爱华网二十项将改变医学的生物技术突破：抗腐细菌
二十项将改变医学的生物技术突破
北京时间2月16日消息， 据《大众机械》杂志报道，从化验唾液检查癌症，到只打一针，就可使神经重新沿着脊髓生长出来，医学界取得的这些新成果，帮助我们恢复健康，改善生活，延长生命，使生物学和科技之间的界线变得越来越模糊。 1.抗腐细菌 牙齿上的细菌会把糖转化成乳酸，乳酸腐蚀牙釉质，导致蛀牙。总部设在佛罗里达州的公司ONI BioPharma已经设计出一种新菌株，这种被称作SmaRT的菌株不会产生乳酸，而是释放出一种可以杀死由自然腐蚀导致的变种(natural decay-causing strain)的抗生素。目前这种新菌株正在接受临床试验，牙医只要将它们涂抹在牙齿上，就能确保牙齿永远健康。 2.人造淋巴结 日本理化学研究所(Riken Institute)的科学家已经研发出人造淋巴结。淋巴结对人体非常重要，它可产生具有抗感染功能的免疫细胞。虽然有一天医生可能会用人造淋巴结取代患病的淋巴结，但是最初人们或许只会把它们当作特意定制的免疫增强剂(customized immune booster)。医生利用特定细胞填充这种淋巴结，就能治疗癌症或艾滋病等特殊疾病。 3.哮喘传感器 美国的哮喘病例占急诊病例的四分之一，但是匹兹堡大学研发的一种传感器最终或许能使这一数字大大降低。这个手持探测器里有一个涂有聚合体的碳纳米管，可以分析一个人在一分钟内呼出的气体里含有多少氧化一氮。氧化一氮是哮喘发作前肺部产生的一种气体。 4.癌症唾液化验 加州大学洛杉机分校的研究人员利用自己研发的一种仪器，通过一滴唾液发现口腔癌，有了这种仪器，我们或许不再需要进行活组织切片检查，就能发现癌症。与癌细胞有关的蛋白质会与传感器上的颜料起反应，发出利用显微镜可以看到的荧光。工程师何志明注意到，他们可以利用相同方法，通过唾液，对多种疾病进行诊断。 5.生物起搏器 电子起搏器可拯救生命，但是它使用的元件最终会因磨损而坏掉。几所大学的研究人员现在正在研发一种不用电池的起搏器：医生可以把起搏器基因注射到心脏受损部位。使用生物起搏器后，患者的生活会更接近正常，他们或许可以进行适当体力活动，研究显示，这种起搏器在不引起并发症的情况下，加快了犬科心脏的心跳。反馈信息的假肢
6.反馈信息的假肢 假肢面临的一大挑战是，很难对它们进行监控。斯坦福大学研究生卡尔林-巴克说：“我们不用看，就能感觉到我们的四肢在哪里，然而被截肢的人并不能做到这些。”皮肤对肢体伸展非常敏感，它能感觉到四肢在方向和强度方面发生的微小变化。现在巴克正在研发一种仪器，这种仪器可通过延伸截肢患者被截肢体周围的皮肤，为他们提供有关四肢位置和运动的反馈信息。 7.智能隐形眼镜 青光眼是导致失明的第二大因素，当眼内压力增加，视网膜细胞受损时，就会形成青光眼。加州大学戴维斯分校研发的隐形眼镜包含传导线，它可以不断监控风险人群眼内压力和液体流动情况。接着，这种隐形眼睛会把信息传输给患者佩戴的一个小型装置，然后该装置通过无线传输方式，把这些信息传输给电脑。这种恒定数据流将帮助医生更好地了解青光眼的致病原因。未来的隐形眼镜或许还能自动分配药物，改变眼睛所承受的压力。 8.语言恢复器 对那些丧失说话能力的人来说，伊利诺斯州安便公司(Ambient Corporation)研发的一种新型“语音机”将为他们提供能被别人听见的声音。该公司与德州仪器(Texas Instruments)公司联合研发了这种仪器。这种被称作Audeo的东西，利用电极发现大脑传输给声带的神经信号。佩戴这种颈箍的患者想象一些想说的话，该仪器会通过无线传输方式，把它接收到的刺激传输给电脑或手机，生成语音。 9. 可吸收性心脏支架 心脏支架可撑开变窄的动脉血管壁，避免血管堵塞，防止冠心病发生。药物洗脱支架释放药物，防止动脉血管再次变窄。伊利诺斯州雅培公司(Abbott Laboratories)制成的这种生物降解支架比药物洗脱支架更加先进。跟金属药物洗脱支架不同，它在阻止动脉变窄后，会被动脉壁吸收。这种支架进入动脉血管6个月后开始分解，2年后完全消失，留下的是一根健康有活力的动脉。 10. 肌肉刺激器 在骨折治愈的过程中，由于附近的肌肉缺少活动，经常会出现萎缩现象，这一直是一个令人头痛的问题。不过现在以色列公司StimuHeal利用MyoSpare解决了这个问题。MyoSpare是一种利用电池操作的仪器，它利用微电刺激锻炼肌肉，让它们在骨折治疗过程中继续保持强壮有力。11.神经再生器
由于受到疤痕组织阻挠，神经元无法沿着受伤脊髓生长。不过美国西北大学研发的一种纳米凝胶(nanogel)解决了这一障碍。这种液体纳米凝胶被注入人体后，它会自动聚集成纳米纤维框架。这种纤维里的缩氨酸，将指示在通常情况下会形成疤痕组织的干细胞产生可促进神经生长的细胞。与此同时，这个框架将支持新神经轴突沿着脊髓生长。 12.保持稳定的鞋垫 艾勒兹-利波曼(Erez Lieberman)的祖母突然摔倒后，他希望能确保这种事情以后不再发生。美国麻省理工学院研究生利波曼说：“然而直到几年后我到美国宇航局工作，才发现一个让该梦想变成现实的方法。” 利波曼的iShoe利用为监控从太空中返回的宇航员的平衡能力研发的技术，分析脚上分配的压力。医生可以利用这种鞋垫，在老年患者摔倒以前，诊断出他们的平衡问题。13.智能药丸 总部设在加利福尼亚州的普罗秋斯生物医学公司设计的一种探测器，可以通过记录药物被吞下肚子的准确时间，追踪药物效用。皮肤上像绷带一样的接收器，将接收到聪明药丸里像沙粒一样大的微芯片发出的高频电流。而且这些接收器还负责监控心率和呼吸情况，并通过无线传输方式，把记录数据传输给电脑。公司发展部资深副总裁大卫-欧雷利说：“为了使医药方面取得进步，我们需要采取一些在其他工业领域非常普遍的方法，将现有产品与电子技术结合，尽量将它们网络化。”自动轮椅
14.自动轮椅 美国麻省理工学院研究员研发的一种自动轮椅，可以按照人们的指令，带他们到他们希望去的任何地方。这种轮椅利用Wi-Fi，通过患者确定的位置，例如“这是我的房间”或者“我们在厨房里”等，了解周围的环境。Wi-Fi跟全球定位系统不一样，前者在室内也能发挥良好作用。现在，相关人员正在对现有模型进行测试，有一天这种轮椅将装备照相机、激光测距仪和一个防撞系统。胃肠道内膜
15.胃肠道内膜 肥胖总是与二型糖尿病相伴而生。随着时间推移，二型糖尿病会使胰腺受损。总部设在马萨诸塞州的GI Dynamics公司或许可以通过防止食物不接触肠壁，让肥胖患者恢复到健康体重。Endobarrier内膜法是通过口腔把内窥镜送入体内，并在小肠入口2英寸处铺设这种内膜，该部位是肠壁吸收卡路里最多的地方，该部位以下的肠壁还将进一步吸收食品中的养分。采用胃肠道内膜方法跟采用胃旁路手术不一样，这种方法无需手术。16.肝脏扫描仪
就在不久前，如果你想知道自己的肝脏是否健康，经常必须接受非常痛苦的活组织切片检查。不过现在好了，法国公司EchoSens已经研发出一种可在5分钟内扫描出肝脏是否受损的仪器。研究显示，随着受损的肝脏慢慢变硬，弹性会越来越不好。因此，这种被称作瞬时弹性成像(FibroScan)的仪器，利用超声波测量肝脏的弹性。 17.纳米粘合剂 壁虎脚上覆盖着一层纳米茸毛，这些茸毛利用分子间的力，让壁虎牢牢趴在物体表面。美国麻省理工学院的科学家根据这一原理，已经研发出一种粘合剂，医生可以利用这种东西粘贴伤口或者胃溃疡产生的破洞。这种粘合剂具有弹性、防水，而且制作这种粘合剂的材料可以在伤愈的过程中慢慢分解掉。 18.便携式透析仪 美国有超过1500万名成年人患有肾病，这种疾病经常会削弱肾脏清除血液中的毒素的能力。常规肾透析过程包括：每周在医院进行3次透析。然而总部设在洛杉矶的Xcorporeal公司研发的一种人造肾，可以昼夜不停地清除血液中的毒素。这种仪器不仅完全自动化，由电池驱动，具有防水功能，而且重量不超过5磅，非常方便携带。 19.步行模拟器 中风幸存者利用英国朴茨茅斯大学研发的一种虚拟现实康复程序进行治疗，病情将会恢复更快。当一名患者在走步机上步行时，他们看到的运动图像让他们产生错觉，感觉自己的行走速度比实际上更慢。因此，患者不仅会加快脚步，而且步行距离也会更远。不过他们在做这些时，并不会经理更多痛苦。火箭驱动臂
20.火箭驱动臂 要想使假肢更有力，通常需要体积较大的电池组给它们供能。然而范德比尔特大学的科学家迈克尔-哥德法伯提出了一种可行性选择能源：火箭推进剂。多亏有一种铅笔大小的单组元火箭发动系统，哥德法伯的假肢能举起20磅重的东西，比现有假肢可举起的物体重量多3到4倍。单组元火箭发动系统经常被用来为轨道上的航天飞机提供动力。这种推进剂——过氧化氢可为正常活动的假肢源源不断地提供18小时能量。
20 will change the medical biotechnology breakthrough:抗腐bacteria
20 will change the medical breakthroughs of biotechnology Beijing News February 16, according to "Popular Mechanics" magazine, from the saliva test to check cancer, to the extent that only injection, would enable the nerve to re-grow along the spinal cord, the medical profession to obtain these new results, to help us to restore health, improve their lives, prolong life, so that biology and the boundaries between science and technology has become increasingly blurred. 1.抗腐bacteria Bacteria on the teeth will be converted into sugar lactic acid, lactic acid corrosion enamel, causing tooth decay. Florida-based company ONI BioPharma has designed a new strain, which is called Smart strain does not produce lactic acid, but can kill the release of a corrosion caused by the natural variant (natural decay - causing strain) of antibiotics. This new strain is currently undergoing clinical trials, the dentist as long as they are applied to teeth, we can ensure that dental health Forever. 2. Artificial lymph nodes Physical and Chemical Research Institute of Japan (Riken Institute) scientists have developed artificial lymph node. Lymph node on the human body is very important, it can produce anti-inflammatory function of immune cells. Although doctors may one day will replace the artificial lymph node disease, but initially it may only push them as specially customized immunoenhancer (customized immune booster). Doctor use of specific cell filled with this node can be the treatment of cancer or specific diseases such as AIDS. 3. Asthma sensor The United States accounted for in emergency cases of asthma cases in a quarter, but the University of Pittsburgh developed a sensor may eventually make the figure much lower. The handheld detectors, there are coated with a polymer of carbon nanotubes, you can analyze a person in one minute exhaled gas in the amount of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is an asthma attack before the lungs have a gas. 4. Cancer saliva tests UCLA researchers use their research and development of an instrument, through a drop of saliva of oral cancer was found with this apparatus, we may no longer be necessary to carry out biopsies can be cancer. With cancer-related proteins with the sensors react to the paint issue can be seen using fluorescence microscopy. HE Zhi-ming Engineer noted that they can use the same method, through saliva, for diagnosis of various diseases. 5. Biological pacemaker Electronic pacemaker can be life-saving, but it will eventually be used in components due to wear and broken. Several researchers at the University is now no need to develop a battery of the pacemaker: Doctor can be injected into the cardiac pacemaker gene to locate damage. Use of biological pacemaker, the patient‘s life would be much closer to normal, they may be able to appropriate physical activity, studies have shown that this pacemaker does not lead to complications in the circumstances, accelerated heartbeat canine heart. Feedback information of prosthetic 6. Prosthetics feedback Prosthetic face a major challenge is, it is difficult to monitor them. Stanford University Graduate School Carl - Barker said: "We do not look, you can feel where the U.S. extremities, however, amputees and the person should not do." Skin is very sensitive to the physical stretching, it can feel in the direction of limbs and intensity of small changes have taken place. Barker is now a research and development equipment, such equipment can be extended amputee amputees around the skin, to provide them with the location and movement of limbs on the feedback information. 7. Smart contact lenses Glaucoma is the second largest factor in blindness, when the increase in intraocular pressure, retinal cell damage when the formation of glaucoma. University of California, Davis research and development of contact lenses includes conductive lines, it can constantly monitor the risk groups intraocular pressure and fluid flow. Then, the invisible eyes will transmit information to the patients wear a small device, then the device through the wireless transmission of these information and transmit them to the computer. This constant stream of data will help doctors better understand the causes of glaucoma. The future of contact lenses may also automatically assigned drugs, changes in eye pressure. 8. Language Restorer Loss of ability to speak for those people who have an Illinois Corporation (Ambient Corporation) developed a new type of "voice machine" will provide them with others can be heard the voices. The company and the TI (Texas Instruments), co-developed with such equipment. This is called the Audeo things found in the brain using electrodes transmission of nerve signals to the vocal cords. Wear this neck of the patient to imagine a number of hoops to say, the machines will be through wireless transmission, it receives stimuli and transmit them to the computer or mobile phone to generate voice. 9. Absorbable Heart Stent Heart stent can open the narrowed artery wall to prevent blood vessel blockage and prevent the occurrence of coronary heart disease. Drug-eluting stents release drugs to prevent arteries narrowing again. Illinois Abbott (Abbott Laboratories) made of such biodegradable stent than the more advanced drug-eluting stent. Drug-eluting stents with different metals, which prevent the arterial narrowing after arterial wall will be absorbed. This stent into the artery 6 months after the beginning of decomposition, 2 years later, completely disappeared, leaving a healthy dynamic artery. 10. Muscle stimulator In the fracture healing process, due to the lack of a nearby muscle activity, often to shrink, it has been a headache. But now Israeli companies StimuHeal use MyoSpare solved the problem. MyoSpare is a use of battery-operated apparatus, which uses micro-electric muscle stimulation, so that they fracture during the treatment continue to maintain sturdy. 11. Nerve regenerator Obstruction due to scar tissue, neurons can not grow along the injured spinal cord. But at Northwestern University developed a nanogels (nanogel) solve the obstacles. Nanogels this liquid was injected into the human body, it will be automatically assembled into nanofibers framework. Such fibers in the peptide, will be directed under normal circumstances would be the formation of scar tissue stem cells can promote nerve cell growth. At the same time, this framework will support the new growth of axons along the spinal cord. 12. Maintain stable insoles 艾勒兹-利波曼(Erez Lieberman) grandmother suddenly fall, he hopes will ensure that such incidents will not happen. Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate利波曼the United States said: "But until a few years later I went to NASA‘s work, they found a dream into a reality for the way." IShoe used as the利波曼monitoring from space in the back astronaut‘s ability to balance R & D technology, analysis of foot pressure distribution. Doctor may use the insoles, before falling in elderly patients, diagnose their balance problem. 13. Smart pills Headquartered in California, Proteus Biomedical designed a detector, the drug can be swallowed stomach Record the exact time, to track the effectiveness of drugs. Skin like a bandage on the same receiver, will receive the smart pill, like grains of sand as large as in the micro-chip high-frequency current issue. And these receivers is also responsible for monitoring heart rate and breathing, and through wireless transmission to record data and transmit them to the computer. Company senior vice president of development David - O‘Reilly said: "In order to make progress medicine, we need to take some in other industrial fields are very common method to existing products and electronic technologies, as much as possible of their network. " Automatic wheelchair 14. Automated wheelchair The United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher developed an automated wheelchair, according to people‘s instructions, they want to take them to go any place. This wheelchair use Wi-Fi, through the patient to determine the location of, for example, "This is my room" or "We are in the kitchen" and so on, to understand the surrounding environment. Wi-Fi with the Global Positioning System are not the same, the former in the interior can also exert a positive effect. Now, related to the existing models are tested, one day this wheelchair will be equipped with cameras, laser range finder and a collision avoidance system. Gastrointestinal tract endometrial 15. Endometrial gastrointestinal Obesity is always associated with Type II diabetes attendant. Over time, Type II diabetes may damage the pancreas. Headquartered in Massachusetts, the company GI Dynamics may be able to prevent the food through the intestinal wall does not contact, so that obese patients to return to a healthy weight. Endobarrier endometrium is the endoscope through the mouth into the body, and the entrance in the small intestine 2 inches laying of such endometrial Department, the site of intestinal absorption of calories are the most places, the site of the bowel wall below will be further absorption of food nutrients. Ways endometrium using the gastrointestinal tract with the use of gastric bypass surgery are not the same, this method without surgery. 16. Livers scanner Not long ago, if you want to know where their liver is healthy, often have to accept very painful biopsy. But now well, the French company has developed a EchoSens in 5 minutes to scan the liver is damaged equipment. Studies have shown that with the damage to the liver slowly harden, flexibility will become increasingly bad. Therefore, this is known as transient elastography (FibroScan) of the apparatus, the use of ultrasound measurement of liver elasticity. 17. Nano-adhesives Gecko feet covered with a layer of nano-hairs, these hairs the use of force between the molecules so that gecko firmly to lie on the surface. Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States in accordance with this principle, has developed an adhesive that doctors can use this kind of thing paste wounds resulting from ulcers or holes. This adhesive is flexible, waterproof, and the production of such adhesive material can be recovered from the process of gradually broken down.
18. Portable dialysis Miriam The United States has more than 15 million adults suffering from kidney disease, this disease often will weaken the kidneys to remove toxins in the blood‘s ability. Conventional kidney dialysis process include: a week in the hospital for dialysis 3 times. However, headquartered in Los Angeles R & D Xcorporeal an artificial kidney, could be around the clock to clear the toxins in the blood. This apparatus is not only fully automated, battery-powered, with waterproof function, and the weight of not more than five pounds, a very convenient to carry. 19. Walk simulator Stroke survivors, the use of English University of Portsmouth developed a virtual reality rehabilitation program for treatment, his condition will resume faster. When a patient walk in the walking machine, they see images of the exercise so that they create the illusion of walking speed feel more slowly than it actually. Therefore, patients will not only speed up the pace, and walking distance will be farther away. But when they make these and will not be more painful manager. Rocket-arm 20. Rocket-arm To make artificial limbs more powerful and usually required a bulky battery pack to their energy. However, Vanderbilt University scientists Michael - gould law伯提out a feasibility of energy: the rocket propellant. Thanks to the size of a pencil monopropellant rocket launching systems, Goethe Farber prostheses can lift 20 pounds heavier things than existing prostheses can lift objects weighing more than 3-4 times. Monopropellant rocket launching systems are often used to track the space shuttle powered. Such propellants - hydrogen peroxide for the normal activities of the artificial limb 18 hours continuously to provide energy.
