the meteors flewpast before being noticed

C. the city light showattracted many people

D. the meteor watchingended up a social outing

42. What do theastronomers complain about?

A. Meteor showers occurless often than before.

B. Their observationequipment is in poor repair.

C. Light pollution hasremained unsolved for years.

D. Their eyesight isfailing due to artificial lighting

43. What is the authorconcerned about according to Paragraph 4?

A. Birds may take othermigration paths.

B. Animals' livinghabits may change suddenly.

C. Varieties of animalswill become sharply reduced.

D. Animals' survival isthreatened by outdoor lighting.

44. Lightingregulations in Flagstaff. Arizona are put into effect to

A. lessen the chance ofgetting cancer

B. create an idealobservation condition

C. ensure citizens agood sleep at night

D. enable all creaturesto live in harmony

45. What message doesthe author most want to give us?

A. Saving wildlife issaving ourselves.

B. Great efforts shouldbe made to save energy.

C. Human activitiesshould be environmentally friendly.

D. New equipment shouldbe introduced for space study.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，题材是灯光污染与环境保护。本文主要介绍了灯光污染给天文学家、人类、其它生物所带来的不良影响。以及人们为解决此问题所采取的措施等。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1-3）

Dissatisfied, darkened the light; frustrated,

Complained... for decades; fight against

导入：通过观看流星不成功的原因导入本文的主题—灯光污染给天文学家带来的影响。

第二部分（Para. 4-5）

Suffers even more; severely affects migrating; die in crashes

灯光污染给其它生物带来的影响。

第三部分（Para. 6）

aware of the negative effects; assist astronomers; similar efforts

人们为解决此问题所采取的一些措施。

【解析】

41. A。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词last night快速定位第一段。根据第一段最后一句可知“城市的夜空被灯点缀的是如此明亮以至于暗淡了头上飞过的流星的光亮，因此影响了人们观星”。所以可以推出A是正确选项。

42. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词astronomers快速定位第三段。根据they say that light pollution prevents them fromseeing objects … they could see quite easily in the past.可以推断灯光污染问题一直没有得到解决，这才是他们所抱怨的。其他选项原文根本没有提到，属于无中生有的。

43. D。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干快速定位第四段。第四段驻澳讲述了灯光污染对于鸟类、蝙蝠、青蛙、蛇等的影响，尤其严重影响你鸟类的迁徙，最后一句话“每年北美大约有一亿的鸟在与被灯光点缀的建筑物或是高塔的撞击中死亡”因此可以推断D选项是正确的。

44. B。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干中的大写Flagstaff, Arizona快速定位文章最后一段…Flagstaff,Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomersat the Lowell Observatory可知推行此规定的目的是为天文学家更好的观察服务的。

45. C。推理判断作者意图题。难度：较难。文章主要讲的是灯光污染给人类和其它生物带来的影响，而灯光的直接造成原因就是人类本身，因此作者写本文主要是要告知人们人类的活动应该要注意环保。其它三项的内容均与本文无关。

【难句学习】

1. What they foundinstead was a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the lightof the meteors passing overhead.

翻译：城市的灯光时如此的明亮以至于头顶飞过的流星的亮度被削弱，因此人们看到的只是被点亮的夜空而不是流星

分析：本句的是一个由what引导的主语从句，what作found的宾语。so …that引导结果状语从句。passing overhead是非谓语动词作后置定语。darken是动词。

2. They say that lightpollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could seequite easily in the past.

翻译：天文学家说光污染阻止了他们去看过去很容易就可以看到的天空中的目标。

分析：本句中say后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句。而sky后面的that引导的是一个定语从句，先行词是objects，that在从句中作see的宾语。

3. There is yet apopulation besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers evenmore from light pollution.

翻译：可是除了专业和业余的观星者外，还有一个群体遭受着甚至更为严重的光污染的影响。

分析：本句是一个there be 特殊结构。that引导的是一个定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是population。

4. They worry thatexposure to light while sleeping can increase a person’s chances of gettingcancer.

翻译：他们担心在睡觉的时候如果有太多的光亮的话可能会增加一个人得癌症的机会。

分析：本句中worry 后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句，while sleeping引导的是时间状语从句的省略结构。ofgetting cancer是chances的后置定语。

5. a movement isunderway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so thatother creatures can share the night.

翻译：此外，一个运动正在进行中，目的是为了提醒我们不用灯的时候要关掉它，这样其它生物也能共享夜晚。
分析：本句中to remind…是不定式作目的状语。when we are…是when引导的时间状语从句，so that引导的是目的状语从句。

【四川卷】E

Fear may be felt in theheart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a linkbetween the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.

Tests on healthyvolunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at themoment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping bloodaround their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientistssay the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brainresponds to the fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regularcycle of contraction and relaxation.

Sarah Garfinkel at theBrington and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first timethat the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we seefearful pictures in relation to our heart.”

The study tested 20 healthyvolunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearfulfaces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed fearful faces are better noticedwhen the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can alsoaffect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.”

To further understandthis relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’sfeeling of fear.

 “We have found animportant mechanism by which the heart and the brain ‘speak’ to each other tochange our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.

 “We hope that byincreasing our understanding about how fear is death with and ways that itcould be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments foranxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stressdisorder.”

47. What is the findingof the study?

A. One’s heart affectshow he feels fear.

B. Fear is a result ofone’s relaxed heartbeat.

C. Fear has somethingto do with one’s health.

D. One’s fastheartbeats are likely to cause fear.

48. The study wascarried out by analyzing _________.

A. volunteers’heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures.

B. the time volunteerssaw fearful pictures and their health conditions.

C. volunteers’reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.

D. different picturesshown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication.

49. Which of thefollowing is closet in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6?

A.Order.  B. System.  C. Machine.  D. Treatment.

50. This study maycontribute to ________.

A. treating anxiety andstress better.

B. explaining the cycleof fear and anxiety.

C. finding the key tothe heart-brain communication.

D. understandingdifferent fears in our hearts and heads.

【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了对20名健康的志愿者进行的恐惧反应试验，告诉读者大脑与心脏都能感知到恐惧，而且心脏跳动的周期与人们感知恐惧的机会有关联。这份研究成果未来有望更成功地用于治疗忧虑症以及应激障碍疾病。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1-2）

a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear；contracting and pumping blood ；able to influence；responds to the fearful event

研究结论：心跳与人们感知恐惧的关联；收缩、抽取血液；能影响到；对恐惧事件的反应

第二部分（Para3-6）

for the first time；see fearful pictures ；better noticed；the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear；an important mechanism

介绍试验：首次；看到恐怖的图片；更容易注意到；心脏改变人对恐惧感觉的方式；重要的心理机制

第三部分（Para. 7）

develop more successful treatments

研究成果在未来医学上的价值：研发更成功的治疗方法

【解析】

47.A。细节理解题。难度：较易。题干关键词finding，定位第一段第一句according to a study that has found a linkbetween the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear（依据研究，发现：心跳循环与人感知恐惧是有关联的）。锁定选项A。One’s heart affects how he feels fear（人的心脏影响他对恐惧的感知）。

48.C。细节理解题。难度：较难。题干关键词carried out。定位文章对实验的介绍在3-6段。找到Para.4. The studytested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shownpictures of fearful faces.（这项研究对20名健康的志愿者试验了当他们看到恐惧面孔图片时的反应）以及Para.5. the scientists also used a brainscanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way theheart changes a person’s feeling of fear.（为了演示大脑是如何影响心脏改变人对恐惧的感知方式，科学家们还使用扫描仪)。因此。选项C。volunteers’reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.（志愿者们对恐惧图片的反应以及来自大脑扫描仪的数据）。

49.B。词义推测题。难度：较难。由题干的mechanism定位文章Para.6,找到此词所在的句子，这个词后面的句子就是答案。Wehave found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain ‘speak’ toeach other to change our feelings and reduce fear翻译mechanism后面的句子：通过这个mechanism，心脏和大脑可以相互“交流”以便于改变我们的感觉减少恐惧。因此，mechanism是心脏与大脑交流的一个完整系统，而不是“命令、机器以及治疗”。

50.A。细节判断题。难度：较易。题干关键词contribute to（有助于）。定位文章的末段。根据we may be able to develop more successful treatmentsfor anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from seriousstress disorder.（我可以能够更成功地治疗忧虑症，还可以治疗那些可能正遭受应激障碍疾病痛苦的患者）。锁定答案选项A. treating anxiety and stress better. （更好地治疗忧虑症和应激障碍）。

【上海卷】(C)

A team of engineers atHarvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly.The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech systems.Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fathousefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlledflight tasks.

“It’s extremelyimportant for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum ofa bunch of individual components(元件), ”said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineeringprofessor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. Afew years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together thecomponents. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actuallynone of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them allon our own,” he said.

They engineered aseries of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simplesystem which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on theindividual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but thenhas to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flightdevice was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems.Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with thesetiny components can be built and manufactured.

While this firstrobotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal iseventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might somedayperform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on thebattlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” hesaid.

Wood says the designoffers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet,the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have muchbroader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer openscientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficultwith the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lotof technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really whatdrives us on a day-to-day basis.”

72. The difficulty theteam of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that ________.

A. they had no model intheir mind

B. they did not havesufficient time

C. they had noready-made components

D. they could noassemble the components

73. It can be inferredfrom paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly_________.

A. consists of a flightdevice and a control system

B. can just fly inlimited areas at the present time

C. can collectinformation from many sources

D. has been put intowide application

74. Which of thefollowing can be learned from the passage?

A. The robotic flyer isdesigned to learn about insects.

B. Animals are notallowed in biological experiments.

C. There used to be fewways to study how insects fly.

D. Wood’s design can replaceanimals in some experiments.

75. Which of thefollowing might be the best title of the passage?

A. Father of RoboticFly

B. Inspiration fromEngineering Science

C. Robotic Fly ImitatesReal Life Insect

D. Harvard BreaksThrough in Insect Study

【语篇解读】本文为一篇说明文，讲述机器人苍蝇的研发，面临的困难以及前景。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

create the first robotic fly; the mechanical fly; a platform for a series of new high-tech systems;  what a fly does naturally; the size of a fat housefly; mini wings; perform controlled flight tasks.

哈佛大学的一组技师在自然界的激发下，创造了第一部机器人苍蝇。进而描述了机器人苍蝇的样子与用途。

第二部分（Para. 2）

extremely important; as a whole system;  not just the sum of a bunch of individual components(元件); has been working on；for over a decade；got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components.；the added difficulty; off the shelf; have to develop them all on our own

机器人苍蝇要的是一套完整的体系，而不是一组独立原件简单地相加。哈佛大学Robert Wood教授数十年都在致力于研究机器人苍蝇这个课题。几年前，他的团队就开始了拼装原件。但这个项目也遇到了困难：那些元件没有一件能现货供应的，只能自己做。

第三部分（Para. 3-4）

a series of systems to start and drive…；has a number of interdependencies on the individual components; was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems; …the success of the project proves that…; these tiny components can be built and manufactured; is linked to; a small, off-board power source;  equip it with; a built-in power source; someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield; be able to take off, land and fly around.

从两个方面说明机器人苍蝇：一.机器人苍蝇所需要的一套体系。看上去相当简单地能够移动翅膀的系统却在那些单个原件中有很多相互依赖的成份，每个成分不仅要各自运转良好，还要和与它相连的所有成分都配合好。二. 机器人苍蝇配有内置电源，是为了将来有一天能在营救点，在牧场上或者战场上从事数据收集工作。

第四部分（Para. 5）

a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale; …on board could have much broader applications; open scientific questions; difficult with the animals; using…instead; drives us on …

此设计为研究飞行力学和控制昆虫规模提供了一种崭新的方法。然而(搭载的)动力设备，传感以及运算技术会有更广泛的应用。Wood设计的机器人苍蝇在某些动物实验方面可以用来代替动物。

72. 答案：C.

解析：细节理解题。考生根据第二段最后一句 “The added difficulty with a project like thisis that…可知事实上那些元件没有一件能现货供应的，要理解be off the shelf 的用法，所以选项C. they hadno ready-made components就是对本句的同义替换，故为正确答案根据文章第一段Designed to do what a fly does naturally, thetiny machine is the size of a fat housefly.是有制作模型的，故排除A。根据文章第二段“It’s extremely important for us to think about …, ”theHarvard engineering professor who has been working ….可知选项B. they did not have sufficient time他们没有充足的时间，不合适；而选项D. they could no assemble the components他们不会组装元件是对原文的误解，并不是要组装，故排除选项D。

73. 答案：B

解析：推理判断题。题干要求在第三段和第四段来推测，所以根据文章内容but then has to be matched well to everythingit’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power,computation, sensing and control systems. 故选项A. consists of aflight device and a control system是片面的，排除；根据第四段so thatit might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’fields or on the battlefield.可知选项C.中的from many sources应为 from manysites/places，故排除；选项D. has been put into wide application的定位在第五段Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies onboard could have much broader applications.可知已经大量应用是错误的，故排除。纵观三四两段，尤其是第四段尾句“Basically it should be able to take off, land and flyaround,” he said.可推断出只有B. can just fly in limited areas at the presenttime正确。

74. 答案：D

解析：推理判断题。文章末段的to study biology in ways…would be difficult withanimals, but using these robots instead告诉我们这些机器人可以替代动物，故D项正确。考生注意的是，说明文末段尤其带有转折关系的路标词往往是题眼所在。根据第四段so that it might someday perform data-gatheringwork at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. 可知A选项错误，故排除。文章最后一段中指出“You can start thinking about using them to answer openscientific questions, youknow, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, butusing these robots instead,” he said.，并没有说：不允许拿动物进行生物实验，故排除B选项。根据文章最后一段Wood says the design offers a new way to study flightmechanics and control at insect-scale.及“So there are a lotof technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really whatdrives us on a day-to-day basis.”可知以后会有更多的问题等待我们去探索，但并不是说过去在研究昆虫飞行方面常常方法很少，故排除。

75. 答案：C

解析：主旨大意题。本题考查考生理解全文、提炼信息、概括总结的能力。选择最佳标题，一般来说，考生只有通篇理解文章传递的信息，才可能概括出全文的最佳标题。对比四个选项，A选项意为“机器人苍蝇之父”，文章的主题主要说明“机器人苍蝇”，故排除。B选项“来自工程学中的灵感”与文章的主题“机器人苍蝇”关系不大，故排除。D选项“哈福大学在昆虫研究领域的突破”， 并没有点明主题“机器人苍蝇”，故排除。C选项既交待了“Robotic Fly” 又讲了与真实生活中昆虫的关系，所以争取答案为C。

【山东卷】C

You can’t alwayspredict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer MikhailBelvacv doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast beforeheading out should result in you getting wet. That’s why he created lampbrella,a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.

The designer says hecome up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia.“once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street ad saw the streetlamps lighting up people trying to hide from the rain. I thought it would beappropriate to have a canopy(伞蓬)built into a street lamp.” he said.

The lampbrella is astandard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-inelectric motor which can open or close the umbrella on demand. Sensors(传感器)then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever itstarts raining.

In addition to the rainsensor, there’s also a 360°motion sensor on  the biberglass street lampwhich detects whether anyone’s using the lampbrella. After three minutes of notbeing used the canopy is closed.

According to thedesigner, the lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not tocause harm to the pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect frompossible lighting strike. Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter forseveral people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be adanger for the tallest of pedestrians.

While there are noplans to take lampbrella into production, Belyacv says he recently introducedhis creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could beinstalled on my street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies toprovide shelter.

66. For what purposedid Belyacv create the lampbrella?
A. To predict a heavy rain       B. To check theweather forecast
C. To protect people from the rain          D.To remind people to take an umbrella

67. What do we knowfrom Belyacv’s worlds in Paragraph2?
A. His creation was inspired by an experience
B. it rains a lot in the city of Saint Petersburg
C. Street lamps are protected by canopies
D. He enjoyed taking walks in the rain

 68. Which of thefollowing show how the lampbrella works?
A. motor→canopy→sensors           B.Sensors→motor→canopy
C. motor→sensors→canopy   D. canopy→motor→sensors

69. What does paragraph5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella?
A. Its moving speed        B. Its appearance
C. Its installation    D. Its safety

70. What can beinferred from the last paragraph?
A. The designer will open a company to promote his product
B. The lampbrella could be put into immediate production
C. The designer is confident that his creation is practical
D. The lampbrella would be put on show in Moscow

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是路灯雨伞的发明。作者通过描述发明路灯雨伞的起因、应用方法及其前景，向读者展现了新式发明的用处。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

Umbrella， forgetting， getting wet. Lampbrella, rain-sensing umbrella

故事背景：路灯雨伞的发明。

第二部分（Para. 2-4）

Russia， Saint Petersburg canopy Lampbrella， built-in electric motor ，rain sensor, 360°motion sensor

发明背景及应用方法：在圣彼得堡的大街上找到灵感。内置电动马达、 雨量传感器等。

第三部分（Para. 5）

no plans，production, insists， to provide shelter.

未来展望：虽然没有计划投入生产，坚信投入效果。

C。细节理解题。难度：较易。根据第一段的forgetting to check the weather forecast beforeheading out should result in you getting wet 以及后句的That’s why…可知设计这款路灯的目的是防止淋湿路人。

解题思路：带有目的和原因的词语是题眼所在，例如本句why就是路标词，在第一遍阅读时要务必注意。

67. A。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第二段第一句The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get weton streets in Russia可见设计者是根据自己的经验有了想法，故A项正确。

解题思路：命题者往往把例子的具体细节作为陷阱，本题的干扰项就是如此，考生要从例子中跳出来。

68. C。细节理解题。难度：中等。根据选项定位第三段的第二行和第三行的electric motor…

Sensors（传感器）then ensure that the umbrella可知答案。做排序题时，考生一定要抓住时间的标志词，如这里的then。

干扰项排除：干扰项是D项， 因为此选项的顺序和第三段的三个单词的顺序一致。但不符合题干how the Lampbraela works?

69. D。主旨大意题。难度：中等。根据第五段中cause harm to the pedestrian，toprotected from possible lighting strike，at 2 meters off theground, only be a danger for the tallest pedestrians。根据这些信息可以确定本段主要的问题是安全问题。故D项Its safety正确。

干扰项排除：A项和B项中的外观和移动速度没有在本段提及，故排除。C项的Its installation 虽然在本段的第三行有所提及，但并不是本段的全部信息，

70. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干要求，最后一段中introduced his creation to，insistshis creation could be installed 都说明设计者觉得此项设计可操作，实用。故C项正确。

干扰项排除：末段只是提到Belyaev says he recently introduced…并没有说他要成立公司，故A项错；B、D项没有提及。

【难句学习】

1. But designer MikhailBelyaec doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast beforeheading out should result in you getting wet.

翻译：但设计师米哈伊尔 比利雅克并不认为，出门前忘记看天气预报就会一定会被淋湿。

分析：本句的主干是But designer Mikhail Belyaec doesn’t think引导宾语从句，其从句中的主语中有非谓语heading out。

2.Sensors（传感器）then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelterwhenever it starts raining.

翻译：无论什么时候开始下雨时，传感器能确保撑开路灯伞随时为行人提供躲雨的地方。

分析：本句的主干是.Sensors（传感器）then ensure。That 引导宾语从句，其从句中有whenever 引导的让步状语从句。

3.While there are noplans to take the Lampbrella into production, Belyaev says he recently introducedhis creation to one Moscow Department , and insists his creation could beinstalled on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies toprovide shelter.

翻译：虽然还没有计划要将路灯雨伞投产，比利雅克说他最近向莫斯科的一个部门介绍了他的新产品。他坚信设计会被采纳并安装在行人较多的但又没有遮蔽的街道上。

分析：本句的主干是Belyaev says。Says 后是一个省略了关系代词的宾语从句。And连接两个并列的谓语动词，并分别引导了一个省略了关系代词的宾语从句，后一个宾语从句中还有一个由where引导的定语从句。

【辽宁卷】C

Mere is an astonishingand significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tired. It sounds absurd.But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human braincould labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳).To theamazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through thebrain, when it is active，shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop ofblood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素）and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an AlbertEinstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.

So far as the brain isconcerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelvehours of effort as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So whatmakes us tired?

Some scientists declarethat most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional (情感的）attitudes. One of England’s most outstanding scientists, J.A. Hadfield，says, “The greater part of the fatigue fromwhich we suffer is of mental origin. In fact, fatigue of purely physical originis rare.” Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. Hedeclares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in goodhealth is due to emotional problems.”

What kinds of emotionsmake sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored，anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated - thoseare the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causesfatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.

64. What surprised thescientists a few years ago?

Fatigue toxins couldhardly be found in a laborer’s blood.

Albert Einstein didn’tfeel worn out after a day’s work.

The brain could workfor many hours without fatigue.

A mental worker’s bloodwas filled with fatigue toxins.

65. According to theauthor, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?

Challenging mentalwork.

Unpleasant emotions.

Endless tasks.

Physical labor.

66. What's the author’sattitude towards the scientists’ ideas?

He agrees with them.

He doubts them.

He argues against them.

He hesitates to acceptthem.

67. We can infer fromthe passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to         _____.

have some good food

enjoy their work

exercise regularly

discover fatigue toxins

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。科学家们发现脑力劳动并不能使人感到劳累，使人感到累的是人的精神与情感状态，即：厌烦、生气、焦急、紧张、忧虑以及不被欣赏。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

an astonishing and significant fact；Mental work alone can’t make us tired；sounds absurd

脑力劳动不会使人劳累：一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实；脑力劳动不会使人觉得劳累；听起来很荒唐

第二部分（Para. 2-4）

our mental and emotional attitudes；A feeling of being bored， anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated；produce nervousness in the body.

使人产生劳累的因素：

我们的精神和情感态度；一种厌烦、愤怒、焦急、紧张、忧虑、不被欣赏的感觉；在体内产生紧张感

【解析】

64.C。细节推理题。难度：较易。找到关键词surprise，定位第一段。根据Mere is an astonishing and significant fact:Mental work alone can’t make us tired. It sounds absurd.（Mere是一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实：仅仅脑力劳动不能使我们觉得累。这听起来有点荒唐）。锁定答案C。

65.B。细节判断题。难度：较易。找到关键词句can make sitting workers tired，定位末段。根据A feeling of being bored， anger, anxiety,tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated - those are the emotionsthat tire sitting workers（一种厌烦、愤怒、焦急、紧张、忧虑、不被欣赏的感觉，这些是使脑力工作者感到累的情感因素）。因此，答案为B。

66．A。态度判断题。难度：较难。这是一篇说明文，文章的主旨或者作者的态度一般在首末段体现。文章的首段首句Mere is an astonishing and significant fact（Mere是一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实），作者的态度是惊叹与赞同的；在末段，作者得出结论：We get tired because our emotions producenervousness in the body.（我觉得累是因为我们的感情在体内产生了紧张情绪）。因此，可以断定作者的态度是赞同的，而不是怀疑、争论或者犹豫。

解题思路：判断一个人的态度或者性格，一定要关注文章中描绘它的形容词和动词等。如文中的significant;declare;goes even further等。

67.B。推理判断题。难度：较难。通过文章的大意结构图，我们知道在文中的第二三四段作者给我们分析了科学家对致使我们劳累的因素进行的研究，在文中的末端得出了结论:不好的情绪致使体内产生紧张情愫从而使人觉得劳累。因此答案为选项B。enjoy their work（享受工作）。

【长难句学习】

 If we took a dropof blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素）and fatigue products.

翻译：如果从一个做散工的人身上取一滴血，我们会发现它充满了疲惫因素和疲惫产物。

分析：句子的主句是we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素）and fatigue products.

full of短语做it的宾语补足语；if引导的从句为条件状语从句。

【江西卷】C

         Manypeople think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite.Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It isbecause they do not realize this, or because they are not willing to do thework, that most people do not listen well.

         Listeningwell also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part oflistening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporarygiving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience asfar as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or hershoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves atemporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speakerwill seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to thelistener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listeningwell is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneselffor mutual growth.

         Mostof the time we lack this energy.Even though we may feel in our business dealingsor social relationships that we are listening well, what we are usually doingis listening selectively. Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder, aswe listen, how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversationover as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Manyof us are far

more interested intalking than in listening, or we simply refuse to listen to what we don’t wantto hear.

         Itwasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledgethat one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的) In about a quarter of the patients I saw, surprisingimprovement was shown during the first few months of psychotherapy(心理疗法), before any of the roots of problems had been uncoveredor explained. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, but chief amongthem, I believe, was the patient’s sense that he or she was being trulylistened to, often for the first time in years, and for some, perhaps for thefirst time ever.

66.   Thephrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in paragraph 2 probably means _______.

         A.preparing a topic list first                                        B.focusing on one’s own mind

         C.directing the talk to the desired results               D.experiencing the speaker’s inside world

67.   What ismainly discussed in Paragraph 2 ?

         A.How to listen well.                                                    B.What to listen to.

         C.Benefits of listening.                                                D.Problems in listening

68.   Accordingto the author , in communication people tend to ________.

         A.listen actively                                                            B.listen purposefully                        

         C.set aside their prejudices                                        D.open up their inner mind

69.   Accordingto the author , the patients improved mainly because _______.

         A.they were taken good care of.                               B.they knew they were truly listened to.

         C.they had partners to talk to.                                  D.they knew the rootsof problems.

70.   Whattype of writing the article likely to be ?

         A.Science fiction               B.A news report.             C.A medical report.                  D.Popular science

【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文，题材是关于聆听。许多人对于聆听的理解可能就是一种被动的接受，但本文向我们阐释了聆听和我们所理解的恰恰相反，聆听是一种极其主动的思维活动，真正的聆听意味着我们摒弃个人的偏见和喜好，站在他人的位置去感受他人的内心世界，只有当说话者感受到被接受后，真正的交流才得以实现，才可以使我们的交流更加高效和愉悦，同时也指出聆听在病人心理疗方面的意义。

段落

关键词 句

大意推测

第一段（para.1）

Passive, an active exercise, attention and hard work, realize, willing

聆听不是我们所理解的被动的接受，而是需要付出专注和努力的积极活动。

第二段（para.2--3）

Concentration, Bracketing, stepping into his or her shoes, acceptance, Sensing, open up the inner part , True communication, lack this energy, listening selectively, desired results, satisfactory, more interested

聆听需要专注说话者，让说话者感觉到被接受，融入到说话者的内心世界，通常聆听者总是倾向于选择性的聆听，以期待交流按照我们的意愿达到令人满意的结果。

第三段（para.4）

Being truly listened to, frequently, therapeutic,

surprising improvement, the roots, the patient’s sense, for the first time

当病人感知到被真正聆听时，在没有暴露出任何问题根源之前，居然很多人病情居然都有了很大的改善，这种现象应该主要是病人感受到了他们被真正的聆听的原因。

【解析】

66 D。细节理解题。难度: 中等。由第二段Bracketing includes …, to experience as far aspossible someone else’s world from the inside可知：这个短语其实就是对此句的转化表述，上下文都在围绕专注于聆听着要专注于说话者，让说话者感觉到被接受，融入到说话者的内心世界。

67 A。判断推理题。难度：中等。第二段第一句“Listening well also requires total concentration uponsomeone else.”是本段的key sentence，真正的聆听要求专注于说话者，本段下文均围绕，解释如何做才是真正的聆听，因此答案为A选项。

68 B。细节理解题。难度：难。根据题意，可以定位到第三段第二句“Even though … what we are usually doing is listeningselectively.”即使我们感觉我们在认真听，而事实是在交流中我们通常是在加以选择性聆听，所以本题答案B为正确。

69 B。细节理解题。难度：中等。由路标词可以定位到最后一段最后一句“…but chief among them, I believe, was thepatient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to ..”众多原因中，作者认为最主要的原因就是病人知道他们被真正的聆听，故而答案B正确。

70 D。判断分析题。难度: 中等。本文主要是向人们说明作为一个真正的聆听者，我们不可以作为一个被动的接受者，而是要成为和如何做我们才能成为积极的真正聆听者，最后一段则通过实例说明真正的聆听在心理治疗上的重要性。因此，本文是在向我们宣讲大众科学，所以D选项为正确答案。

【难句学习】

1. Truecommunication is under wayand the energy required for listening well is so great that it can beaccomplished only by the will to extendoneself for mutual growth.

翻译：这样，真正意义的交流也就开始了；而真正的聆听所需的这种精神是如此重要以至于它只有靠竭尽全力以达共同成长的意志力才能实现。

分析：be under way是固定短语，意思是正在进行中；required短语在句中作energy的后置定语；so…that…结构表示如此以至于。。。。。。

2.It wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found theknowledge that one being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的).

翻译：直到我的医生生涯就要结束的之时，我才发现原来一个人被真正的聆听对治疗心理疾病是有疗效的。

分析：此句是一个强调not until的典型的强调句，此句是把not until放在强调句中加以强调，要注意此句的翻译。强调句也是考试中一个重要考点，尤其要注意一下几点：1强调结构的构成：It is/was +被强调的成分(主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(强调主语且主语指人) +其它成分，2.强调句的典型强调句，比如not until，not A but B等，3.强调句的部分省略，也就是that/who的省略，4.强调句和定语从句的区别。

【江苏卷】C

If a diver surfaces tooquickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解)in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. Theconsequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and abent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, theconsequence can be death.

Other air-breathing animalsalso suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, forexample. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals gotthe bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside thebone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, andconsequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石)bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once hadthe bends.

Bruce Rothschild of theUniversity of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bonesto find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularlywanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem ofdecompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleaguestraveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds ofichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic andCretaceous periods.

When he started, heassumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflectingtheir gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he wasastonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceousichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassicspecimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.

If ichthyosaurs didevolve ananti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, theylost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. Hesuspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.

Whales that suffer thebends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassicoceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fondof ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark-and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the foodchain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物)as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.

61. Which of thefollowing is a typical symptom of the bends?

A. A twisted body.

B. A gradual decreasein blood supply.

C. A sudden release ofnitrogen in blood.

D. A drop in bloodpressure.

62. The purpose ofRothschild’s study is to see ______.

A. how oftenichthyosaurs caught the bends

B. how ichthyosaursadapted to decompression

C. why ichthyosaursbent their bodies

D. when ichthyosaursbroke their bones

63. Rothschild’s findingstated in Paragraph 4 ______.

A. confirmed hisassumption   B. speeded up his research process

C. disagreed with hisassumption   D. changed his research objectives

64. Rothschild mighthave concluded that ichthyosaurs ______.

A. failed to evolve ananti-decompression means

B. gradually developedmeasures against the bends

C. died out because oflarge sharks and crocodiles

D. evolved ananti-decompression means but soon lost it

语篇解读：本篇为科普说明文，讲的鱼龙的身体弯曲的原因和后果。Dr Rothschild通过实验推翻了关于鱼龙进化的一些猜测。

段落

关键词、句

大意概括

第一部分

（Para. 1-2）

Nitrogen dissolved; the reduction of pressure; sharp pain and a bent body; death; Other air-breathing animals; decompression; sickness

压力减少导致的氮溶解；结果时剧痛和弯曲，甚至死亡。其它动物也会遭受减压疾病。

第二部分

（Para. 3-6）

Rothschild began a study; he assumed…; Instead, he was astonished to discover…; he suspects…

Rothschild开始一项调查；他先假设；然后惊奇发现结果并非如此；他怀疑……

61. A。细节理解题。根据the bends可定位到首段。由The consequence…is sharp pain and a bentbody—thus the name.可知答案，a bent body和a twisted body是同义转换。由第二句的“…suddenly liberated by the reductionof pressure.”可知这是说the bends的形成原因，故C和D项错，而B项文章没有提及。

62. B。推理判断题。题干中的关键词是Rothschild’s study。由此可定位到第三段的前两句。根据to find out how widespread the problem was in the past和toinvestigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression可知答案为B。其它各项与Rothschild’s study没有关系。

63. C。推理判断题。第四段开始说到he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer inyounger fossils，接下来又说Instead, he was astonished to discover theopposite。可见，他的实验结果和他开始的预测相反，故C项符合。instead是一个转换话题的标志词，一般为题眼所在。

64. A。推理判断题。由倒数第二段的If ichthyosaursdid evolve an anti-decompression means…But that is not what Dr Rothschildthinks happened.可知，Dr Rothschild并不认可鱼龙的抗溶解进化途径。故A项符合。B项文章没有提及；文章只是说they have surfaced to escape a predator，并不是说鱼龙的灭绝是鲨鱼造成的；D项与Dr Rothschild的看法正好相反。

【难句学习】

1. The consequence, if the bubbles(气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp painand a bent body—thus the name.

翻译：如果气泡在一个关节处累积，后果就是剧痛和弯曲的身体——因此它的名字就这样产生了。

分析：本句中的if引导的状语从句是插入语，主干是The consequence is sharp pain and a bent body。

2. When he started, heassumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflectingtheir gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.

翻译：开始时，他假设弯曲的迹象在年纪轻的化石中会少见，这也反映在针对减压的措施中他们的逐渐进化。

分析：本句主干是he assumed that…。when引导时间状语从句，reflecting是现在分词结构作结果状语。

                                【湖北卷】D

　　The technology is great. Without it we wouldn’thave been able to put a man on the moon, explore the ocean’s depths or eatmicrowave sausages. Computers have revolutionized our lives and they have thepower to educate and pass on knowledge. But sometimes this power can createmore problems than it solves.

　　Every doctor has had to try their best to calmdown patients who’ve come into their surgery waving an Internet print-out,convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer. Thetruth is usually far more ordinary, though: they don’t have throat cancer, andit’s just that their throats are swollen. Being a graduate of the Internet “school”of medicine does not guarantee accurate self-health-checks.

　　One day Mrs. Almond came to my hospital afterfeeling faint at work. While I took her blood sample and tried to find out whatwas wrong, she said calmly, “I know what’s wrong; I’ve got throat cancer. Iknow there’s nothing you doctors can do about it and I’ve just got to waituntil the day comes.”

　　As a matter of routine I ordered a chest X-ray.I looked at it and the blood results an hour later. Something wasn’t right. “Didyour local doctor do an X-ray?” I asked. “Oh, I haven’t been tothe doctor for years,” she replied. “I read about it ona website and the symptoms fitted, so I knew that’s what I had.”

　　However, some of her symptoms, like the severecough and weight loss, didn’t fit with it—but she’d justignored this.

　　I looked at the X-ray again, and more testsconfirmed it wasn’t the cancer but tuberculosis (肺结核)—somethingthat most certainly did need treating, and could be deadly. She was lucky wecaught it when we did.

　　Mrs.Almond went pale when I explained she would have to be on treatment for thenext six months to ensure that she was fully recovered. It was certainly alesson for her. “I’m so embarrassed,”she said, shaking her head, as I explained that all the people she had comeinto close contact with would have to be found out and tested.  She listedup to about 20, and then I went to my office to type up my notes. Unexpectedly,the computer was not working, so I had to wait until someone from the ITdepartment came to fix it. Typical. Maybe I should have a microwave sausagewhile I waited?

　　63. Mrs. Almond talked about her illness calmlybecause ______.

　　A. she thought she knew it well

　　B. she had purchased medicine online

　　C. she graduated from a medical school

　　D. she had been treated by local doctors

　　64. It was lucky for Mrs. Almond ______.

　　A. to have contacted many friends

　　B. to have recovered in a short time

　　C. to have her assumption confirmed

　　D. to have her disease identified in time

　　65. Mrs. Almond said “I’mso embarrassed” (Para. 7) because ______.

　　A. she had distrusted her close friends

　　B. she had caused unnecessary trouble

　　C. she had to refuse the doctor’s advice

　　D. she had to tell the truth to the doctor

　　66. By mentioning the breakdown of the computer,the author probably wants to prove ______.

　　A. it’s a must to take a break at work

　　B. it’s vital to believe in IT professionals

　　C. it’s unwise to simply rely on technology

　　D. it’s a danger to work long hours on computers

【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，题材是科普文章。文章开篇介绍了科技可以改变生活，也能制造出更多的麻烦，阐述了一些病人通过网络高科技诊断自己得了不治之症，医生须尽力想方设法解释的事情；文章接着讲述一个病人自认为得了喉癌，而“我”通过努力让其相信病症是肺结核而不是喉癌的事实，说明网络科技给病人和我带来的麻烦；当我拿着病人提供的需要仔细检查的名单想输入电脑时，高科技电脑又不能用了….

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

technology; great; create more problems

科技是伟大的，但有时也带来麻烦。

第二部分（Para. 2）

 calm down patients; Internet print-out; incurable disease; guanrantee accurate self-health-checks

网络科技给病人带来的自我诊断是不准确的。

第三部分（Para. 3-7）

throat cancer; website; symptoms; tuberculosis; recover; computer;  working

病人Mrs. Almond 依靠网络自我诊断为喉癌，医生确诊病人是肺结核；医生想输入更多需要检查的名单时，电脑不工作了

【解析】

63. A。推理判断题。难度：较易。第三段“I know what’s wrong; I’ve got throat cancer. I know there’snothing you doctors can do about it and I’ve just got to wait until the daycomes.”可知病人自己认为自己已经得了throat cancer；第四段“I read aboutit on a website and the symptoms fitted, so I knew that’s what I had.”意即“我在网上查了，症状相符，因此我知道我得了（喉癌）”可知，病人自认为对自己的病“成竹在胸”，所以选A。B、C选项文中未提及；D选项和文中“Oh, I haven’t been to the doctor for years,”不相符，排除D。

64. D。推理判断题。难度：较易。“很幸运的是Mrs. Almond…”D选项是“她的病得到了及时确定对她来说是幸运的”。作者否定了Mrs. Almond自己根据网上推断自己得了喉癌，及时指出她得了肺结核，六个月可以康复，因此选择D选项。A选项是“能接触到很多朋友是很幸运的”，文中有朋友是客观事实，并未特别说明是幸运的事；B选项说“很短时间会恢复健康”，而文中说需要6个月，不算很短的时间；C选项“假设被证实了假设”，假设是“她自认为得了喉癌”，其实是肺结核；假设本身不对，证实是肺结核。

65. B。推理判断题。难度：中等。Mrs. Almond感到窘迫、不好意思，是因为她了解了自己得的是肺结核，而不是喉癌，而她的坚持说自己得了喉癌的确给医生带来了不必要的麻烦，因此选择B选项。A选项说她打扰了她的朋友，文中未提及；C选项说她拒绝了医生的建议，其实她听从了医生的建议；D选项“她不得不告诉医生实话”，其实她说了实话，这并不是她窘迫的原因。

66. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。作者从一开始就说科技有时会带来麻烦，通过对Mrs. Almond病情的诊断又说明了不能依赖高科技；作者打算录入电脑名单是，电脑恰恰有坏了，就进一步说明了“简单的依赖科技是不明智的”，所有选C。

干扰项排除：A选项“电脑工作中休息一下是必须的事”，恰好在医生想录入名单时休息，医生就想证明这样的事？不符合整篇文章和科技有关的主题；B选项“相信IT专业人员是很重要的”，医生等IT专业人员来修理，也不知修的结果如何，作者只是说了一下，等人来修电脑，这和文章主题不相关；D选项“长时间在电脑上工作有危险”，医生也未说明电脑进行了长久的工作，故排除D。

【难句学习】

1. Every doctor has hadto try their best to calm down patients who’ve come into their surgery wavingan Internet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease,say, throat cancer.

翻译： 长久以来，每一位医生不得不尽力去让那些手挥动着从网上打印的东西来到诊疗室确信他们患上了某种罕见的不可治愈的疾病，比如说，喉癌的病人镇定下来。

分析：句子的主句是Every doctor has had to try their best to calmdown patients，而who’ve come into their surgery waving anInternet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say,throat cancer.是定语从句，修饰patients，其中waving an Internetprint-out用作伴随状语，convinced that they have some rare incurabledisease, say, throat cancer的逻辑主语为patients，that引导的句子为其宾语从句；say是插入语。

2. “I’mso embarrassed,” she said, shaking her head, as I explained thatall the people she had come into close contact with would have to be found outand tested. 

翻译：当我解释说和她有亲密关系的所有人都必须找到并须检查的时候，她摇着头，说，“我真不好意思”。

分析： 主句是“I’m so embarrassed,”she said，shaking her head用作伴随状语，as Iexplained that all the people she had come into close contact with would haveto be found out and tested是as引导的时间状语从句，I 是主语，explained是谓语动词， that 引导宾语从句；宾语从句中主句是all the people would have to be found out and tested是句子的主干，she had come into close contact with用作定语从句，修饰all the people.

【福建卷】B

Your glasses maysomeday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch.Some in the city can't wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that thefuturistic eyewear is likely to include.

" I'd use it if Iwere hanging out with friends at 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to seewhat was open," said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene.

The smartphone-likeglasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, theTimes said, possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的) reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one'ssurroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicatorswould pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plottedout and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.

" As far as amainstream consumer product, this just isn't something anybody needs,"said Sam Biddle, who writes for Gizmodo.com. " We're accustomed to havingone thing in our pocket to do all these things," he added, "and theaverage consumer isn't gonna be able to afford another device (装置)that's hundreds and hundreds of dollars. "

9to5Google publisherSeth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses sincelate last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device willeventually be as common as smartphones.

"It's just likesmartphones 10 years ago," Weintraub said. "A few people startedgetting emails on their phones, and people thought that was crazy. Same kind ofthing. We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones, and it'sunnatural," he said. " There's gonna be improvements to that, andthis a step there. "

【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文，介绍未来的一款可以替代智能手机的眼镜，它带有有地图和GPS功能，但对于一般的消费者来说，价格有点承受不起，但是预计前景看好。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone；use the maps and GPS；

主题：你的眼镜可能有一天取代你的智能手机,它也拥有地图和GPS。

第二部分（Para. 2-6）

wanted to see what was open；come out this year； cost between $250 and $600；including a variation of augmented reality；information... about one's surroundings；isn't something anybody needs；isn't gonna be able to afford another device that's hundreds and hundreds of dollars；will eventually be as common as smartphones；It's just like smartphones 10 years ago。

功能介绍：可以通过眼镜查找地方，提供周围地区的信息。

时间：今年可能上市，

价格：$250- $600，一般的而消费者消费不起。不是人人都需要，但将来会和智能手机一样普通。

 解析

60. One of the possiblefunctions of the smartphone-like glasses is to ____.

A.     programthe opening hours of a bar

B.     supplyyou with a picture of the future

C.     provideinformation about your surroundings

D.     updatethe maps and GPS in your smartphones

60. C。细节理解题。难度：中上。根据题干“functions”，定位第一段中use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewearis likely to include. 以及第二段中“going to the bar and wanted to see what wasopen,”可知；这款眼镜可以为你提供周围的信息。选C。

61.   Theunderlined phrase "pop up" in the third paragraph probably means" ____".

A. develop rapidly       B. get round quickly

C. appear immediately    D.go over automatically

61. C。词义猜测题。根据题干，定位第三段：if you were walking down a street, indicators（指示器/灯）would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shopor directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk infront of you.。在你沿着马路走的时候，眼镜上立刻会有指示灯出现，为你显示最近的咖啡店。这是眼镜的GPS的功能，有生活常识推断pop up为C.appearimmediately。A. develop rapidly快速发展，不符合题意。B. getround quickly（消息）传开来；D. go over 后一般要加宾语。

62.   Accordingto Sam Biddle, the smartphone-like glasses are ____.

A. necessary forteenagers     B. attractive to New Yorkers

C. available to peopleworldwide    D. expensive for average consumers

62. D。细节推断题。由题干“Sam Biddle”定位第四段，We're accustomed to having one thing in ourpocket to do all these things," he added, "and the average consumerisn't gonna be able to afford another device (装置) that's hundredsand hundreds of dollars. "可知：这款眼镜上千美元，对于一般的消费者来说，承受不了。故选D。

63.   We canlearn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphone-like glasses ____.

A. may have a potentialmarket      B. are as common as smartphones

C. are popular amongyoung adults         D. will beimproved by a new technology

63.A。细节推断题。第五段中Seth相信这款眼镜will eventually be as common as smartphones，（将来最终和智能手机一样常见。第六段则阐述智能手机当年也是如此，（但是现在智能手机很受欢迎）。It's just like smartphones 10 years ago, 暗示这款眼镜和智能手机一样会很有市场。选A。根据时态差异，排除B。第五、六段中都未提及它受年轻的成年人的欢迎，排除C；也未曾提及新技术，排除D。

难句分析

1．"I'd use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a. m. and going to the barand wanted to see what was open,"

翻译：我会使用它，如果早上3点我和朋友在外闲逛，要去酒吧，想看看什么酒吧还在营业。

分析：句子为虚拟语气，与现在相反：I would do sth if sb did sth/were doing sth。

2. The smartphone-likeglasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, theTimes said, possibly including a variation of augmented reality, a technologyalready available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlaysinformation onto the screen about one's surroundings.

翻译：《纽约时报》说：这款类似智能手机的眼镜将可能在今年研制出来，价格在$250到$600之间，可能还包括一个扩增实境的变化——这是一个在智能手机和平板电脑上都已经可以使用的技术，它可以把一个人周边的环境信息叠加到屏幕上。

分析：这句话的主语应该是the Times said。including avariation of augmented reality做伴随状语，a technology already available on smartphonesand tablets (平板电脑)是augmented reality的同位语。that overlaysinformation onto the screen about one's surroundings. 是atechnology的定语从句。

3…. Seth Weintraub, whohas been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said heis confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common assmartphones. 

翻译：…Seth Weintraub, 自从去年年末他一直在报道有关类似智能手机的眼镜，他说, 他相信这种类型的可穿戴设备将最终和智能手机一样普遍.

分析: Seth Weintraub,said…为主句主谓宾。who has been…是定语从句修饰Seth Weintraub。said后为宾语从句。be confident that +从句，对…..很自信。

【北京卷】D

Multitasking

People who multitask allthe time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests.The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 collegestudents, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increaseproductivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心)and can’t focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst athandling different things,” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at theUniversity of Utah.

Sanbonmatsu and hiscolleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how oftenthey multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and howsensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or imperative (冲动) they were. Theythen evaluated theparticipants’ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required thestudents to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set ofletters.

Not surprisingly, thescientists said, most people thought they were better than average atmultitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely toreport using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media atonce. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time werefound to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were morelikely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, which connectswith how easily people get bored and distracted.

“People multitask notbecause it’s going to lead to greater productivity, but because they’redistractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important.”Sanbonmatsu said.

Adam Gazzaley, aresearcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a memberof the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’tfind out whether people who start out less focused  toward multitasking orwhether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result ofmultitasking.

The findings dosuggest, however, why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoyrisky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally lesssensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley, another researcher not inthe group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations eventhough they’re dangerous.”

67. The research led bySanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask ______.

A. seek highproductivity constantly

B. prefer handlingdifferent things when getting bored

C. are more focusedwhen doing many things at a time

D. have the poorestresults in doing various things at the same time

68. When Sanbonmatsuand his colleagues conducted their research, they ______.

A. assessed themultitasking ability of the students

B. evaluated theacademic achievements of the students

C. analyzed the effectsof the participants’ tricky mental tasks

D. measured the changesof the students’ understanding ability

69. According toSanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their ______.

A. limited power incalculation

B. interests in doingthings differently

C. inability toconcentrate on one task

D. impulsive desire totry new things

70. From the lastparagraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually ______.

A. drive veryskillfully

B. go in for differenttasks

C. fail to reactquickly to potential dangers

D. refuse to explainthe reasons for their behavior

【语篇解读】本文是一篇研究报告。Sanbonmatsu和他的同事通过对275名高校生进行的多任务试验，根据参与者的表现和自我评估，发现：当一心多用的人同时做两件事时，表现最不如人意。因为他们容易分心，无法专注于一个活动。另外，那些一心多用者对于危险情况不很敏感。

段落

关键词、句

大意推测

第一部分（Para. 1）

People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. they are easily distracted (分心) and can’t focus on one activity.

当一心多用的人同时做两件事时，表现最不如人意。因为他们容易分心，无法专注于一个活动。

第二部分（Para. 2）

a set of tests; report ...; evaluated; . But …perform the worst; more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior; how easily people get bored and distracted.

实验过程：给参与者一组测试，要求他们报告数据，然后他们通过一个微妙的心理任务评估参与者的多任务处理能力。

第三部分（Para. 3）

found to perform the worst ；to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, which connects with…;

one limitation …was that it couldn’t find out whether people who start out less focused    toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking，

 less sensitive to risky situations。

实验结果: 那些自认为有较好的多任务执行力的参与者在实际多任务操作时表现最糟糕，他们承认自己的行为是寻求刺激和冲动, 这与他们容易感觉无聊和分心的有关。

试验的一个局限性：无法得知参与者是否对多任务操作关注不多，人们是否会因为多任务操作的结果而改变认识能力和理解能力。

研究表明：那些一心多用者对于危险情况不很敏感。

【解析】

67. D。细节判断题。难度：中等。题干关键词为The research …indicates，定位第一段。People whomultitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a newresearch suggests.可知：同一时间做多个任务的人表现最糟糕。故D.正确。

68. D。细节判断题。难度：中等。由题干可知，此题考查试验过程的内容，定位在第二段。第二句中They then evaluated the participants’multitasking ability with a tricky mental task …，可知：该团队用一个微妙的心理任务来评估参与者的多任务操作能力。第一段的第二句The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation byabout 275 college students,…。可知：这些参与者是275名高校生。故正确答案为A。

69. C。细节判断题。难度：中等  根据题干，定位第四段：“People multitask not because it’s going to leadto greater productivity, but because they’re distractible, and they get sucked intothings that are not as important.” 人们一心多用不是因为这样做会大大提高生产效率，而是因为他们分心，他们做的事不是那么重要。inability to concentrate on one task意为：无法集中精力在一个任务。故选C。

70. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。由题干定位最后一段，People who are multitasking aregenerally less sensitive to risky situations，可知：一心多用者对于危险情况不很敏感，可推断他们有时无法对潜在的危险做出快速反应，C正确。

[2014·北京卷]

C

Choosingthe right resolution(决定)

 Millions ofAmericans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013  with, agoal of losing weight. However，settingweight lose as a goal is a mistake.

To reach our goal oflosing weight—the output, we need to control what we eat—the input(输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to controlthe input.This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focusyour resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try anactionable resolution: “I'll stophaving dessert for lunch，” or “I'll walk every day for 20minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely bemore effective than concentrating on the outcome.

Recently a newscience behind incentives(激励), includingin education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wantedto see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In somecases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books,while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams.His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on inputbut had no effect when based on output. Fryer's conclusion was that theincentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know howto do better on an exam, aside from general rules like “study harder”. Readingcertain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have muchmore control.

As long as you havedirect control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. Andit's easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you needto do.

If you want to cutdown on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at homeinstead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-basedgoal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn't agoal because it's too general . Similarly, if you want to spend more time withyour family, don't stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habitthat you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.

In the long run, thesenew goals could become a habit.

63. The writer thinksthat setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because ________．

A. it is hard toachieve for most Americans

B. it is focused toomuch on the result

C. it is dependent ontoo many  things

D. it is based onactionable decisions

64. In Roland Fryer'sresearch, some students did better than the others because ________．

A. they obeyed allthe general rules

B. they paid moreattention to exams

C. they weremotivated by their classmates

D. they were rewardedfor reading some books

65. According to thewriter, which of the following statements is a good goal?

A. “I'll give up dessert.”

B. “I'll study harder.”

C. “I'll cut down my expenses.”

D. “I'll spend more time with my family.”

66. The writerstrongly believes that we should ________．

A. develop goodhabits and focus on the outcome

B. be optimisticabout final goals and stick to them

C. pick specificactions that can be turned into good habits

D. set ambitiousgoals that can balance the input and output

【要点综述】 本文是一篇科普类文章，从2014年美国人的减肥计划开始，一直谈到减肥成功的关键。由此，作者引出RolandFryer做的一项实验，该实验表明，当关注输入(开始)时，激励才发生作用。要想达到目标，必须重视目标，而不是根据结果调整行动。

63. B　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“…we tend to care about the output but notto control the input.”和“…concentrating on the outcome.”可知我们失败或错误的根据是因为过分关注结果。

64. D　细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知RolandFryer把input(即阅读)和output(考试结果)作为两种激励变量，得到的结果是input的效果好于output。故选D。

65. A　细节理解题。根据全文内容可知，“losingweight”“results on exams”“study harder”“cut down on your spending”“spend more time withyour family”都强调结果，是太泛泛的目标，不易获取成功；而“controlwhat we eat”“stop having dessert” “ walkevery day”“making morning coffee at home”“a familymovie night”等强调行动，是一种输入，所以更容易成功。故本题选A。

66. C　推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的“This is a well-specified action-basedgoal for which you can measure your success easily.”可知，作者实际上是建议人们采取能形成好习惯的行动来实现目标。故选C项。

   C8[2014·广东卷]

D

Scientists today aremaking greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流). Most doit using satellites and other hightech equipment. However, ocean expert CurtisEbbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floatinggarbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type ofresearch in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoeswashing up on the shores of the north-west coast of the United States. Therewere so many shoes that people were setting up swap_meets to tryand match left and right shoes to sell or wear.

Ebbesmeyer found outin his researches that the shoes—about 60，000 in total—fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phonedthe shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, thecompany told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a greatexperiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water andtracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of oceancurrents.

The Pacific Northwestis one of the world's best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there isa group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot ofthem and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoeslanded. In a year he collected reliable information on

1，600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to testand improve a computer programme designed to model ocean currents, and publishthe findings  of their study.

As the result of hiswork, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions aboutany unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started anassociation of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from WestAfrica to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging frompotatoes to golf gloves.

41. The underlinedphrase “swap meets” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”．

A. fitting rooms

B. trading fairs

C. business talks

D. group meetings

42. Ebbesmeyer phonedthe shoe company to find out ________．

A. what caused theshipping accident

B. when and where theshoes went missing

C. whether it was allright to use their shoes

D. how much they lostin the shipping accident

43. How didEbbesmeyer prove his assumption?

A. By collectinginformation from beachcombers.

B. By studying theshoes found by beachcombers.

C. By searching theweb for ocean currents models.

D. By researchingocean currents data in the library.

44. Ebbesmeyer ismost famous for ________．

A. travelling widelythe coastal cities of the world

B.  makingrecords for any lost objects on the sea

C. running a globalcurrents research association

D.  phoningabout any doubtful objects on the sea

45. What is thepurpose of the author in writing this passage?

A. To call people'sattention to ocean pollution.

B. To warn people ofshipping safety in the ocean.

C. To explain aunique way of studying ocean currents.

D. To give tips onhow to search for lost objects on the beach.

【要点综述】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海洋专家Ebbesmeyer研究洋流的一种特殊的方法。

41. B　词义猜测题。swap意为“交换”。由相似表达sports meet可以推出meet的含义，再从文中“There wereso many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left andright shoes to sell or wear.”可以确定答案为B。

42. C　细节理解题。根据第二段的“He phonedthe shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back.”可知Ebbesmeyer给制鞋公司打电话问他们还要不要收回这些鞋子，再结合下文“Ebbesmeyerrealized this could be a great experiment.”可知他打算利用这些鞋子进行研究。故选C。

43. A　细节理解题。根据第三段的“…there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyergot to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting informationabout where the shoes landed.”可知Ebbesmeyer是从海滩搜寻者那里得到信息的。故选A。

44. D　细节理解题。根据最后一段的“…Ebbesmeyer has become known as thescientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating inthe ocean.”可知答案为D。其中call对应phoning，而unusual对应doubtful。

45. C　写作意图题。说明文要注意主旨句在首尾段的情况，尤其要注意首尾段出现的but或者however等转折词，转折后是作者要表达的重点。根据第一段的“However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyerdoes it in a special way－bystudying movements of random floating garbage.”可知作者的写作目的是解释研究洋流的一种特殊的方法。故选C。

C8[2014·湖北卷]

C

Working with a groupof baboons(狒狒) in the Namibiandesert, Dr Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University setbaboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in abox. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who alreadyknew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To workout how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr Carter presented them either witha novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.

She found thatpersonality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but theshy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform thetask of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect,despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what theexperienced baboon did.

The same held truefor anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt thetask by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though theyspent more time watching.

This mismatchbetween collecting social information and using it shows that personality playsa key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignoredin studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significantbecause they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(认知的) tasks not because they aren't clever enough to solve them, butbecause they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.

The findings mayimpact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through sociallearning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others becausethey don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy touse the information once they have it, information may not travel between allgroup members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.

59. What is the firstparagraph mainly about?

A.  The designof Dr Carter's research.

B.  The resultsof Dr Carter's research.

C.  The purposeof Dr Carter's research.

D.  Thesignificance of Dr Carter's research.

60. According to theresearch, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?

A. Those that havemore experience.

B. Those that canavoid potential risks.

C. Those that like towork independently.

D. Those that feelanxious about learning.

61. Which bestillustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?

A. Some baboons areintelligent but slow in learning.

B. Some baboons areshy but active in social activities.

C. Some baboonsobserve others but don't follow them.

D. Some baboonsperform new tasks but don't concentrate.

62. Dr Carter'sfindings indicate that our culture might be formed through ________．

A. storinginformation

B. learning from eachother

C. understandingdifferent people

D. travelling betweensocial groups

【要点概述】 本文是一篇科普类文章。文章通过叙述Dr AleciaCarter在狒狒身上进行的一项研究显示，动物的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用。勇敢的、急躁的狒狒乐于学习，而胆小的、安静的狒狒不乐于学习。同样，人类也与此相似，我们的文化的形成正是通过交换信息等社会化的学习活动来实现的。

59. A　主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“…Dr Alecia Carter of the Department ofZoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel foodand a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance towatch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others hadto learn for themselves.”可知，本段主要描述她进行的这项研究的设计方案，也就是她在这项研究里是如何做的。所以A项正确。

60. D　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Theanxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who wererelaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.”可知，那些很急切想学习的狒狒学得更快、更好，而那些害羞的狒狒却没能做到。所以D项正确。

61. C　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Theanxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who wererelaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.”可知，一些狒狒虽然观察了很长时间，但是并没有采取行动。这说明性格在动物的社会行为中起着很重要的作用。第四段里的mismatch就是指第三段最后一句“…while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent moretime watching.”的内容。所以C项正确。

62. B　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的第一句“Thefindings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societiesthrough social learning.”可知，人们是通过社会学习来理解我们文化的形成的，也就是说人们需要相互交换信息、相互学习。所以B项正确。

C8[2014·江苏卷]

C

Most damagingly, angerweakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over hisbehaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotionalsignificance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.

Not everyoneexperiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another.The specific of anger also differs from person to person based onbiological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical sof anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We nolonger regard duels(决斗) as an appropriate of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting behaviouron the part of another.

Anger can beidentified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under mostconditions EEG(脑电图) measures ofelectrical activity show balanced activity between the right and leftprefrontal(额叶前部) areas.Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition(意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angrythe EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and, as a resultof this, we're likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger isdifferent from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.

Most positiveemotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people welike. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidancebehaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make usanxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, themore likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds towhat psychologists refer to as offensive anger:the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the personor situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour isaccompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称) of EEGactivity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person canexperience empathy(同感) towards theindividual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger,in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angryperson feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.

61．The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the of anger  ________．

A．usually has a biological basis

B．varies among people

C．is socially and culturally shaped

D．influences one's thinking and evaluation

62．What changes can be found in an angry brain?

A．Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.

B．Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.

C．Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.

D．Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.

63．Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?

A．Approaching the source of anger.

B．Trying to control what is disliked.

C．Moving away from what is disliked.

D．Feeling helpless in the face of anger.

64．What is the key message of the last paragraph?

A．How anger differs from other emotions.

B．How anger relates to other emotions.

C．Behavioural responses to anger.

D．Behavioural patterns of anger.

【要点综述】 本文是一篇医学类说明文，介绍了人们生气的危害、不同原因、生气时大脑的状态以及其行为模式等。最后心理学家又分别对进攻型的愤怒和防守型的愤怒做了具体阐述。

61．C　推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句“Thespecific of anger also differs from person to person based onbiological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical sof anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.”可知，表达愤怒的方式不尽相同，受生理、文化和社会驱使的影响，故C项正确。

62．B　细节理解题。根据第三段中“But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontalareas aren't balanced …”可知当我们生气时，脑电图反映出在左、右前额叶脑区活动不均衡，由此确定B项正确。

63．A　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Theangrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angryperson moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situationcausing his anger.”可知，我们越生气，离生气的对象就越近，这和心理学家提到的offensiveanger相呼应，即越生气，就越接近生气的根源，故A项正确。

64．D　段落大意题。文章最后一段的前两句“Most positive emotions are associatedwith…negative emotions, incontrast…”引领整段，介绍了生气的不同行为模式，故D项正确。

C8[2014·辽宁卷]

A

A new study showsstudents who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams thanthose who use laptops(笔记本电脑)．

Students areincreasingly using laptops for note-takingbecause of speed and legibility(清晰度)．But the research has found laptop users are less able to rememberand apply the concepts they have been taught.

Researchers performedexperiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased thetendency to make notes “mindlessly”by taking down word for word what the professors said.

In the firstexperiment，students were giveneither a laptop or pen and paper.They listened to the same lectures and were toldto use their usual note-taking skills.Thirty minutes after the talk，they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on howwell they understood concepts.

The researchers foundthat laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand.However，the typists performed worse at remembering and applying theconcepts.Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts.

The researchers'report said，“While more notes are beneficial，if thenotes are taken mindlessly，as is morelikely the case on a laptop，thebenefit disappears.”

In another experimentaimed at testing long-term memory，studentstook notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture.This time，the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantlybetter on the exam.

These two experimentssuggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning andunderstanding，but that they alsolead to superior revision in the future.

21．More and more students favour laptops for note-taking because they can ________.

A．write more notes  B．digestconcepts better

C．get higher scores  D．understandlectures better

22．While taking notes，laptopusers tend to be ________.

A．skilful  B．mindless

C．thoughtful  D．tireless

23．The author of the passage aims to ________.

A．examine the importance of long-termmemory

B．stress the benefit of taking notes by hand

C．explain the process of taking notes

D．promote the use of laptops

24．The passage is likely to appear in ________.

A．a newspaper advertisement

B．a computer textbook

C．a science magazine

D．a finance report

【要点综述】 本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论用笔记本电脑记笔记和手写记笔记的优劣。作者认为手写记笔记不仅更有利于立即记忆和理解，而且还有利于以后复习。

21．A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句以及第五段第一句“研究者发现笔记本电脑使用者记笔记的内容是手写记笔记者的两倍”可知选A。

22．B　 细节理解题。根据第五段第一、二句“笔记本电脑使用者记笔记的内容是手写记笔记者的两倍，但是在记忆和运用概念方面表现很差”可知选B。

23．B　写作意图题。根据最后一段“两个实验表明，手写记笔记不仅更有利于立即记忆和理解，而且还有利于以后复习”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是介绍手写记笔记的好处。

24．C　 推理判断题。这是一项关于怎样记笔记更有效的研究，所以可能出现在科学杂志上。

C8[2014·辽宁卷]

C

Would it surprise youto learn that，like animals，trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to thenext generation?

UBC Professor Simardexplains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.AlthoughCharles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest，Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact，the_opposite_is_true：trees survive through their co-operation and support，passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”．

Nitrogen(氮) and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi(真菌) networks，makingsure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just theright amount to keep them all healthy.This hidden system works in a verysimilar way to the networks of neurons(神经元) in ourbrains，and when one tree isdestroyed，it affects all.

Simard talks about “mother trees”，usuallythe largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend.She explains howdying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation，transporting important minerals to young trees so they maycontinue to grow.When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of thesehighly complex “tree societies” or the networks on which they feed，we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.

“We didn'ttake any notice of it，” Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into theyoung trees before dying，but wenever give them chance.” If wecould put across the message to the forestry industry，we could make a huge difference towards our environmentalprotection efforts for the future.

29．The underlined sentence “the oppositeis true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees ________.

A．compete for survival

B．protect their own wealth

C．depend on each other

D．provide support for dying trees

30．“Mother trees” are extremely important because they ________.

A．look the largest in size in the forest

B．pass on nutrition to young trees

C．seem more likely to be cut down by humans

D．know more about the complex “tree societies”

31．The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to ________.

A．how “tree societies” work

B．how trees grow old

C．how forestry industry develops

D．how young trees survive

32．What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Old trees communicate like humans

B．Young trees are in need of protection

C．Trees are more awesome than you think

D．Trees contribute to our society

【要点综述】 本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍Simard的观点：认为树与树之间相互合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存。

29．C　句意理解题。Simard 不同意达尔文“适者生存”的观点，Simard的观点和达尔文“适者生存”观点相反：树通过它们之间的合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存。故C项正确。

30．B　推理判断题。根据第四段前两句“…pass on the wealth to the next generation…”可推知B项正确。

31．A　 词义猜测题。这里it指第四段中mothertrees运输营养给年轻的树，以便年轻的树能够继续生长的树生态社会工作原理。

32．C　 主旨大意题。Simard认为树与树之间相互合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存，这比我们以前认为的“适者生存”的观点更令人敬畏。

C8[2014·山东卷]

D

How fit are yourteeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: an inventor is on thecase. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and itlets you track your performance on your phone.

The Kolibreetoothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in LasVegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to anAndroid phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.

The toothbrush willbe able to teach you to brush right (don't forget the insides of the teeth！) and make sure you're brushing long enough. “It's kind of like having a dentistactually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis，” saysThomas Serval, the French inventor.

The toothbrush willalso be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could,for instance, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could scorepoints for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fun，” Serval says.

Serval says he wasinspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and askhis kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes”， but Serval wouldfind their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really toldhim how well his children brushed.

The company says theKolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features.The US is the first target market.

Serval says that oneday, it'll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unitthat also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth whileyou brush.

56．Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush?

A．It can sense how users brush their teeth.

B．It can track users' school performance.

C．It can detect users' fear of seeing a dentist.

D．It can help users find their phones.

57．What can we learn from Serval's words in Paragraph 3?

A．You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.

B．You should see your dentist on a day-to-day basis.

C．You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.

D．You'd like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.

58．Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?

A．It can be used to update mobile phones.

B．It can be used to play mobile phone games.

C．It can send messages to other users.

D．It can talk to its developers.

59．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?

A．How Serval found out his kids lied to him.

B．Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.

C．How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.

D．What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush. 

60．What can we infer about Serval's children?

A．They were unwilling to brush their teeth.

B．They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.

C．They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dryhead.         

D．They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.

61．What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?

A．The brush handle will be removed. 

B．A mobile phone will be built into it.

C．It will be used to fill holes in teeth. 

D．It will be able to check users' teeth.

【要点综述】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍法国发明家ThomasServal根据自己的经历发明了一款多功能的电动牙刷。

56．A　细节理解题。根据第一段的“An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush…”可知这个牙刷的功能特点。

57．C　推理判断题。根据第三段可知，使用这款牙刷刷牙就好像牙医在指导着你刷牙。故选C。

58．B　细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知答案为B。

59．D　段落大意题。本段内容讲Serval下班回家发现孩子们谎称刷了牙，但牙刷头还是干的，这激起了他发明这款牙刷的想法。故选D。

60．A　推理判断题。根据第五段的“They said ‘yes’， but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry…how well his children brushed.”可知孩子们是不愿意刷牙的。

61．D　推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知将来这款牙刷会安上摄像机以检查牙齿上的洞。

C8[2014·陕西卷]

C

Why do Americansstruggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food,continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers conclude thatthe French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend tostop when their plate is empty or their favourite TV show is over.

According to Dr JosephMercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of theirlife style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at thetable, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the otherdaily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense whenthey are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would havestopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarketsto buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shopdaily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice offresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.

After a visit to theUnited States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don'tGet Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when tostop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slimand rarely goes to the gym.

In spite of all thesedifferences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affectingFrench eating habits. Today the rate of obesity—or  extremeoverweight—among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gainsacceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among Frenchchildren has reached 17%—and is growing.

53. In what way arethe French different from Americans according to Dr Joseph Mercola?

A. They go shoppingat supermarkets more frequently.     

B. They squeezeeating between the other daily activities.

C. They regard eatingas a key part of their life style.

D. They usually eattoo much canned and frozen food.

54. This text ismainly the relationship between ________．

A. Americans and theFrench      

B. life style andobesity

C. children andadults                 

D. fast food andoverweight

55. The text ismainly developed ________．

A. bycontrast   B. by space

C. by process   D. by classification

56. Where does thistext probably come from?

A. A TVinterview.     B. A food advertisement.  

C. A health report.    D. A book review.

【要点综述】 本文是一篇科普说明文，大意是说美国康奈尔大学的专家的一项研究：美国人和法国人的饮食习惯对各自的体重的影响。

53. C　细节理解题。根据第二段的首句可知法国人认为吃饭是他们日常生活的重要组成部分，故选C。

54. B　主旨大意题。根据主题段——第一自然段的大意可知本文主要是说明生活习惯与肥胖之间的关系，故选B。

55. A　篇章结构题。通读本文可知作者是通过美国人和法国人的饮食习惯的对比来说明饮食习惯与肥胖的关系，故答案为A。

56. C　推理判断题。本文大意是关于饮食习惯于肥胖的关系问题，由此可知文章应该选自于一项有关健康问题的报告，故选C。

C8[2014·四川卷]

E

Women are friendly.But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to thehormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素).Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.

“Women tendto be social in their behaviour. They often share with others. But men lend tobe competitive. They are trying to improve their social status，” saidProfessor Ryan.

Generally, peoplebelieve that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various socialsituations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive socialinteractions (互动) such as falling inlove or giving birth.

But in a previousexperiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our bodyduring negative social interactions such as envy.

Further researchesshowed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognizecompetitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognizefriendship.

Professor Ryan'srecent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.

Half of theparticipants(参与者) received oxytocin.The other half received placebo(安慰剂)．

After a week, the twogroups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure withthe other material.

Following eachtreatment, they were shown some video pictures with different socialinteractions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answeringsome questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition.And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facials.

The results indicatedthat, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognizecompetitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability tocorrectly recognize friendship that got better.

Professor Ryan thusconcluded, “Ourexperiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities tobetter distinguish different social interactions. And the behaviour differencesbetween men and women are caused by biological factors(因素) that are mainly hormonal.”

47. What causes menand women to behave differently according to the text?

A. Placebo.  B.Oxytocin.

C. The gesture. D. The social status.

48. What can we learnfrom Professor Ryan's previous experiment?

A. Oxytocin affectsour behaviour in a different way.

B. Our body lets outoxytocin when we are deep in love.

C. Our body producesoxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.

D. Oxytocin improvesour abilities to understand people's behaviour differences.

49. Why did ProfessorRyan conduct the recent experiment?

A. To test the effectof oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.

B. To know thedifferences between friendship and competition.

C. To know people'sdifferent abilities to answer questions.

D. To test people'sunderstanding of body language.

50. The author developsthe text by ________．

A. explainingpeople's behaviours

B. describing his ownexperiences

C. distinguishingsexual differences

D. discussingresearch experiments

【要点综述】本文是一篇科普类文章。文章通过瑞安教授所做的调查实验发现，荷尔蒙催生素能提高人们更好地辨认不同的社会交往的能力；男女之间行为的差异主要是由荷尔蒙的生物因素引起的。

47. B　细节理解题。根据文章首段的“Women are friendly. But men are morecompetitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素)．”可知，男女之间行为表现的不同是由于荷尔蒙催生素引起的。

48. C　推理判断题。根据文章第四段“But in aprevious experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out inour body during negative social interactions such as envy.”可知，在消极情绪的社会交往中，我们身体也释放荷尔蒙。

49. A　推理判断题。根据瑞安教授所做的实验的过程及最后所得出的实验结论“‘Our experiment proves that the hormoneoxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different socialinteractions…’”可知，最近这次实验是想测试一下荷尔蒙催生素对辨认社交能力的效果，而结果证实了荷尔蒙催生素能提高人们的这种能力。

50. D　推理判断题。文章是通过讨论所做的不同的实验而展开的，故选D。

C8[2014·天津卷]

B

A world-famous Canadian author, Margaret Atwood, has created the world'sfirst long-distance signing device(装置), theLongPen.

After many tiringbook-signing tours from city to city, Atwoodthought there must be a better way to do them. She hired some technical expertsand started her own company in 2004. Together they designed the LongPen. Here'show it works: the author writes a personal message and signature on a computertablet(手写板) using a specialpen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regularpen signs the book. The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(网络摄像机) and computer screens.

Work on the LongPenbegan in Atwood's basement(地下室). Atfirst, they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be. The devicewent through several versions, including one that actually had smoke coming outof it. The inventing finally completed, test runs were made in Ottawa, and theLongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair. From here, Atwoodconducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans inToronto and New York City.

The LongPen producesa unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author inreal time. It has several other potential applications. It could increasecredit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province.The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proofwhen legal documents are used.

“It'sreally fun，” said the owner of a bookstore, who was present for one of thetest runs. “Obviously you can't shake hands with the author, but there arechances for a connection that you don't get from a regular book signing.”

The response to theinvention hasn't been all favourable. Atwood has received criticism fromauthors who think she's trying to end book tours. But she said, “It will bepossible to go to places that you never got sent to before because thepublishers couldn't  afford it.”

41. Why did Atwooddecide to invent the LongPen?

A. To set up her owncompany.

B. To win herselfgreater popularity.

C. To write her booksin a new way.

D. To make booksignings less tiring.

42. How does theLongPen work?

A. It copies theauthor's signature and prints it on a book.

B. It signs a bookwhile  receiving the author's signature.

C. The webcam sendsthe author's signature to another city.

D. The fan uses it tocopy the author's signature himself.

43. What do we knowabout the invention of the LongPen?

A. It has beencompleted but not put into use.

B. The basementcaught fire by accident.

C. Some versions failedbefore its test run.

D. The designers werewell-prepared for the difficulty.

44. How could theLongPen be used in the future?

A. To draft legaldocuments.

B. To improve creditcard security.

C. To keep a recordof the author's ideas.

D. To allow authorand fan to exchange videos.

45. What could beinferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?

A. Atwood doesn'tmean to end book tours.

B. Critics think theLongPen is of little use.

C. Bookstore ownersdon't support the LongPen.

D. Publishers dislikethe LongPen for its high cost.

【要点综述】

本文是一篇记叙文。如果你是一位著名的作家，需要到处签名的话，你会感到很累的。有了LongPen，一切烦恼皆无，快来看看LongPen是什么吧！本文主要介绍了LongPen的诞生、工作原理以及它的发展前景。

41. D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句“After many tiring book-signing toursfrom city to city，Atwoodthought there must be a better way to do them.”可知D项正确。

42. B　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Here's how it works…”可知下面的内容是描述LongPen的工作原理的。根据下文“…the author writes apersonal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a specialpen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regularpen signs the book.”可知B项正确。

43. C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The device went through several versions…inventing finally completed…” 可知C项正确。

44. B　细节理解题。第四段中的第二句话“It hasseveral other potential applications.”是解答本题的关键。根据第四段中的第三句“It couldincrease credit card security…”可知B项正确。

45. A　推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Atwood hasreceived criticism from authors who think she's trying to end book tours.”可知有些作家认为Longpen将结束the book tours，但实际上Atwood并没有这个打算，因此A项正确。

C8[2014·浙江卷]

C

Last summer，two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farmfields in Montana，to be moved to an ArtDeco building in San Francisco.The houses were made of wood.These cottages oncehoused early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil；now they hold Twitter engineers.

The cottages could bean example of the industry's odd love affair with “low technology”， a concept associated with the natural world，and with old-school craftsmanship(手艺) thatexists long before the Internet era.Low technology is not virtual(虚拟的)—so，to take advantage ofit，Internet companies have had to getcreative.The rescued wood cottages，fitted byhand in the late eighteen-hundreds，are anobvious example，but Twitter's designslie on the extreme end.Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释) of low technology that focuses on nature.

Amazon is buildingthree glass-spheres filled with trees，so thatemployees can “work andsocialize in a more natural，park-likesetting”．At Google's office，an entirefloor is carpeted in grace.Facebook's second Menlo Park camping will have arooftop park with a walking trail.

Olle Lundberg，the founder of Lundberg Design，has workedwith many tech companies over the years.“We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives，and our tech engineers are the ones who  feel mostimpoverished(贫乏的)，because they're surrounded by the digital world，”he says.“They're looking for a way to regaintheir individual identity，and we'vefound that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”

This craft-based theory is rooted in history.William Morris，the English artist and writer，turnedback to pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties，just after the Industrial Revolution.The Arts and Crafts movementdefined itself against machines.“Withoutcreative human occupation，peoplebecame disconnected from life，” Morris said.

Research has shownthat natural environments can restore(恢复) ourmental capacities.In Japan，patientsare encouraged to “forest-bathe”， takingwalks through woods to lower their blood pressure.

These health benefitsapply to the workplace as well.Rachel Kaplan，aprofessor of environmental psychology，has spentyears researching the restorative effects of natural environments.Her researchfound that workers with access to nature at the office—even simple views oftrees and flowers—felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying.Iflow-tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mentalhealth of employees then，fine，bring on the cottages.

50．The writer mentions the two nineteenth-century cottages to show that ________.

A．Twitter is having a hard time

B．old cottages are in need of protection

C．early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana

D．Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of lowtechnology

51．Low technology is regarded as something that ________.

A．is related to nature

B．is out of date today

C．consumes too much energy

D．exists in the virtual world

52．The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings ________.

A．have destroyed many pre-industrialarts

B．have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts

C．can become intelligent by learning history

D．can regain their individual identity by using machines

53．The writer's attitude to “lowtechnology” can best bedescribed as ________.

A．positive  B．defensive

C．cautious  D．doubtful

54．What might be the best title for the passage?

A．Past glories, future dreams

B．The virtual world，the realchallenge

C．High-tech companies, low-techoffices

D．The more craftsmanship，the lesscreativity

【要点综述】 科技的发展似乎让人们觉得我们已经不需要过去，而只要未来就行了。但文章中作者告诉我们，越是高科技的公司，办公室越是原始和自然，正所谓“一张一弛，阴阳和谐”。

50. D　推理判断题。从第一段wererescued from remote和第二段的“…an example of the industry's odd loveaffair with ‘lowtechnology’…to takeadvantage of it，Internetcompanies have had to get creative.”可知，作者提到这两幢19世纪小木屋得到了互联网巨头很好的保护旨在告诉我们，高科技公司需要从“低科技”的原始自然中寻求发展的灵感。故选D项。

51. A　细节理解题。 从第二段的“Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释) of low technologythat focuses on nature.”推断知，所谓“低科技”其实是与自然息息相关的原始元素。故选A项。

52. B　段落大意题。 从第五段主题句“This craft-based theory is rooted in history.”并结合“The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines.”知，人类有珍惜艺术和手艺的传统，这深深植根于悠久的人类历史中。故选B项。

53. A　观点态度题。 从最后一段的“…These health benefits…”和文章最后一句“If low-tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improvethe mental health…”等推断知，作者非常喜欢这种“低科技”，所以持肯定和积极的态度。故选A项。

54. C　主旨大意题。 文章主要介绍了许多高科技公司为了有更好的发展灵感，引进一些所谓的“低科技”的原始自然事物。故选C项。

C8[2014·重庆卷]

C

The idea of beingable to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biologicalfacts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid—wesimply weigh too much，and all our mass pushesdown through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure thatmakes us sink.

However, severaltypes of animals can walk on water.  One of the most interesting is thecommon basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water fora distance of several metres, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting thewater's surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps persecond to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we'd need huge feet thatwe could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate “hitting”．

But fortunately thereis an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agentto water (and it does take a lot), you can create a “non-Newtonian” liquidthat doesn't behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hithard enough, particles(粒子) in thewater group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enoughand put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surfaceof an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.

Fun though all thismay sound, it's still rather messy and better read about in theory than carriedout in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case youstart to sink—and take a shower afterwards!

44. Walking on waterhasn't become a reality mainly because humans ________．

A. are not interestedin it

B. have biologicallimitations

C. have not inventedproper tools

D. are afraid to makean attempt

45. What do we knowabout Basilicus basilicus from the passage?

A. It is light enoughto walk on water.

B. Its huge feetenable it to stay above water.

C. It can run across water at a certain speed.

D. Its unique skinkeeps it from getting wet in water.

46. What is the functionof the cornflour according to the passage?

A. To create a thickliquid.

B. To turn the waterinto solid.

C. To help the liquidbehave normally.

D. To enable thewater to move rapidly.

47. What is theauthor's attitude towards the idea of humans' walking on water?

A. It is risky butbeneficial.

B. It is interestingand worth trying.

C. It is crazy andcannot become a reality.

D. It is impracticalthough theoretically possible.

【要点综述】 本文通过介绍一种被认为可行的水上行走方式来说明人类要实现在水上行走的可行性和难度。

44．B　细节理解题。从第一段第二句可知，如果没有其他的人为辅助手段，人在水上会由于受重量太大而受到限制，最终会沉入水中。

45．C　细节理解题。从第二段可知Basilicus basilicus能在水上自由行走是因为它能快速拍打水面而不至于弄湿身体。

46．A　细节理解题。第三段介绍了用一定稠密度的玉米粉末来增加水面厚度的方法，它可以使人类在水上行走。

47．D　推理判断题。根据短文最后一段中的“…it's still rather messy and better read about in theory thancarried out in practice.”(这个方法还是很没道理，可以权当高级理论谈论但不宜付诸实施)，且最后说如果有人一定要尝试的话，最好配备救生设施以防不测。由此说明用玉米粉末铺垫水面来行走理论上可行，实际上却无法操作。

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