爱华网大白熊犬，别名比利牛斯山地犬（Pyrenean Mauntain Dog）。大白熊犬历史可追溯到古罗马时期，由古罗马人带到西班牙的犬种，是当今最有力量的犬种，健壮的体格内有一颗善良的心，能适应家居生活，但绝非室内型的品种。大白熊犬给人的印象是非常高雅、美丽，它结合了巨大的体形和威严的气质。它的被毛是白色或以白色为主，夹杂了灰色、或不同深浅的茶色斑纹。它非常聪明、和善、具有王者之气。不论站立还是运动，都显示出与众不同的优雅，它总是显得坚实和协调，明确地反映出培养这一品种的目的：在比利牛斯山陡峭的山坡上，看守羊群，并在各种气候条件下都能忠诚地坚守工作岗位。
大白熊犬_大白熊犬 -特征标准
粘人程度：☆
初养适应度：☆
犬叫程度：☆
掉毛程度：☆
体味程度：☆
美容程度：☆☆☆
对孩子友善：☆☆
对生人友善：☆
对动物友善：☆☆☆
运动量：☆☆☆
可训练性：☆
口水程度：☆☆☆
耐寒程度：☆☆☆☆☆
耐热程度：☆☆☆☆
城市适应度：☆☆☆☆
大白熊犬_大白熊犬 -发展历史
大白熊犬为人类工作的历史已有40个世纪了，没有其他的犬种可以与之相比。在英国和欧洲大陆大白熊犬被人们称做比利牛斯山犬，与现的牧羊犬一起在比利牛斯山上工作。人们曾发现青铜器时代大白熊犬的化石，由此可以粗略推断大白熊犬在公元前1800～前1000年之间在欧洲出现。有人认为，大白熊犬起源于中亚或西伯利亚，并随雅利安人迁徙到欧洲。另外一种广泛为人接受的说法是，大白熊犬是斗牛獒犬的后代。斗牛獒犬在波罗的海和北海海岸最古老的地层中曾被发现，并发现了它是家养犬的证据，在大约公元前3000年的古巴比伦的画中也出现了斗牛獒犬，其体形和外貌特征与大白熊犬很类似。
在欧洲，大白熊犬一直生活在高山上，一直到中世纪。在卡拉卡森(Carcassone)发现了大白熊犬的浮雕，画的是大白熊犬作为法国皇家的守卫犬，大约17世纪作为宫廷犬的500年前。大约在17世纪大白熊犬被用做宫廷的守卫犬。早在1407年，历史学家Bourdet就描述了封建领主饲养大白熊犬作为守卫犬，大白熊犬与警卫一起看守着城堡。大白熊犬也在监狱中与看守一起值勤。1675年，法国皇太子在慕・德・茫顿陪伴下出访巴兰瑞治，在巴兰瑞冶时，皇太子非常喜欢比利牛斯牧羊犬，并将它带回了卢浮宫。那时有一位叫陆弗斯的侯爵也很喜欢这种犬，从那以后，大白熊犬成了贵族们的宠物犬。每个贵族都想拥有一头这样的犬，大白熊犬也变得非常知名。
在高山地区的草原上，大白熊犬形成了忠实、善于守护和善于理解人们意图的特性，在许多动物尚未被驯养的时候，大白熊犬已经是官方的牧羊犬了，大白熊犬有着灵敏的嗅觉和视觉，是非常好的牧羊犬。由于全身被复厚厚的长毛(除了下颌与脑部)，身体其他部位很难被攻击。另外，犬的主人给大白熊犬带上了铁制的宽项圈，上面有2.5厘米长的突出铁钉，这使得大白熊犬更不怕被攻击。在猎狼和猎熊中，大白熊犬成为著名的猎狼犬和猎熊犬。
对于纽芬兰和比斯开湾的渔民来说，没有一种犬比大白熊犬更适宜做他们的保护者和朋友了。早在1662年，当渔民在诺哥诺斯特定居时，大白熊犬成了他们的好朋友。在这里，人们将大白熊犬与英国定居者带来的黑色英国猎犬杂交，这个杂交品种的犬即是纽芬兰犬的祖先。古老的兰西尔犬，有着黑白相间的被毛，这点与黑色的纽芬兰犬不同，因为它有更多的斑块和杂交品种的特征(尽管两者在总体上十分相似)。
随着比利牛斯山的野牛大白熊犬的数量的减少，这个品种一度濒临灭绝。此外，欧洲大陆的养犬人直在搜寻这种犬，大量的大白熊犬从法国出口。但是由于一些运动员的努力和农夫们在冬季的农场中要用到大白熊犬，这种犬的数量才得以保持。今天，在大白熊犬的栖息地，这种犬又再度发展起来。大白熊犬除了帮助拉车，一般呆在户外，而不在家里。
大白熊
直到1933年，美国养犬俱乐部承认大白熊犬，从此它为更多的人所认识。第一对被带到美国的大白熊犬是1824年拉弗叶特带给他的朋友斯肯纳的。托弗叶特在他的书《犬与运动员》中写道，当时斯肯纳说，对经常有狼和吃羊的野犬出没地区的生产羊毛的农场主来说，大白熊犬是非常有用的。之后，又有几头大白熊犬进口到美国，直到1933年，大白熊犬正式登陆美国。今天，每年在美国养犬俱乐部登记注册的犬中，该犬始终在养犬俱乐部中排名前列。
大白熊犬_大白熊犬 -相关资料
AKC标准及简介
犬种体型
大小：雄性大白熊犬肩高约27~32英寸、雌性大白熊犬肩高约25~29英寸。27英寸的雄性大白熊犬体重约100磅、
大白熊犬
25英寸的雌性大白熊犬体重约85磅。体重与身体的整体尺寸及体质相称。比例：肩高比体长（从马肩隆到大腿后部的距离）略短一些，比例为矩形的、身体协调的狗。
犬种头部长度略大于高度、身体前后角度协调。体质：大白熊犬的身体为中型（不特别胖、也不特别瘦），在没有触摸其骨骼和肌肉时，容易被浓密的被毛所欺骗。与其体型及优雅的外貌相协调，充足的骨量和肌肉提供了平衡的身体结构。缺陷：大小-肩高小于下限或大于上限。体质-骨骼太重或太轻，影响身体结构的平衡。
大白熊犬正确的头部和表情是这一品种的要点。对整体来说，头部不显得过于沉重。外观呈楔形，顶部略圆。表情：表情文雅、聪明、沉默。眼睛：中等大小；杏仁形；略斜；颜色为丰富的深棕色；眼眶为黑色，眼睑紧贴眼球。耳朵：尺寸从小到中等都可以，V字形、尖端略圆，耳根与眼睛齐平，正常情况下耳朵下垂，平坦，紧贴头部。大白熊犬有一个典型的现象是脸上部和下部的毛发的会合位置，正好是从外眼角到耳根这一线。脑袋和口吻：口吻长度与脑袋长度大致相等。脑袋的长度和宽度大致相等。口吻与脑袋的结合很平滑。面颊平坦。口吻在眼睛下方，丰满。两眼睛间有轻微的皱纹，没有明显的止部。眉骨稍微有点突出。上唇紧贴上颚并复盖下唇。下颚结实。鼻镜和嘴唇为黑色。牙齿：剪状咬和比较理想，钳状咬和也可以接受。下颚门牙不能向后。缺陷：过于沉重的头部；脑袋太窄或太小；表情狡猾；有明显的止部；眼睑、嘴唇和鼻镜缺少色素；眼睛圆、三角、眼睑松懈、眼睛小；上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和；歪嘴。
熊犬颈部
颈部：坚硬的肌肉配合中等长度，赘肉相当少。背线：背线水平。身躯：胸部宽度适中，肋骨支撑良好，卵形，胸深达到肘部。背和腰宽阔，连接结实，且略有褶皱。臀部略向下倾斜，尾根位于背平面以下。尾巴：尾骨有足够的长度，延伸到飞节，尾巴有漂亮的羽状饰毛。休息时，尾巴下垂，激动时，可能卷到后背（形成轮状）。在展示时，尾巴的饰毛能形成“牧羊犬曲线”是非常重要的。行走时，尾巴可能卷到后背或下垂，这两种情况都是允许的。缺陷：桶状胸。
犬种前躯
肩部：肩膀向后倾斜放置，肌肉发达，隐藏在身躯里。前臂与肩胛连接处的角度约为90度，前臂从与肩胛骨的结合处向后延伸到肘部这一段，决不能垂直于地面。肩胛骨与前臂骨的长度大致相等。从地面到肘部的距离与从肘部到马肩隆的距离大致相等。前肢：前肢有充足的骨量和肌肉，与平衡的身体结构相称。不论站立时还是行走时，肘部都贴近身体且笔直向后。从侧面观察，前肢正好位于马肩隆以下位置，直且垂直于地面。从前面观察，从肩经过肘部到脚腕呈一直线。前脚腕结实而灵活。两条前肢各有一个狼爪。前足爪：圆形，紧凑，脚垫厚实，脚趾圆拱。
犬种后躯
后躯的角度与前躯类似。大白熊犬大腿：第一节大腿肌肉坚实，与骨盆成直角。第一节大腿与第二节大腿长度一致，观察轮廓可以发现第一节大腿与第二节大腿在后膝关节处成中等角度。后脚腕长度中等，当狗自然站立时，垂直于地面。从侧面观察，飞节角度适中。从后面观察，后腿（从臀部到后脚腕）直且相互平行。后肢有足够的骨量和肌肉，与平衡的身体结构相称。每条后腿都有两个狼爪。后足爪：后肢的脚尖略向外翻。这样的后肢（牛肢）是这一品种所特有的，不是缺陷。足爪与前肢相同，圆形，紧凑，脚垫厚实，脚趾圆拱。缺陷：后肢有两个狼爪。
犬种被毛
能抵御任何气候条件的被毛是由两层毛组成的，披毛长、平坦、厚实，毛发粗硬，毛直或略呈波浪形；底毛浓密、纤细、棉絮状。雄性颈部和肩部的毛发尤其浓密，形成围脖或鬃毛。尾巴上较长的毛发形成羽状饰毛。饰毛还延伸到前肢后面和大腿后面，形成“裤子”的效果。脸部和耳朵的毛发短而质地好。正确的被毛比毛量更为重要。缺陷：卷曲的被毛；直立的被毛（象萨摩犬）。
犬种颜色
大白熊犬
白色或白色带有灰色、红褐色或不同深浅的茶色斑纹。不同大小的斑纹可以出现在耳朵、头部（包括面具）、尾巴、及身体（很少的污迹）。底毛可以是白色或深色。上面描述的各种颜色和斑纹（位置）都是这一品种所特有的，没有好坏之分。缺陷：披毛的斑纹超过身体的1/3。
犬种步态
大白熊犬的步态平稳而优雅，准确且保持直线，显示出力量和敏捷。和谐的伸展和有力的驱动产生正确的步幅。速度增加时，足爪向身体中心线靠拢。轻松而有效的动作比速度更重要。
犬种气质
大白熊犬的气质和品格是非常重要的。在自然情况下，大白熊犬是自信、温和及友善的。会在需要时保护他的领地、羊群或家庭，他通常显得从容、沉着，具有耐心且宽容。他的意志非常坚强，独立且略有保留，对他负责的人类或动物都很关心、忠诚，而且勇敢。
虽然，大白熊犬在比赛中有所保留，但明显的羞怯、神经质、对人类有攻击性都极不受欢迎，并属于严重缺陷。
标准通过日期：1990年6月12 日
标准执行日期：1990年8月1日
大白熊犬(Great Pyrenees)AKC标准英文原版
Great Pyrenees Breed Standard
General Appearance
The Great Pyrenees dog conveys the distinct impression of elegance and unsurpassed beauty combined with great overall size and majesty. He has a white or principally white coat that may contain markings of badger, gray, or varying shades of tan. He possesses a keen intelligence and a kindly, while regal, expression. Exhibiting a unique elegance of bearing and movement, his soundness and coordination show unmistakably the purpose for which he has been bred, the strenuous work of guarding the flocks in all kinds of weather on the steep mountain slopes of the Pyrenees.
Size, Proportion, Substance
Size--The height at the withers ranges from 27 inches to 32 inches for dogs and from 25 inches to 29 inches for bitches. A 27 inch dog weighs about 100 pounds and a 25 inch bitch weighs about 85 pounds. Weight is in proportion to the overall size and structure. Proportion--The Great Pyrenees is a balanced dog with the height measured at the withers being somewhat less than the length of the body measured from the point of the shoulder to the rearmost projection of the upper thigh (buttocks). These proportions create a somewhat rectangular dog, slightly longer than it is tall. Front and rear angulation are balanced. Substance--The Great Pyrenees is a dog of medium substance whose coat deceives those who do not feel the bone and muscle. Commensurate with his size and impression of elegance there is sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. Faults--Size--Dogs and bitches under minimum size or over maximum size. Substance--Dogs too heavily boned or too lightly boned to be in balance with their frame.
Head
Correct head and expression are essential to the breed. The head is not heavy in proportion to the size of the dog. It is wedge shaped with a slightly rounded crown. Expression--The expression is elegant, intelligent and contemplative. Eyes--Medium sized, almond shaped, set slightly obliquely, rich dark brown. Eyelids are close fitting with black rims. Ears--Small to medium in size, V-shaped with rounded tips, set on at eye level, normally carried low, flat, and close to the head. There is a characteristic meeting of the hair of the upper and lower face which forms a line from the outer corner of the eye to the base of the ear. Skull and Muzzle--The muzzle is approximately equal in length to the back skull. The width and length of the skull are approximately equal. The muzzle blends smoothly with the skull. The cheeks are flat. There is sufficient fill under the eyes. A slight furrow exists between the eyes. There is no apparent stop. The boney eyebrow ridges are only slightly developed. Lips are tight fitting with the upper lip just covering the lower lip. There is a strong lower jaw. The nose and lips are black. Teeth--A scissor bite is preferred, but a level bite is acceptable. It is not unusual to see dropped (receding) lower central incisor teeth. Faults--Too heavy head (St. Bernard or Newfoundland-like). Too narrow or small skull. Foxy appearance. Presence of an apparent stop. Missing pigmentation on nose, eye rims, or lips. Eyelids round, triangular, loose or small. Overshot, undershot, wry mouth.
Neck, Topline, Body
Neck--Strongly muscled and of medium length, with minimal dewlap. Topline--The backline is level. Body--The chest is moderately broad. The rib cage is well sprung, oval in shape, and of sufficient depth to reach the elbows. Back and loin are broad and strongly coupled with some tuck-up. The croup is gently sloping with the tail set on just below the level of the back. Tail--The tailbones are of sufficient length to reach the hock. The tail is well plumed, carried low in repose and may be carried over the back, "making the wheel," when aroused. When present, a "shepherd's crook" at the end of the tail accentuates the plume. When gaiting, the tail may be carried either over the back or low. Both carriages are equally correct. Fault-- Barrel ribs.
Forequarters
大白熊犬
Shoulders--The shoulders are well laid back, well muscled, and lie close to the body. The upper arm meets the shoulder blade at approximately a right angle. The upper arm angles backward from the point of the shoulder to the elbow and is never perpendicular to the ground. The length of the shoulder blade and the upper arm is approximately equal. The height from the ground to the elbow appears approximately equal to the height from the elbow to the withers. Forelegs--The legs are of sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. The elbows are close to the body and point directly to the rear when standing and gaiting. The forelegs, when viewed from the side, are located directly under the withers and are straight and vertical to the ground. The elbows, when viewed from the front, are set in a straight line from the point of shoulder to the wrist. Front pasterns are strong and flexible. Each foreleg carries a single dewclaw. Front Feet--Rounded, close-cupped, well padded, toes well arched.
Hindquarters
The angulation of the hindquarters is similar in degree to that of the forequarters. Thighs--Strongly muscular upper thighs extend from the pelvis at right angles. The upper thigh is the same length as the lower thigh, creating moderate stifle joint angulation when viewed in profile. The rear pastern (metatarsus) is of medium length and perpendicular to the ground as the dog stands naturally. This produces a moderate degree of angulation in the hock joint, when viewed from the side. The hindquarters from the hip to the rear pastern are straight and parallel, as viewed from the rear. The rear legs are of sufficient bone and muscle to provide a balance with the frame. Double dewclaws are located on each rear leg. Rear Feet--The rear feet have a structural tendency to toe out slightly. This breed characteristic is not to be confused with cow-hocks. The rear feet, like the forefeet, are rounded, close-cupped, well padded with toes well arched. Fault--Absence of double dewclaws on each rear leg.
Coat
The weather resistant double coat consists of a long, flat, thick, outer coat of coarse hair, straight or slightly undulating, and lying over a dense, fine, woolly undercoat. The coat is more profuse about the neck and shoulders where it forms a ruff or mane which is more pronounced in males. Longer hair on the tail forms a plume. There is feathering along the back of the front legs and along the back of the thighs, giving a "pantaloon" effect. The hair on the face and ears is shorter and of finer texture. Correctness of coat is more important than abundance of coat. Faults--Curly coat. Stand-off coat (Samoyed type).
Color
White or white with markings of gray, badger, reddish brown, or varying shades of tan. Markings of varying size may appear on the ears, head (including a full face mask), tail, and as a few body spots. The undercoat may be white or shaded. All of the above described colorings and locations are characteristic of the breed and equally correct. Fault--Outer coat markings covering more than one third of the body.
Gait
The Great Pyrenees moves smoothly and elegantly, true and straight ahead, exhibiting both power and agility. The stride is well balanced with good reach and strong drive. The legs tend to move toward the center line as speed increases. Ease and efficiency of movement are more important than speed.
Temperament
Character and temperament are of utmost importance. In nature, the Great Pyrenees is confident, gentle, and affectionate. While territorial and protective of his flock or family when necessary, his general demeanor is one of quiet composure, both patient and tolerant. He is strong willed, independent and somewhat reserved, yet attentive, fearless and loyal to his charges both human and animal.
Although the Great Pyrenees may appear reserved in the show ring, any sign of excessive shyness, nervousness, or aggression to humans is unacceptable and must be considered an extremely serious fault.
Approved June 12, 1990
Effective August 1, 1990
