形容词从句 形容词从句-定义，形容词从句-限制性和非限制性形容

形容词从句是在句中起形容词作用的主谓结构，通常修饰它前面的名词或代词，即它的先行词。形容词从句也称为定语从句(attributive clauses) 或关系从句（relative clauses）。

非限制性从句_形容词从句 -定义

非限制性从句_形容词从句 -限制性和非限制性形容词从句在意义上的不同

非限制性从句_形容词从句 -限制性和非限制性形容词从句在形式上的不同

限制性和非限制性形容词从句在形式上有非常明显的区别：限制性形容词从句一般不以任何方式与句子的其他部分隔开，讲话的时候也没有停顿，书写时不用逗号。而非限制性形容词从句则经常与句子的其他部分隔开，讲话时有停顿（或是改变语调），书写时也要用逗号。请再比较下面的句子：
--Where’s the money (that) Ilentyou? (限制性形容词从句) （我借给你的钱到哪去了？）
--He lent me a thousand pounds, which was exactly the amount I needed to solve my problem. (非限制性形容词从句) (他借给我一千英镑，这笔钱正好可以解决我的问题。）如果非限制性从句位于主句之中，则把从句和主句用逗号分开，如：
--The treatment, which is being tried by researchers at four hospitals, has helped patients who have failed to respond to other remedies.

非限制性从句_形容词从句 -限制性和非限制性形容词从句在文体上的区别

因为非限制性形容词从句往往显得冗长，正式, 所以常用在书面语中, 口语中很少用。

非限制性从句_形容词从句 -限制性和非限制性形容词从句在语法上的区别

这两类形容词从句的区别已不仅仅是用不用逗号隔开的问题，两者之间还有着重要的语法区别。
a. 两种从句中关系代词的用法不同
1）非限制性形容词从句不能用that作关系代词。详见19.2.4 that, which的互换和不可互换。
2）非限制性从句用which作关系代词时有时可以代替前面的整个句子，参见19.6。
3）非限制性形容词从句中的关系代词都不能省略，而在限制性从句中，关系代词that, which,
whom有时可以省略。详见19.3中that, which, whom的省略。
b. 由先行词来决定形容词从句的性质
1）一个先行词（名词）如果已由其他修饰语作了完整的表述，就不再用限制性形容词从句修饰，
但可以用非限制性形容词从句来做补充说明。例如我们不能说：
--*My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.
因为名词house已经有了一个代词修饰语my，它就不能再用一个限制性形容词从句来修饰。这个句子应该改为
--My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
或者保留限制性形容词从句但去掉代词修饰语，即：
--The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.
2）某些先行词只能跟限制性形容词从句
非限制性从句的先行词通常不能是代词，而限制性的形容词从句的先行词可以是（或者含有）any, all, every, some, many, much, no(body), several, those等非特指的限定词，甚至还可以是人称代词 he, she, we（这种用法仅限于正式英语和旧式英语中）。例如：
--In theory anyone who lives or works in the area may be at risk.
--All the students who had failed the test, wanted to try again.
--Every book that is written to deceive the reader should be banned.
--Someone who knows the area, but whose home is outside it, is more likely to be a successful representative.
--Much that has been said tonight will soon be forgotten.
--Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget it.
--The journey was adisappointmentto those who would have preferred to travel by road.
--He who helps thehandicappeddeserves our support.
… we who are supposed to be so good at talking and writing.
注意，代词you, they, it一般都不能作先行词。不能说*They who work hard deserve some reward. 而一般改为Those who work…
也不能说*It that stands over there is a church. 可以改为 What stands over there is a church. 偶
尔，you后接非限制性形容词从句，如：
--You, to whom I owe allMy Happiness, …
3) 某些先行词只能跟非限制性形容词从句
当先行词是表示通常的“独一无二”的含义时，一般只能用非限制性形容词从句来修饰。例如：
--Dr Brown, who lives next door, comes from Australia.
而当专有名词临时呈现普通名词的特点，不是独一无二时，可接各类限制性修饰语。如：
--Do you mean the Memphis which used to be the capital of Egypt, or the Memphis in Tennessee?
c. 某些句型中只可能出现限制性形容词从句
1）在强调句型：“it + be + 名词/ 代词 + that/ who从句” 中的从句只可能是限制性的形容词从句。
--It was she who initiated divorce proceedings.
--It was Ann that I saw.
--It’s I who am responsible for the organization.
--It is they who are complaining.
2）在there be句型中出现的形容词从句也只能是限制性的。注意该句型中的关系代词常省略。如：
--There are three reasons why we should support this action.
--In fact there are some strategies which are much more reliable.
--Is there anything you want to tell me?
用此句型强调一个否定成分特别常见：
--There’s nothing (that/which) I can do about it.
--There was no way (in which) they could persuade her to try again.

非限制性从句_形容词从句 -形容词从句中的关系词

形容词从句的关系词同时兼有两个功能，一是它们像其他副词或代词一样，要在从句中作状语或是作从句动词的主语或宾语或其它成分，另外它们又像其他连接词一样，把主句和从句连接起来。
请看例句：
--What’s the name of the blonde girl who just came in?
句中who just came in是形容词从句，who是关系代词，它代替the blonde girl成为动词came的主语，同时它又把主句和从句连接成一个句子。所以理解形容词从句中的关系词就是要明白：一它代替主句中的哪个部分，二它在从句中充当什么成分。 这样下面的错误就能避免了：
--*This is the house that my father lived for thirty years. 应该改为 This is the house where/ in
which my father lived for thirty years. 因为关系词代替的是主句中的the house，但在从句中充当的是状语，所以不能用that，改为where 或in which。
形容词从句的关系词一般分为这样两类：关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词

包括代人的who, whom，whose, 代物的which以及既可以代人也可以代物的that
用法

a. 关系代词在限制性形容词从句中：
--I don’t like people who/that lose their tempers easily. (who/that代替主句中的people，在从句中作主语。)
--The airline has a booklet that/which tells you most of the important things about a trip to Europe. (that/which代替主句中的a booklet, 在从句中充当主语。)
--The girls whom/ that he employs are always complaining about their pay. (whom/that代替主句中的the girls，在从句中充当动词employ的宾语。)
--The bed that/which I slept on has no mattress. (which 代替主句中的the bed, 在从句中作介词on 的宾语。)
--Let ABC be a triangle whose sides are ofunequallength. (whose代替主句中的 triangle，在从句中作定语修饰sides)
b. 关系代词在非限制性形容词从句中：
--This is Mr. Gallagher, who writes comic poetry. (注意此时的who不能用that来替代)
--The giant panda, which is to be found in the remote parts of China, livesexclusivelyon bamboo shoots.
--His house, for which he paid $10,000, is now worth $50,000.
--The small man in the raincoat, whom nobody recognized, turned out to be Olivia’s first husband. (注意whom不能省略, 也不能替换为that)
--Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.

关系副词

包括代替时间的when，代替地点的where以及代替原因且先行词为reason的why。也有的语法学家认为when, where, why这三个副词不过是代替了指时间的in/on which， 指地点的in/at which，以及可以指示原因的for which。
--Dan’s fondest memory is of last year, when the club gave a tea party for the Queen Mother. (when代替主句中的last year，相当于 in which, 在从句中作时间状语。)
--I know a wood where you can find wild strawberries. (where 代替主句中的a wood，相当于in which, 在从句中作地点状语。)
--Is there any reason why you can not come? (why代替主句中的reason，相当于for which，在从句中作原因状语。)
--In time we reached a stage where we had more black readers than white ones. (注意where 的先行词除了地点名词外，还可以是situation, stage 等词)

关于that的特殊用法

a. that替代其他关系代词
在限制性形容词从句中that 是最活跃的一个关系代词。它常常可以代替其他关系代词（除了 whose），既可指人，也可指物；可以作主语，也可以作宾语。口语体中尤其明显。
--He is the man who/that people like at first sight. （指人，作主语）
--The lawyer whom/who/that I consulted gave me some useful advice. (指人，作宾语)
--Could you iron the trousers which/that areHanging Upbehind the door? （指物，作主语）
--The school which/ that my children attend is within walking distance. （指物，作动词宾语）
--The ladder which/ that I was standing on began to slip. (指物，作介词宾语。注意只能说The ladder on which I was…

b. 从句连接词只能选用that
先行词前如果有限定词all, any(thing), every(thing), (a) few, (a) little, no(thing), none, only, some (thing), very或含有序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时，其后的关系代词通常要用that。如果这个关系代词作动词宾语时也可以省略。如：
--All that he has ever said confirms my suspicions of his motives. (= What he has ever said…)
--All the apples that fall areeatenby the pigs.
--Have you got anything that belongs to me? (= Have you got what belongs to me?)
--I advise you to accept any offer you receive.
--I hope that the little that I’ve been able to do has been of some use. (= I hope what I’ve…)
--The only thing that matters is to find our way home. (= What matters…)
--That’s the very film that I want to see.
--I’ll speak to her the first opportunity I have.
--The visiting room was the worst (that) I had seen.
--She must be one of the most remarkable women that ever lived.
c. 作主语补足语的连接词that
限制性形容词从句中，当先行词是一个表示特征的主语补足语时，该从句用that而不是who来引导。
此时的that也可以省略。
--She’s not the brilliant dancer (that) she used to be.
…the distinguished actress that she later became.
--That was the kind of person she was.
(在非限制从句中，则用which来引导, 如：Theyaccusedhim of being atraitor, which he was. )

关于that 和which的互换和不可互换

如果先行词是物，which和that在限制性形容词从句中大都可以互换，但在非限制性形容词从句中不能用that。例如我们可以说：
--TheWHISKYthat/ which hedranklast night cost him eight pounds.
但是，在非限制性形容词从句中，
--I passed him a large glass of whisky, which he drank immediately. 不能说成*…whisky, that he drank…
另外，which在非限制性形容词从句中可以代替前面整个分句或句子（具体用法参见19.6）, which也可以用在“介词+which”结构（参见19.5.1）。这两种情形下的which都不能用that替换。

who 和whom的区别

这两个关系代词的先行词都是人，但它们的区别并不与人称代词主格和宾格的区别相对应。其实who, whom主要是文体上的区别：whom大致上限用于正式文体，在非正式文体中，人们有避免使
用whom的倾向，可以用who，that来代替whom，但这些关系代词通常都被省略。
--People (that) I visit/ speak to… 就比People whom I visit/ speak to…更多见于口语中。
以下例句中，如果选用whom则表示文体较正式，如果选用who, that或是干脆省略关系代词，则文体属于非正式。
--The lawyer (whom/ who/ that) I consulted gave me some useful advice.
--That’s the man who (m) I saw talking to your parents.
--I think you should stay faithful to the person (whom/who/that) you’re married to.
但是注意:在介词后的只能是whom而不能是who，如不能说*This is the person to who you spoke. 而是This is the person to whom you spoke. （具体用法参见19.5中“介词+ whom”）。

whose 的用法

whose与其它关系代词一样在从句中都能单独充当一个句子成分，表示所属关系，whose象his, her 或its这样的形容词性物主代词一样与名词连用, whose充当该名词的定语。在形容词从句中（包括限制性与非限制性形容词从句），“whose + 名词”这一结构可以用作主语，动词宾语或介词宾语。另外请注意whose既可指人也可指物。例如:
--The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
--In Wasdale there is a mysterious dark lake, whose depth has never been measured.
--It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.
--According to Cook , whose book is published on Thursday, most disasters are avoidable.
--This is Felicity, whose sister you met last week.
在先行词是非人称的情况下，有某种避免使用whose的趋势。有时用of which代替whose指物，词序一般是“名词+of which”。
--He’s written a book whose name / the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (另参见19.5.2)
或者改用介词词组，如:
--The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. 改为The house with the damaged roof has now been repaired.

why

虽然说用why引导的形容词从句可以用来修饰先行词reason,可是the reason why在语义上显得重复，人们普遍使用的是省略why或是换用名词性从句。如：
--Is that the reason why they came? 通常说成：
--Is that the reason they came? 或Is that why they came?

关系代词that 和which 的省略

在限制性形容词从句中，关系代词that, which作动词宾语或介词宾语时常常被省略，口语体中尤其如此。
--The ladder (that/ which) I was standing on began to slip.
--The car (that/which) I hired broke down after five kilometers.
--This is the room (that/which) Churchill was born.
限制性形容词从句可以修饰一些感叹性名词短语(一般表示不赞同)，此时的从句关系代词通常也省略。如：
--The fuss they made!
--The things they get up to!
--The clothes she wears!
在表明方式、时间或地点的某些单词后面，常用that代替in which, when或where。此时that也可以省略。
--I didn’t like the way (that) she spoke to me.
--The day (when/that ) she arrived at the congress was sunny.
--Things have changed a great deal since the last time you were here.
--Throughout the period I was in London, it rained heavily.
--The moment (when) you do something they disagree with they are at your throat…
--Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?

形容词从句的缩简形式

形容词从句通常可以有三种缩简方式：动词-ing形式 ，动词-ed形式以及介词短语。请注意，缩简之后的短语或分句并不一定依然作定语修饰原来的先行词，很多时候它们可以作状语。还有，可以缩简为短语的形容词从句必须是:从句的关系代词作从句的主语。
缩减为V-ing形式 / -ed形式
a. 形容词从句在下列情况可缩简为动词-ing形式
1) 从句中的动词是进行时态，例如：
--People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/shelteredin my doorway. 缩简成
--People waiting for the bus…
--He gestured towards the three cards that were lying on the tables. 缩简成：
--He gestured to the three cards lying on the tables.
--The bride, who was smiling happily, chatted to the guests. 缩简成：
--The bride, smiling happily, chatted to the guests. (-ing短语作伴随状语)
--the scream of a man who is/ was dying in torment 缩简成：
--the scream of a man dying in torment
-ing形式可以有被动态，表示被动进行，例如：
--Reports that are being written by mycolleaguewill be discussed tomorrow. 缩简成：
--Reports being written by my colleague …
2) 从句中的动词表示一个习惯性或连续性的动作：
--Passengers who travel/ traveled in this bus buy/ bought their tickets in books. 缩简成；
--Passengers travelling in this bus…
--A notice which warns/ warned people… 缩简成：
--A notice warning people…
--Anyone who/that followed this advice could find himself in trouble. 缩简成：
--Anyone following this advice could find himself in trouble.
3) 从句中的主要动词表示一种愿望，即句中动词是wish, desire, want, hope等（但不是like），例如：
--people who wish / wished to go on the tour 缩简成：
--people wishing to go on the tour
--fans who hope/ hoped for aglimpseof the star 缩简成：
--fans hoping for a glimpse of the star
4) 从句中的动词是某些静态动词
--awickershopping-basket that /which containsgroceries缩简成：
--a wicker shopping-basket containing groceries
--It was a mixture that consists of oil and vinegar. 缩简成：
--It was a mixture consisting of oil and vinegar.
--This is a liquid that resembles that of soapy water. 缩简成：
--This is a liquid with a taste resembling that of soapy water.
5) 非限制性形容词从句中如果是上述动词之一或者是表示知道、考虑的任何动词（例如know, think, believe, expect）
--John, who knew that his wife was expecting a baby, started to take a course on baby care.
缩简成：
--John, knowing that his wife was expecting a baby, …
--Peter, who thought the journey would took two days, said… 缩简成；
--Peter, thinking the journey would take two days, said…
--Tom, who expected to be paid the following week, offered… 缩简成；
--Tom, expecting to be paid the following week, offered…
--Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, took her to… 缩简成：
--Bill, wanting to make an important impression on Ann, took her to…
6) 表示同位的形容词从句
--She enjoys her job, which is teaching English. 缩简成：
--She enjoys her job, teaching English.
--Julia, who was a nun, spent much of her life in prayer an meditation. 缩简成：
--Julia, being a nun, …
--The baby would probably not live to grow up, who was a scrawny little thing, unlikely to survive the normal ailments of childhood. 缩简成：
--…, being a scrawny little thing, …
b. 形容词从句缩简为动词-ing形式后并不一定表示进行形容词从句缩简为动词-ing形式并不总是表示进行．在许多情况下-ing形式只是表示主动。也就是说一个-ing短语可以代替多个动词时态。如：
--The person writing reports is my colleague. = The person who will write/ will be writing/ writes/ is writing/ wrote/ was writing reports is my colleague.
即形容词从句中处于不同时态的动词词组write reports都可以替换为同一个分词短语writing reports。
c. 形容词从句缩简为动词-ing形式后并不一定是定语动词-ing短语替换了原来的形容词从句后并不一定还作定语，它们也可以作状语。如：
--The apple tree, which wasSwayinggently in the breeze, was a reminder of old times. 缩简成：
--The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, … (作状语，补充说明the apple tree)
--The crowd, who were laughing and shrieking, rushed under the nearest trees. 缩简成：
--Laughing and shrieking, the crowd rushed under the nearest trees. （作状语，表示伴随）
d. 替换限制性形容词从句的-ing短语通常不能用完成体，如：
--The man who has won the race is my brother. 不能替换为
--*The man having won the race is my brother.
e. 形容词从句缩简为一个带逻辑主语的-ing短语
有时，形容词从句可以替换为一个带逻辑主语的-ing短语，例如：
--He began hitting them with his stick, whose reply had not come as quickly as he wanted 缩简成：
--…, their reply not having come as quickly as he wanted..
--Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some of which have a life-expectancyof around twenty years. 缩简成：
--…, some having a life-expectancy of around twenty years.
f. 形容词从句缩简为否定的-ing短语
否定形式的-ing短语也可以代替形容词从句，例如：
--He, who did not wish to boast, paused. 缩简成：
--He paused, not wishing to boast.
--He, who had not seen her for fifteen years or so, failed to recognize her at first. 缩简成：
--He failed to recognize her at first, not having seen her for fifteen years or so.
g. 形容词从句中的主动词是被动态，即先行词是该动词表示的动作的结果或承受者，则可以用-ed短语替代形容词从句。-ed短语直接置于名词（先行词）之后。
--a girl who is/ was called Patricia 缩简成：a girl called Patricia
--those who are/have been/ were/ had been assembled 缩简成：those assembled
--two of the problems that have been mentioned above 缩简成；two of the problems mentioned above
--The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine. 缩简成：
--…, discovered almost by accident, …
--The novels of Mary Webb, which were praised by Stanley Baldwin and were so popular in the 30s, and so popular in the 30s, were great favorites of mine. 缩简成：
--…, praised by Stanley Baldwin…
--She who was surprised at my reaction tried to console me. 缩简成：
--Surprised at my reaction, she tried to console me.
h. 一个

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